文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 美国文化

美国文化

Birthday of the United States. To celebrate, let?s look at each state and discuss the origin of its name.

Alabama

Before Europeans landed on American shores, the upper stretches of the Alabama River in present-day Alabama used to be the home lands of a Native American tribe called – drum roll, please – the Alabama (Albaamaha in their own tribal language). The river and the state both take their names from the tribe, that?s clear enough, but the meaning of the name was another matter. Despite a wealth of recorded encounters with the tribe – Hernando de Soto was the first to make contact with them, followed by other Spanish, French and British explorers and settlers (who referred to the tribe, variously, as the Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alibamon, Alabamu, Allibamou, Alibamo and Alibamu) –there are no explanatio ns of the name?s meaning in the accounts of early

explorers, so if the Europeans asked, they don?t appear to have gotten an answer. An un-bylined article in the July 27, 1842 edition of the Jacksonville Republican put forth the idea that the word meant “he re we rest.” Alexander Beaufort Meek, who served as the Attorney General of Alabama, Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury and the President of the First American Chess Congress, popularized this theory in his writings throughout the next decade.

The rub, of course, is that experts in the Alabama language have never been able to find any evidence to support that translation. What they did find are two words in the Choctaw language (both tribes? languages are in the Muskogean language family), alba (“plants” or “weeds”) and amo (“to cut” or “to gather”), that together make Albaamo, or “plant gatherers.” We also know that the Alabama referred to a member of their tribe as an Albaamo, cleared land and practiced agriculture largely without tools and by hand and had contact with the neighboring Choctaws. Today, the prevailing theory is that the phrase was used by the Choctaws to describe their neighbors and the Alabama eventually adopted it as their own.

Alaska

Like Alabama (and, as we?ll see, plenty of other s tate names), the name Alaska comes from the language of the area?s indigenous people.

The Aleuts (a name given to them by Russian fur traders in the mid 18th century; they used to, and sometimes still do, call themselves the Unangan), natives of the Aleutian Islands, referred to the Alaskan Peninsula and the mainland as alaxsxaq (ah-lock-shock), literally, “the object toward which the action of the sea is directed.”

Arizona

There are two sides in the argument over the origin of Arizona?s name. One side says that the name comes from the Basque aritz onak (“good oak”) and was applied to the territory because the oak trees reminded the Basque settlers in the area of their homeland. The other side says that the name comes from the Spanish Arizonac, which was derived from the O?odham (the language of the native Pima people) word ali

ona-g (“having a little spring”), which might refer to actual springs or a site near rich veins of silver discovered in 1736. For what it?s worth, official Arizona state historian Marshall Trimble had supported the latter explanation but for now favors the former.

Arkansas

The first Europeans to arrive in the area of present-day Arkansas were French explorers accompanied by Illinois Indian guides. The Illinois referred to the Ugakhpa pe ople native to the region as the Akansa (“wind people” or “people of the south wind”), which the French adopted and

pronounced with an r. They added an s to the end for pluralization, and for some reason it stuck when the word was adopted as the state?s na me. The pronunciation of Arkansas was a matter of debate (Ar-ken-saw vs. Ar-kan-zes) until it was officially decided by an act of the state legislature in 1881.

California

California existed in European literature way before Europeans settled the Western U.S. It wasn?t a state filled with vineyards and movie stars, but an island in the West Indies filled with gold and women. The fictional paradise, first mentioned in the early 1500s by Spanish author Garci Ordó?ez de Montalvo in his novel Las Sergas de Esplandián, is ruled by Queen Califia and “inhabited by black women, without a single man among them, [living in] the manner of Amazons.” The island is said to be “one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks… everywhere abounds with gold and precious stones” and is home to griffins and other mythical beasts.

While there is some consensus that the area was named for the fictional island, scholars have also suggested that the name comes from the Catalan words calor (“hot”) and forn (“oven”) or from a Native America phrase, kali forno (“high hill”).

Colorado

Colorado is a Spanish adjective that means “red.” The early Spanish explorers in the Rocky Mountain region named a river they found the Rio Colorado for the reddish silt that the water carried down from the mountains. When Colorado became a territory in 1861, the Spanish word was used as a name because it was commonly thought that the Rio Colorado originated in the territory. This was not the case, however. Prior to 1921, the Colorado River began where the Green River of Utah and the Grand River of Colorado converged outside of Moab, Utah, and the United States Geological Survey identified Green River of Wyoming as the Colorado?s actual headwaters. The Rio Colorado did not actually flo w through Colorado until 1921, when House Joint Resolution 460 of the

66th United States Congress changed the name of the Grand River.

Connecticut

The state is named after the Connecticut River, which was named quinnitukqut by the Mohegans who lived in the eastern upper Thames valley. In their Algonquian language, the word means “long river place” or “beside the long tidal river.”

Delaware

Delaware is named for the Delaware River and Delaware Bay. These, in turn, were named for Sir Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, the first colonial governor of Virginia, who traveled the river in 1610. The

title is likely ultimately derived from the Old French de la werre (“of the war” or a warrior).

Florida

Six days after Easter in 1513, the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed near what is now the city of Saint Augustine. In honor of the holiday and the area?s plant life, he named the land Florida for the Spanish phrase for the Easter season, pascua florida (“feast of flowers”). The name is the oldest surviving European place-name in the U.S.

Georgia

In the early 18th century, the British Parliament assigned a committee to investigate the conditions of the country?s debtor prisons and didn?t like what they found. A group of philanthropists concerned with the plight of debtors proposed the creation of a colony in North America where the “worthy poor” could get back on their feet and be productive citizens again. Their plan ultimately didn?t pan out as the colony wasn?t settled by debtors, but the trustees of the co lony still wanted to thank King George II for granting their charter, so they named the place after him.

(Bonus: The nation of Georgia is supposedly called so because its inhabitants revere St. George and feature his cross on their flag, though

Georgians refer to themselves as Kartvelebi and their country as Sakartvelo.)

Hawaii

No one is certain, so take your pick. The name may come from the Proto-Polynesian Sawaiki or “homeland” (some early explorers? accounts have the natives calling the place Hawaiki, a compound of hawa, “homeland,” and ii, “small, active”) or from Hawaii Loa, the Polynesian who tradition says discovered the islands.

Idaho

The origin of Idaho?s name, like a few other names we?ve already talked about, is a mystery. When it was proposed as the name of a new U.S. territory, it was explained as a derivation of the Shoshone Indian term ee-da-how, meaning “gem of the mountains” or “the sun comes from the mountains.” It?s possible that the word, and its Indian origin, were made up by the man who proposed the name, George M. Willing, an eccentric industrialist and mining lobbyist (not all historians and linguists agree on this, though, and the most common alternate explanation is that the name comes from the Apache word idaahe (“enemy”), which the Kiowas Indians applied to the Comanches they came in contact with when they migrated to southern Colorado). When Congress was considering establishing a mining territory in the Rocky Mountains in

1860, Willing and B. D. Williams, a delegate from the region, championed “Idaho.” The request for the name came up in the Senate in January 1861 and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon objected to “Idaho,“ saying, “I do not believe it is an Indian word. It is a corruption. No Indian tribe in this nation has that word, in my opinion… It is a corruption certainly, a counterfeit, and ought not to be adopted.” Lane was roundly ignored, probably because he had the bad luck of having been the vice presidential candidate for the pro-slavery southern wing of the Democratic Party in the previous year?s election.

After the Senate approved the name, Williams, for some reason, gave into curiosity and looked into Lane?s claim. He heard from several sources that Willing or someone in his group of territorial supporters had invented the name “Idaho” and that the word didn?t actually mean anything. Williams went back to the Senate and requested that the name be changed. The Senate agreed and used a name that had been on the table before Willing and Williams showed up: “Colorado.”

A year later, Congress set out to establish another mining territory in the northwest part of the continent. “Idaho” was again a contender as a name. Without Williams there to call shenanigans and with the senators who should have remembered the last naming incident just a little bit preoccupied with the Civil War, “Idaho” went unchallenged and became the name of the territory and the state.

Illinois

“Illinois” is the modern spelling of the early French explorers? name for the people they found living in the area, which they spelled in endless variations in their records. The Europeans? first meeting with the Illinois was in 1674. Father Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary and explorer, followed a path to a village and asked the people there who they were. Accordi ng to Marquette?s writings, “They replied that they were Ilinois…when one speaks the word…it is as if one said, in their language, …the men?.” The explorers thought the tribal name to signify a grown man in his prime, separate from, and superior to, the men of other tribes.

Indiana

The state?s name means “Indian Land” or “Land of the Indians,” named so for the Indian tribes that lived there when white settlers arrived. While its meaning might be simple enough, the way it got the name is a little more interesting. At the end of the French and Indian War, the French were forced out of the Ohio Valley, so a Philadelphia trading company moved in to monopolize trade with the Indians in the area. At the time, the tribes of the Iroquois had already formed a confederacy and conquered territory beyond their home lands, subjugating other tribes and treating them as tributaries. In the fall of 1763, members of the Shawnee and other tribes who were tributary to the Iroquois Confederacy

conducted raids on traders from the Philadelphia company and stole their goods. The company complained to the chiefs of the Iroquois Confederacy and demanded restitution. The chiefs accepted responsibility for the behavior of their tributaries, but did not have the money to pay off the debt. Instead, when making a boundary treaty with the English five years later, the chiefs gave a 5,000-square-mile tract of land to the Philadelphia company, which accepted the land as payment.

The land?s new owners, in the search for a name, noted a trend in the way states and countries in both the Old World and New World were named. Bulgaria was the land of the Bulgars, Pennsylvania was the woodland of Penn, etc. They decided to honor the people to whom the land originally belonged and from whom it had been obtained and named it Indiana, land of the Indians. The year the colonies declared their independence from Britain, the Indiana land was transferred to a new company, who wanted to sell it. Some of the land, though, was within the boundaries of Virginia, which claimed that it had jurisdiction over the land?s settlers and forbade the company from selling it. In 1779, the company asked Congress to settle the matter. It made an attempt, but, still operating under Articles of Confederation, had no power to compel Virginia to do anything. The argument eventually went to the United States Supreme Court, but Virginia?s government officials, strong believers in states? rights, refused to become involved with a federal court

and ignored the summons to appear. In the meantime, Virginia?s politicians worked to secure the Eleventh Amendment, which protected the states? sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court by someone of another state or country (and was proposed in response to a Supreme Court case dealing w ith Georgia?s refusal to appear to hear a suit against itself, in which the Supreme Court decided against Georgia).

After the amendment was passed and ratified, the company?s suit was dismissed and it lost its claim to the land, which was absorbed by Virginia. The name would come back in 1800, when Congress carved the state of Ohio out of the Northwest Territory and gave the name “Indiana”? to the remaining territorial land and, 16 years later, a new state.

Iowa

Iowa?s name comes from the Native American tr ibe that once lived there, the Ioway. What the word means depends on who you ask.

One pioneer in the area wrote in 1868 that “some Indians in search of a new home encamped on a high bluff of the Iowa River near its mouth…and being much pleased with the loc ation and the country around it, in their native dialect exclaimed, …Iowa, Iowa, Iowa? (beautiful, beautiful, beautiful), hence the name Iowa to the river and to those Indians.” A report from the 1879 General Assembly of Iowa translated

the word a little d ifferently and claimed it meant “the beautiful land.” However, members of the Ioway Nation, who today inhabit Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma, will tell you that Ioway is the French spelling of Ayuhwa, a name meaning “sleepy ones” given to the tribe in jest by the Dakota Sioux. (The Ioway refer to themselves as Baxoje (bah-ko-jay) or “the gray/ashy heads,” a name that stems from an incident where tribe members were camping in the Iowa River valley and a gust of wind blew sand and campfire ashes onto their heads.)

Kansas

Kansas was named after the Kansas River, which was named after the Kansa tribe who lived along its banks. Kansa, a Siouan word, is thought to be pretty old. How old? Its full and original meaning was lost to the tribe before they even met their first white settler. Today, we only know that the word has some reference to the wind, possibly “people of the wind” or “people of the south wind.”

Kentucky

There is no consensus on where Kentucky?s name comes from. Among the possibilities, though, are various Indians words, all from the Iroquoian language group, meaning “meadow,” “prairie,” “at the prairie,” “at the field,” “land of tomorrow,” “river bottom,” and “the river of blood.”

Louisiana

Louisiana comes from the French La Louisiane, or “Land of

Lo uis.”? It was named for Louis XIV, the King of France from 1643 to 1715. Exciting, no?

Maine

Maine is another case where no one is quite sure how the name came about. Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason, who received a charter for land in Maine, were both English Royal Navy veterans, and the name may have originated with the sailors differentiating “the mainland”?from the many islands off the state?s coast. Maine?s state legislature, meanwhile, passed a resolution in 2001 that established Franco-American Day and claimed that the state was named after the French province of Maine.

Maryland

The English colony of Maryland was named for Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of King Charles I, who granted Mar yland?s charter. Mariana was also proposed as a name, but Maryland?s founder, Sir Lord Baltimore, believed in the divine right of kings and turned the name down because it reminded him of the Spanish Jesuit and historian Juan de Mariana, who taught that the will of the people was higher than the law of tyrants.

Massachusetts

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Bay Colony that preceded it were named after the area?s indigenous people, the Massachusett. The tribe?s name translates to “near the great hill,” referring to the Blue Hills southwest of Boston. An alternate form of the tribe?s name, the Moswetuset (“hill shaped like an arrowhead”), refers to the Moswetuset Hummock, an arrow-shaped mound in Quincy, MA.

Michigan

The state takes its name from Lake Michigan. Michigan is a French derivative of the Ojibwa word misshikama (mish-ih-GAH-muh), which translates to “big lake,” “large lake” or “large water.”

Minnesota

Minnesota is derived from the Dakota tribe?s name for the Minnesota River, mn isota (mni “water” + sota “cloudy, muddy;” sometimes translated to the more poetic “sky-tinted water”). The English language doesn?t really dig words beginning with mn (you?ll find only one, mnemonic), so early settlers in the region added some i…s and pro duced a mini sound that they wrote as “mine.” The city of Minneapolis combines mni with the Greek polis, or “city.”

Mississippi

The state is named for the Mississippi River. You may have heard that mississippi means “the Father of Waters” and you may have heard that from no less a source than novelist James Fenimore Cooper or President Abraham Lincoln (who wrote in a letter after the Civil War, “the Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea”). I hate to pee on Honest Abe?s parade, but the word, a Frenc h derivation of the Ojibwa messipi (alternately misi-sipi or misi-ziibi) actually means “big river.” It may not sound as dramatic as Lincoln?s preferred translation, but whatever the meaning, the name caught on. As French explorers took the name down the river with them to the delta, it was adopted by local Indian tribes and replaced their own names, and the earlier Spanish explorers? names, for the river.

Missouri

The state and the Missouri River are both named after the Missouri people, a southern Siouan tribe that lived along the river. Missouri comes from an Illinois language reference to the tribe, ouemessourita, which has been translated as “those who have dugout canoes,” “wooden canoe people” or “he of the big canoe.”

Montana

Montana is a variation of the Spanish monta?a, or “mountain,” a name applied because of its numerous mountain ranges (3,510 mountain peaks, total). Who first used the name, and when, is unknown.

Nebraska

Nebraska comes from the archaic Otoe Indian words ?í Brásge (in contemporary Otoe, it would be ?í Bráhge), meaning “flat water.” The words refer to the Platte River, which flows across the Cornhusker State.

Nevada

The state?s name is the Spanish word for “snowfall” and refers to the Sierra Nevada (“snow-covered mountains”) mountain range. The

non-Nevadan pronunciation of the name “neh-vah-dah” (long A) differs from the local pronunciation “nuh-vae-duh? (short A) and is said to annoy Nevadans endlessly.

New Hampshire

John Mason named the area he received in a land grant after the English county of Hampshire, where he had lived for several years as a child. Mason invested heavily in the clearing of land and building of houses in New Hampshire, but died, in England, before ever venturing to the new world to see his property.

New Jersey

New Jersey was named for Jersey, the largest of the British Channel Islands, by its founders Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Carteret was born on Jersey and served as its Lieutenant Governor for several years.

New Mexico

New Mexico and the country it used to be part of, Mexico, both take their name from Nahuatl Mexihco. The meaning of the word is unclear, but there are several hypotheses. It might reference Mextli or Mēxihtli, an alternate name for Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and patron of the Aztecs, and mean “place where Mēxihtli lives”. It?s also been suggested that the word is a combination of mētztli (“moon”), xictli (“center”) and the suffix -co (“place”) and means “place at the center of the moon” (in reference to Lake Texcoco).

New York

Both the state and New York City were named for James Stuart, Duke of York and future King James II of England. The old York, a city in England, has been around since before the Romans made their way to the British Isles and the word York comes from the Romans? Latin name for city, written variously as Eboracum, Eburacum and Eburaci. Tracing the name further back is difficult, a s the language of the area?s

pre-Roman indigenous people was never recorded. They are thought to

have spoken a Celtic language, though, and Eboracum may have been derived from the Brythonic Eborakon, which means “place of the yew trees.”

North Carolina

King Charles II of England, who granted a charter to start a colony in modern-day North Carolina, named the land in honor of his father, Charles I. Carolina comes from Carolus, the Latin form of Charles.

North Dakota

North and South Dakota both take their names from the Dakota, a tribe of Siouan people who lived in the region. No detailed etymology of Dakota is widely accepted, but the most common explanation is that it means “friend” or “ally” in the language of the Sioux.

Ohio

A common translation, “beautiful river,” originates in a French traveler?s 1750 account of visiting the region. He referred to the Ohio River as “une belle riviere” and gave its local Indian name as Ohio. People took his description of the river as a translation of the Indian name, though there is no evidence that that was his intention or that that is even a correct translation. In fact, no definitive meaning for the word is available, though ohio is more likely a Wyandot word meaning

“large/great” or “the great one,” than “beautiful river.” It could also be derived from the Seneca ohi:yo? (“large creek”).

Oklahoma

Oklahoma is a combination of the Choctaw words ukla (“person”) and humá (“red”). The word was used by the Choctaw to describe Native Americans, “red persons.” Allen Wright, ch ief of the Choctaw Nation from 1866 to 1870, suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government over the use of the Indian Territory. When the Indian Territory was whittled down to what is now Oklahoma, the new territory took its name from the Choctaw word.

Oregon

The origin of Oregon may be the most hotly debated of the state names. Here?s a few of the competing explanations (and I may have even missed a few):

- Derived from the French ouragan (“hurricane”) and the state name d so because French explorers called the Columbia River le fleuve aux ouragans (“Hurricane River”) due to the strong winds in the Columbia Gorge.

- Derived from oolighan, a Chinook name for the eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), a smelt found along the Pacific coast and prized as a source of food for Native Americans in the area.

- Derived from the Spanish orejón (“big ears”), which early Spanish explorers reportedly used to refer to local natives.

- Derived from Ouragon, a word used by Major Robert Rogers in a 1765 petition asking the British government to finance and supply an overland search for the Northwest Passage. As to where Rogers got the word, it could have come from an error on a French-made map from the early 1700s, where the Ouisiconsink (“Wisconsin River”) is misspelled “Ouaricon-sint,” and broken so “Ouaricon” sits on a line by itself or it might have been derived from the Algonquian wauregan or olighin, which both mean “good and beautiful” (and were both used in reference to the Ohio River at the time).

- Derived from the Shoshone words Ogwa (river) and Pe-On (west) and picked up from the Sioux, who referred to the Columbia as the “River of the West,” by American explorer Jonathan Carver.

Pennsylvania

Named in honor of Admiral William Penn. The land was granted to Penn?s son, William Penn, to pay off a debt owed by the crown to the senior Penn. The name is made up of Penn + sylva (“woods” ) + nia (a noun suffix) to get “Penn?s Woodland.” The younger Penn was embarrassed by the name and feared that people would think he had

美国历史与文化

《美国历史与文化》 结课论文 专业:化学工程与工艺 学号:041114116 姓名:杨乐

Columbo's influence on the American continent Columbo is a famous Spanish navigator, is a pioneer of the great geographical discovery. Columbus young is garden said believers, he so haunting had in Genoa made prison of Marco Polo, determined to be a navigator.1502 he crossed the Atlantic four times in 1492, discovered the American continent, he also became a famous navigator. On August 3, 1492, Columbus by the king of Spain dispatch, with credentials of Indian monarchs and emperors of China, led the three tons of Baishi of sailing, from Spain Palos Yang Fan of the Atlantic, straight towards to the West. After seventy days and nights of hard sailing, in the early morning of October 12, 1492 finally found the land. Columbo thought he had arrived in India. Later know that Columbus landed on a piece of land belonging to the now Balak America than the sea in the Bahamas, he was it named San Salvador. Columbo's discovery has changed the course of world history. It opens up a new era of development and colonization in the new world. At that time, the European population was expanding, with this discovery, the Europeans have settled in two new continents, there will be able to make a difference in the European economy and the resources of the mineral resources and raw materials. This discovery led to the destruction of the American Indian civilization. From a long-term point of view, there have been a number of new countries in the Western

浅析21世纪初美国多元文化外交的现状_特点及启示

·当代世界· 浅析21世纪初 美国多元文化外交的现状、特点及启示 翟雪松1,王光照2 (1、中国科学技术大学,安徽合肥230022;2、中国科学技术大学,安徽合肥230026) 摘要:综观整个美国外交史,美国社会多元文化的特征贯穿于美国历史始终。美国文化外交的战略手法和核心架构体系均与其多元文化(multiculture)特征密不可分。21世纪初,在美国多元文化的影响下,其文化外交在实施主体、手段和目的等方面也产生了多元化的轨迹。这种多元的文化外交模式对当今国际交往产生了极其重要的影响。我们研究美国的多元文化外交,不仅是站在其多元文化的视角来看待美国21世纪初的外交政策和理念。更重要的是从中得到某种启示,探索这一时期我国文化外交的前沿。这无疑对于健全我国文化安全机制,完善中国特色的文化外交都有着重要的学术价值和实践价值。 关键词:文化外交;美国;多元文化;文化殖民 中图分类号:D822.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1008-4088(2008)08-0087-05 综观整个美国外交史,美国社会多元文化的特征贯穿于美国历史始终。美国文化外交的战略手法和核心架构体系均与其多元文化(multiculture)特征密不可分。考察美国多元文化发展的历史轨迹,从战后美国移民结构的变化到20世纪60-70年代民权运动的高涨再到20世纪末席卷全球的信息产业爆发,每一次的社会文化调整和对外活动都有可能形成多元文化中的新元素。美国的多元文化外交机制就一直在这种不断兼容中调整、形成。当多元文化主义在美国被提及时,很多学者称之为“文化革命”的开端,认为它既是一股强劲的理论思潮,也是一场声势浩大的社会运动。21世纪初,布什政府在延续上届政府文化外交政策的同时,加大了文化外交深度和广度的探究与实践。特别是“9·11”和美伊战争的爆发,使美国多元文化外交在这一时期异常活跃。文化外交已经成为继政治外交、经济外交、军事外交之后的新的外交形式。 一、文化外交的定义 “文化外交”一词最早见诸于1934年的《牛津英语大词典》,即“英国议会创造了一种新的文化外交手段,就是致力于海外英语教学。”[1]这个概念具有明显的时代局限性,后来美国外交史学 收稿日期:2008-05-25 作者简介:翟雪松,男,中国科学技术大学国际发展研究所硕士生,安徽建筑工业学院外语系助教,研究方向为美国文化与美国外交。 王光照,男,中国科学技术大学人文学院教授。

欧美传统文化

德国的宗教革命家马丁路德曾经说过一句话:“即使我知道整个世界明天将要毁灭,我今天仍然要种下我的葡萄树”。这句话充分显示了德国人的埋头苦干、不肯苟且的精神。 而且德国人很认真,和过于认真而带来的貌似死板。你可以把这些见闻当做笑话,只是不要试图利用这些,比如做假或者用欺骗的手段来达到自己的目的。 讲求踏实。拿他们的房屋建筑为例,虽然在式样上并不美观,但朴实无华,整齐大方。每一种材料,如玻璃、锁、铰链、搭钮、开关、灯罩、窗帘、衣架等等,纵然是极微末的,也都坚牢稳固,毫不马虎。他们宁可失之笨重,极不愿敷衍潦草。在德国,任何一座建筑、一件家具、一项设备,似乎都为百年大计打算。因战争而破坏的东西,修复的时候都要恢复原样,这并不是为守旧,而是表示德国的东西坚牢可靠、不易损坏的优点。 在待人接物方面,他们严肃拘谨,但态度诚实可靠。如果在路上你遇到不相识的德国人,要想和他聊天,谈笑风生,似乎不大可能,但你如果向他问路,那么他便会不厌其烦地来帮助你,他自己不知道,会替你去请教别人,或者陪你走上一大段路,非让你弄明白不可。有一个德国汽车司机,因把雇主送错了地方,发现后就立即开回去,向雇主道歉,并重新把他送到要去的地方,而且免收后一段路程的车资。 也重实惠不尚虚文。国外流行的一种就餐方式——自助餐,也正是德国人所发明的。在德国,那种自助餐小店特别多,顾客自己拿盘,拿叉;有些店根本不备刀叉碗盘,给你一张纸,就用纸裹着食品吃,或者用竹签串着吃,没有人来侍候你,收费也特别便宜。 根据德国的影片也可以了解到德国人的更多。 首先是《疾走罗拉》 罗拉和曼尼是一对20出头的年轻恋人。曼尼是个不务正业的小混混,有一天他惹出一个天大的麻烦,竟然把走私得来的10万马克赃款弄丢了!而且他的老大20分钟之后就要来拿回这笔钱。懦弱的曼尼只好向罗拉求救,于是罗拉开始疾走! (一)罗拉第一次疾走 当罗拉接到求救电话后,立马思索着该问谁借10W马克来挽救男朋友曼尼的性命,经过一系列的脑电波搜索,锁定了自己的父亲。女儿向父亲要钱理因说是天经地义,其实是罗拉不成熟一面的展现,毕竟人生是靠自己的努力而生存的,依靠别人的支援只能解燃眉之急,不能除长久之痛,这场景隐约暗示了罗拉是一个非自立的红发毛头小孩。跑到了父亲的办公室后,却被父亲拒绝。在这过程中,罗拉没有任何反抗,顺其自然地被父亲赶出大厦。在绝望当中,与曼尼共同抢劫了超市,仓皇而逃中被警察打死。当罗拉被枪击后,出现了曼尼与罗拉床上对话的画面,仔细观摩的话,可以发现罗拉把头躺在了曼尼的手臂上,有种小鸟依人的感觉,反映出罗拉是依赖男性来维持生存的。 这的的确确是悲哀的一面,强烈衬托出女性地位的卑微,也反应出了女性精神的劣根性,依赖型,失败性。 (二)罗拉第二次疾走 第二次奔跑,罗拉选择了比第一次合适的路线,因而在时间上也有了明显的缩短。在进入父亲的办公室后,与父亲直接冲突,并用保安的枪对准了父亲,强迫他交出10W马克的现金。女儿的这一态度,把父亲吓了个魂飞魄散。这段影片的内容,与罗拉的第一次遭遇有了质的飞越,罗拉懂得了维护自己的利益,懂得了与凶残

美国历史与文化

浅谈美国历史 ——见证从蚂蚁到大象历程 引导语:中华文化源远流长,五千年的华夏文明留给我们太多的回忆。分久必合、合久必分;从繁荣昌盛到民族衰落;从压迫受辱到当家作主、从璀璨奇葩到复兴中华……可是,跨过大洋的彼岸,初出茅庐的美国却在近两百多年的历史跨度下完成了从蚂蚁到大象的历程,创造出美国独特的发展文化。今天的世界,“汤姆大叔”在全球“维护着世界和平”;好莱坞大片充斥着各大荧屏;NBA回荡在茶前饭后的娱乐中……两百多年来,美国历史一直都是民主制度的试验。早年被提出的问题如今持续被提出并获得解决;强大政府对抗弱小政府、个人权利对抗群体权利、自有资本主义对抗受到管理的商业与劳工以及参与世界对抗孤独主义。美国对于民主制度有很高的期待,而现实又是不如人意。然而国家经过妥协,已见成长与繁荣。在今天的发展过程中笔者认为有必要借鉴美国蚂蚁变大象的历程。 自从哥伦布发现新大陆之后,这片土地上开始了她不平凡的发展。十七世纪初,英国开始向北美殖民。最初的北美移民主要是一些失去土地的农民,生活艰难的工人以及受宗教迫害的清教徒。在殖民地时代,伴随着与北美洲原住民印第安人的长期战争,对当地印第安人的肆意屠杀,严重的劳力缺乏产生了像奴隶和契约奴隶这类的非自由劳力。万恶的黑奴贸易盛行起来。从1607年到1733年,英国殖民者先后在北美洲东岸建立了十三个殖民地。由于英国移民北美是为了追求自由和财富,如被迫害的清教徒和贫农。地方政府享受自治权。殖民地居民有比英人更广泛参与政治的机会和权利,培养了自治的意识和能力,所以他们相信社会契约中,政府是人民需要保护而得人民支持才组成的。在十八世纪中期,殖民地的经济,文化,政治相对成熟,殖民地议会仍信奉英王乔治三世,不过他们追求与英国国会同等的地位,并不想成为英国的次等公民,但是此时英法的七年战争结束,急于巩固领土,使向北美殖民地人民征租重税及英王乔治三世一改放任政策,主张高压手段。因此引发殖民地人民反抗,如“没有代表就不纳税”宣言、“波士顿惨案”、“不可容忍的法案”等。1775年4月在来克星顿和康科特打响“来克星顿的枪声”揭开美国独立战争的前奏。后来,这些殖民地便成为美国北美独立十三州最初的十三个州。 1774年, 来自12州的代表,聚集在费城, 召开所谓第一次大陆会议,希望能寻出一条合理的途径, 与英国和平解决问题,然而英王却坚持殖民地必须无条件臣服于英国国王, 并接受处分。 1775年,在麻州点燃战火, 5月,召开第二次大陆会议, 坚定了战争与独立的决心,并起草有名的独立宣言, 提出充分的理由来打这场仗,这也是最后致胜的要素. 1776年7月4日,宣告了美国的独立,1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城乔治·华盛顿发表了《独立宣言》。《独立宣言》开宗明义地阐明,一切人生而平等,具有追求幸福与自由的天赋权利;淋漓尽致地历数了英国殖民主义者在美洲大陆犯下的罪行;最后庄严宣告美利坚合众国脱离英国而独立。《独立宣言》是具有世界历史意义的伟大文献。完全脱离英国,目的是为‘图生存、求自由、谋幸福’,实现启蒙运动的理想。 1781年, 美军赢得了决定性的胜利, 1783年, 美英签订巴黎条约,结束了独立战争。这也充分展现出

论多元文化主义及其对美国社会的影响

20世纪五六十年代的移民潮和激烈的社会权利运动,有力地推动了美国社会多种文化的繁荣,美国作为“民族大熔炉”在移民同化方面的效果也随之减弱了。本文认为多元文化主义是对特定时代下社会巨大变化的理论回应,是从西方多民族国家内部的少数群体的角度出发,向主流社会吁求尊重其文化差异和独特的文化身份,承认文化的多元性和平等性,反对西方文明在思维方式和话语方面的垄断地位,并为少数群体参与国家政治、经济和文化生活提供更广阔的空间。任何一种理论都会经历一个受质疑和再反思的过程,有学者认为多元文化主义过分关注人们的族群身份并渲染文化的差异性,会削弱文化认同并将社会推向动荡与分裂,也有学者认为多元和统一的矛盾并非美国社会所独有,不能否认其在教育、经济、政治及社会观念等各个层面给社会带来的积极作用。实践证明实施多元文化主义虽然产生了一些消极性影响,但总体上有助于社会的和谐与稳定。 一、多元文化主义的内涵 “多元文化”是相对“单一文化”来说的,在美国社会它主要指外来移民和少数族裔的文化。国内很多学者在文化多元主义(cultural pluralism)与多元文化主义(multiculturalism)这两个概念的使用上比较混乱,在研究时首先应辨明二者之间的区别与联系:前者主要是对客观现象的描述,指出不同文化共存这一事实;后者则是一种政治理论和意识形态,不仅指出了多种文化并存,还要求承认不同文化间的差异并加以平等对待,最终追求的理念是平等和正义。在“多元”的旗帜之下聚集了各种不同的诉求,有的呼吁建立一种以文化划分的新国家格局,有的要求政府加大对少数民族聚居区的经济扶持,有的涉及对少数族裔生活方式、语言和信仰的尊重。因此,它既是一种文化观、历史观、教育理念,又是一种公共政策,还是一场声势浩大的社会运动。这些理念之间的共识可概括为三点:第一,美国是一个由多元种族和族群构成的国家,如果有所谓的美国文化的话,也是一种多元的文化;第二,来自不同国家、种族和文化传统的移民在美国的经历是不同的,美国的传统不能建立在某一个族类群体的历史经验基础之上;第三,族群的身份认同和文化权利是多元文化主义的重要内容,也是美国社会需要解决的现实问题[1]。 在较大的社会体系中,因具有共同的历史渊源和文化根基,而在主观上自我认同并与其他群体区别的一类人可被称为族群。在多元文化主义者看来,社会是由各种不同的文化群体构成的,人类社会的基本单位是族群而不是公民个人。“少数族群基于特定的族群与族群意识而形成的文化成员身份,就是族群身份”[2],这是当代多元文化主义理论中最核心的一个概念。美国是多族群多文化共存的社会,但少数族群文化的价值及与主流文化的差异一直没有得到真正的承认,也不能反映各族群和文化之间的权力关系和地位。在几百年的历史中,在主流社会对移民和少数族裔的同化与少数族裔固守自己的文化认同之间,始终存在着一种紧张的竞争关系。多元文化主义者看到了美国白人主流文化背后的“同化主义”和“一元主义”诉求,极力主张文化的多样性,要求主流社会承认他们的文化传统和族群身份。 族群身份不仅是族群间相互区别的标志,而且涉及到平等与承认的问题,既承认族群差异,更要承认差异平等,这就使得美国的少数族群不满于以往的同化模式,开始坚持和保护本族群的文化,同时寻求群体权利的建构与保障。美国是一个有深厚自由主义传统的国家,一贯认为社会公平要达到的目标就是“起点平等”和“权利平等”,因而主张在公共领域中赋予每个国民普遍平等的身份与权利。多元文化主义和自由主义在公民身份问题上的分歧在于对个体平等的不同理解――平等究竟是无视差异的一视同仁,还是在承认差异基础上的差别对待。“差异”是多元文化主义政治思想的一个基本价值,既指一个少数族群文化的个性

美国文化对中国传统文化的影响论文

美国文化对中国传统文化的影响 【摘要】在经济全球化的影响下,美国文化对中国传统文化产生很大的影响,影响了国人的价值观、行为方式和思维方式,有利亦有弊。这就要我们国人正确对待美国文化,取其精华,去其糟粕;也要正确对待我们中华民族的传统文化,传播和弘扬优秀传统文化,做到推陈出新,革故鼎新。 【关键词】传统价值观传统文化产业传统饮食文化传统节日文化 【正文】 从文化要素角度理解,文化是由象征符号、价值观、社会规范和物质文化四部分组成,美国也从这些方面影响中国传统文化。具体变现在以下方面: 一、美国文化影响中国传统的价值观 中国传统价值观可以从三方面进行分析:在人与人的关系上,人伦关系是中国传统价值观思想的起点,孟子指出,人伦是“父子有亲,君臣有义,夫妇有别,长幼有序,朋友有信”五种关系;在人与社会的关系上,中国传统价值观重人道精神、重群体精神;从人与自我的关系上,中国传统价值观重修养之道。而美国是一个崇尚自由的国家,追求自由、平等,与中国传统的伦理精神完全不同,并且美国文化强调独立、个性,具有物质性和实用主义。由于经济全球化的发展和文化的共享性,美国文化传播到中国,自由、平等冲击着中国封建伦理思想,以及独立、个性、物质性都对中国传统文化产生深远影响。我

们承认,中国传统文化中有不合理的地方,我们也可以学习美国的优秀文化,追求自由、平等,追求独立、个性,但不能一味的标新立异。追求独立的同时也要注重群体精神,学会团结协作。不能一味追求物质主义,也要注重培养和提高个人素质与修养。 二、美国文化影响中国传统文化产业 目前美国的文化产业居世界首位,成为最大的文化输出国。繁杂的美国文化商品超越地域、时空限制,到达五大洲的每个角落。可口可乐、麦当劳、肯德基等快餐文化深得国人青睐。还有迪斯尼、MIV 流行音乐、好莱坞电影等更是深受国人欢迎。迪斯尼乐园成为大多数人们心目中好玩又刺激的地方,更是孩子们心中的天堂。MIV流行音乐特别是好莱坞电影占据了青少年大多数业余时间,有的甚至对好莱坞电影痴迷,这些对青少年的思想观念产生深远影响以外,更是对中国传统文化在的戏剧、歌曲、才艺表演等文艺演出产生很大冲击,甚至对中国的国粹—京剧造成很大打击。受美国等西方文化的影响,现在大多数人不喜欢戏曲、京剧,也可以说根本不懂得如何去欣赏京剧,青少年这一代除了专门学戏曲的别的就更不用说了。在大街上,放眼望去,耳朵上戴耳机的人很多,但有几人是在听戏曲呢?我想大多数都是在听流行音乐吧,而且还边听边唱,但有几人会唱京剧呢?我想说,好的流行音乐是应该学习,应该欣赏,但我们的国粹就要丢弃吗?当然不可以!国粹是我们民族的精华啊,怎能抛弃?我们应该继承和发扬,更要创新,找到人们容易接受的方式方法,让我们的优秀传统文化得到更好的传播。

美国文化的优越性

中美文化对比 摘要 关键词 “为什么一个只有几百年历史的国家能够超越有着几千年历史的文明古国,成为当今世界上唯一的超级大国?”这是老师们给我们的论题,但是作为一个中国人我也想问一句为什么?为什么我最亲爱的祖国,不如一个没有多少存在时间的国家。本文就作者的亲身经历和 记得钱满素著有一本书《美国文明--世界文明大系》,他说:与所有文明一样,美国文明也是人类在特定的自然和历史条件下形成的一种形态,它最大的特点也许就是年轻。我认为美国文明有一个永远抹不掉的烙印:杂交。我经常跟学生讲世界上最名副其实的杂种就是美国人。哥伦布发现新大陆前,美洲的主人是印第安人,最早在美洲进行殖民掠夺、建立殖民地的是西班牙人和葡萄牙人,随后就是荷兰、英国、法国等。自17世纪初英国在北美建立殖民地起,大批欧洲移民中大部分是英国人,还有从非洲贩买到美洲的黑人以及从贫穷落后的亚洲贩买到美洲的劳工等。经过100多年的开发,北美资本主义经济发展了,初步形成了统一的市场,英语逐渐成为通用的语言,统一的美利坚民族逐渐形成,美国文明也渐渐形成了。美国文明与中国文明相比,它实在是太年轻了,但不可否认的是美国文明被世界大多数人认同。美国文明的优越性表现在哪些方面呢?我认为有以下几个方面: (1)开放的政策。 美国是一个十分开放的国家,这和他本身就是一个移民高国家有关,也和他本身形成时间短有关,这个时候几百年的历史,不再是劣势而是优势。他没有想中国文化一样那么多的条条框框的束缚,他是自由的,积极的,开放的,他不墨守成规,不作茧自缚,他海纳百川,吸收世界上其他民族和文化的优点,补充自己,使美国傲立世界民族之林。 (2)极大的流动性 美国是流动性很大的社会。这种流动体现在两个方面:地域性流动和社会性流动。美国相对的开放自由、发达的交通和冒险好动的传统使许多美国人从乡村流到城市,又从市中心流向郊区;从北方流到南方阳光地带,从一个城市流到另一个城市。美国社会阶级不像欧洲国家那样固定,加上公共教育的普及,使沿着社会阶梯向上流动成为可能。许多生活在美国的人,无论是土生土长的美国人,还是漂洋过海来到美国的外国移民,都有一个梦,即通过自己的努力,改变自己的社会地位,实现自己的人生梦想,这就是人们常津津乐道的“美国梦”。(3)高度发达的商品经济 根据2008年的数据,美国的人均年收入(全美国民)为3.76万美元(世界排名第4)、中国2008年人均年收入(全国居民)仅1100美元(世界排名109位),美国人均收入是中国的34倍。美国的物价怎么可能比中国低呢?到美国后才发现,美国除人工服务(如理发等很贵,美国的劳动力价格高,沾着人工的都很贵)之外,绝大部分商品的价格(绝对价格)是低于中国的,有些商品的价差之大,有点瞠目结舌。而洛杉矶的物价在美国还数比较高的,如果到俄勒冈州更便宜——购物不用缴纳8%—10%不等的税。;在洛杉矶的一个购物中心,我见到了那些国内卖得昂贵的品牌,在以很低的价格出售(在美国基本不用担心买到假货)。在国内一套卖3万元左右的Armani(阿玛尼)西服,在这里用四分之一甚至五分之一的钱就可以买到。意大利产名牌皮鞋同样如此。牛仔衣更便宜。lee或levi's的牛仔裤,一般而言,便宜的十几美金,贵点的20多美金。牛仔上衣贵一点,一般三、四十美金。 在美国购物特别放心,不管买中国产品还是其他国家的产品,质量都有保障,并且,服务非常好,在一定期限内可以退货或者调换,商家仍会热情接待。所以,中国人到美国后,即使平常不太喜欢购物的,也忍不住买些东西。我为家里人买了两箱东西,主要是衣服和鞋子,其中,包括三套西服。在交钱的时候,遇到一群中国去的游客,购物之多可用疯狂来形容。在一个卖箱包的商店,几乎每个从中国去的人都买两个以上的箱子,因为,他们要装下所买的商品。他们一边挑选商品一边惊诧着:“这里的东西怎么会比国内便宜这么多?!”我可以听出他们心中的不平衡。是的,连我自己都有种酸楚的感觉。如果不是这一次亲历,

美国历史与文化(概况)详解

美国历史与文化 美利坚合众国(英语:The United States of America,简称:The United States、America、The States,缩写:USA、The US),简称美国,是由50个州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区组成的联邦共和立宪制国家。美国本土位于北美洲中部,东临大西洋,西临太平洋,北面是加拿大,南部和墨西哥及墨西哥湾接壤。除阿拉斯加州和夏威夷州之外,48个州都位于美国本土。阿拉斯加州位于北美大陆西北方,东部为加拿大,西面和俄罗斯隔着白令海峡。夏威夷州则是太平洋中部的群岛。美国在加勒比海和太平洋还拥有多处境外领土和岛屿地区。此外,美国在全球140多个国家和地区拥有374个海外军事基地。 美国目前有50个州、一个联邦直辖特区及若干境外领土,面积约962.9万平方公里(其中陆地面积915.8960万平方公里,内陆水域面积约20万平方公里,五大湖中美国主权部分约17万平方公里,河口、港湾、内海等沿海水域面积约10万平方公里),位居世界第二或第三名(依水域面积定义而有差异)。美国人口约为3.15亿人,其数量为世界第三。是个多元文化和多元民族的国家,以白人为主,但有大量来自世界各地的移民。[3] 在13个殖民地的公民自1776年脱离大不列颠王国管辖,建立国家,殖民地代表一同发表《美国独立宣言》。在经历美国独立战争后,于1783年与大不列颠王国签订《巴黎条约》,从此受到世界各国承认。美国宪法于1787年通过。1791年,美国权利法案获得批准之后,又经内战、第二次世界大战和民权人士努力引发检讨和改正,而后逐步扩展到美国白人以外全体美国人。 美国曾经历过1812年战争、南北战争(1861年-1865年)和经济大萧条(1930年代)[4]。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中,美国和其他盟国共同击败纳粹德国和大日本帝国而获得胜利。经历数十年冷战,在苏联解体后,成为目前唯一的超级强国。其在经济、工业、军事及科研等领域都处于全世界领先地位。 1.名称 1.1英文名称 “The United States”最初是复数,例如“the United States are”,包括美国宪法第十三条修正案,1865年批准使用。美国内战结束后使用单数,如“the United States is”。现在单数形式是标准。[17][18] 1507年,由德国制图员马丁·瓦尔德泽米勒制作的《世界地理概论》中,美洲首次在世界地图上被标注为“America”。[19]因为意大利探险家亚美利哥·韦斯普奇指出这块大陆是新大陆而非当时包括哥伦布等人所认为的亚洲东部。美国因美洲而得名。在英语中,亚美利加和美利坚为同一词“America”,只是中译不同,前者指美洲,后者指美国。[20][21] “哥伦比亚”是美国一度流行的名称,来自哥伦布,一些美国事物至今仍沿用“哥伦比亚”的名称,如华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、哥伦比亚广播公司等。 1.2中文名称 在清朝,美国又被称为米国(日本翻译为“アメリカ合衆国”,简称“米国”),比如曾国藩就说过:“米夷质性淳厚,于中国时思效顺”。中国开始接触美国时,称为“亚美理驾洲大合众国”,简称“美国”或“合众国”,参见1844年《中美望厦条约》:“兹中华大清国、亚美理驾大合众国欲坚定两国诚实永远友谊之条约及太平和好贸易之章程……”,因美国国旗的花样,别称“花旗国”,一些美国事物的中文译名至今仍沿用“花旗”的名称,如美国特产花旗参以及美国最大银行之一花旗银行(Citibank)。 美国的谚文名称“??”所对应的朝鲜汉字,在韩国(标准韩国语)为“美國”,在朝

美国教师的多元文化教育

美国教师的多元文化教育 来源:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2517870780.html,/show.aspx?id=4016&cid=20 作者:王新俊姜峰 美国社会越来越明显的多元文化发展趋势对教师提出了新的要求,要求教师在教学过程中要具有多元文化的视角。针对美国现实的教育状况和少数民族教育中出现的种种特殊问题兴起的多元文化教育思潮,传统的教师培训已经不能满足时代的需求,对教师进行多元文化教育应运而生。通过多元文化教育,使教师具备多元文化知识、具有多元文化意识和多元文化教育实践能力,面对来自不同种族、不同文化背景的学生,能够用正确的方法施教,以保障少数族裔学生在学校教育中获得很好的知识和技能。这就要求教师要了解有关民族和文化多样性方面的各种理论及概念;要研究多元文化教育益处的哲学假设、价值观和思想,了解多元文化教育的可行性;要掌握有关各民族、种族的大量知识,特别是少数民族价值体系、学习方式、交际方式等;掌握对少数民族学生的教育技巧和教授多元文化内容的教学方法。美国教师的多元文化教育经过了近半个世纪的发展,形成了其独有的培训模式和教育理念,在教师培训中极力倡导、贯穿有关多元文化教育的相关培训课程,这对我国少数民族地区教师教育有很大的启发。 一、教师多元文化教育的发展历程 美国是一个典型的多民族国家。从族源来看,除美洲土著印第安人以外,主要是由移民组成。主要移民族群有白人(约占总人口的70%)、非洲裔(黑人,约占总人口的12.7%)、亚洲裔和西班牙裔美国人等。随着美国社会人口多元化发展趋势的增强,美国学校在校学生构成多元化日益加剧,少数族裔人数比例不断增加。因此,提高少数族群学生的学业成就,培养训练有素的劳动力,成为美国多元文化教育必须面对的现实问题。在上世纪60年代民权运动的时代背景下,1972 年美国颁布《民族传统法》,客观上促进和规范了美国多元文化教育运动。 20 世纪70年代,基于多元文化趋向日益发展的局面,多元文化教育开始由普通教育向师范教育领域渗透。1970年,全美师范学院协会成立多元文化教育委员会,该委员会指出:“教师的多元文化教育计划不仅仅是在已有的项目中简单嫁

浅析《变形金刚3》所折射的美国传统文化价值观

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2517870780.html, 浅析《变形金刚3》所折射的美国传统文化价值观 作者:李丛森 来源:《现代交际》2012年第01期 [摘要]电影是一种重要的大众传媒形式,也是展现并传播一国文化的重要手段。一战后,美国电影在全球所向披靡,成功摘取影视帝国桂冠,并成为其文化输出的主要途径,从而影响世界观众文化价值观的形成。本文从美国梦、个人主义与英雄主义及普世主义三个方面对《变形金刚3》体现的美国文化价值观进行分析与反思。 [关键词]《变形金刚3》美国梦个人主义与英雄主义救世主义 [中图分类号]J905 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)01-0092-01 电影是重要的大众传媒形式,也是展现传播一国文化的重要手段。一战后,美国电影成功摘取影视帝国桂冠,并成为其文化输出的主要途径。本文从美国梦、个人主义与英雄主义及普世主义三个方面对《变形金刚3》体现的美国文化价值观进行分析与反思。美国电影之所以能取得绝对“霸权”,除了其高科技制作手段——提供震撼的视听愉悦,还取决于其对“梦想,爱,正义,家庭”等主题的阐释——满足了全球观众对美及正义等正面价值观的心理诉求。《变形金刚3》处处展现美国主流文化价值观,在欣赏影片的同时,观众应该客观地看待西方文化。 一、新时期美国寻梦 美国梦是美国价值观的重要组成部分,是美国人的精神支柱,也是美国影片的主要主题。美国梦指的是:在美国人人享有均等机会,可以通过自身不懈努力获得成功,实现理想。而成功的标志则是占有财富的多寡。正是这种自由进取精神指引着无数寻梦者,塑造了无数平民英雄。美国梦起源于清教徒建立殖民地之初,发展于西进运动,变迁幻灭于一战前后,在新时期,美国梦又有其新的内涵。 在金融危机和动荡的国际形势下,美国年轻一代面临巨大的就业压力,并不像其父辈那样幸运。影片中主人公山姆系长春藤大学联盟高材生,毕业三个月,历经无数面试却未找到工作,最后还是靠其女友老板的一通电话推荐才获得行政助理一职,并住在女友家中。主人公初涉社会的失意正如其母亲所说的一样:“新千年的一代正如当初迷惘的一代”,也许他们对美国梦有新的阐释——对爱情的执着,对朋友的忠诚,对国家的贡献……从晚宴上说出一番慷慨激昂的话,“我要的不是酷车,不是工作,只想挽回我的女友”,到后来山姆为履行这一承诺,被

比较中国文化与美国文化的差异

比较中国文化和美国文化的差异 一、中国文化的古老性与美国文化的现代化 中国的先哲们给后人留下了丰美的历史宝藏,也留下了沉重的历史包袱。中国博大精深的传统文化是深深植根在中国这片土地之上的,她已不可能被移植,中国的一切现代文明都只能在这棵大树上进行嫁接而成;考虑中国的任何事情,都离不开历史这个无形的手对现实的影响。中国传统文化是中国人的思维模式和行为方式形成的理论基础,对中国的社会关系具有不可抗拒的影响。美国只有两百年的历史,美国的文化,是一群现代人,按照现代人的意志和思维模式构建起来的一座现代文明的宫殿。美国人完全在按现代人的需要去创造科学,创造财富,创造民主的社会制度。美国的人际关系也是按现代人的标准建立起来的。美国发达的商业文化、科学技术是其现代文化的突出标志。 二、中国文化的民族性与美国文化的多元化 中国汉族占总人口的90%以上,其他56个少数民族在肤色、人种上也与汉族基本相似,因此中国可以说是一个单一人种和单一文化的国家。儒家、佛家、道家文化形成了中国文化的主体,尤其是儒家文化,对中国人的思想和行为的影响占有统治地位。中国文化具有强烈的民族性。 而美国是一个移民国家,人口构成极为复杂,世界各国的人才在这里群英聚会,各种文化交相辉映,形成了各种民族、各种文化的大熔炉。因此美国的文化具有多元化的特点,并且带有强烈的时代气息,随着时代的变化而变化 三、中国文化的政治性与美国文化的经济性 中国作为一个统一的大国,已有两千多年的历史。两千多年来,要统治这样一个地域如此辽阔,人口如此众多的大国,的确不是一件容易的事情。如果统治失调,就意味着国家分裂、诸侯纷争、战乱不休。因此,自古以来,稳定和统一,一直是中国历史上的两件大事,政治是统帅,集中统一是灵魂。儒家文化作为中国古代社会上层建筑中的一系统,与上层建筑中的政权统治形成相辅相成之势,儒家文化中含有大量的关于教育统治者施仁政,教育百姓遵守伦理教化等方面的人文科学,中国古代社会一直重农轻商,重文轻商,科举制度使文化与政治密切相连,文化中带有很强的政治性。贯穿在社会关系中,人与人之间的关系,也有很强的政治色彩。 而美国是一商品经济极为发达的国家,文化具有浓厚的经济性,与经济建设相适应的科学、技术、经济管理等文化占有很高的地位。而好莱坞电影、迪斯尼乐园、麦当劳快餐等等发达的商业文化更是受世人瞩目。美国的人与人之间关系,也带有浓厚的经济色彩,亲兄弟明算账。 四、中、美两国主文化与亚文化之间存在的差异 很多探讨中美文化差异的文章都指出中国文化注重集体主义,美国文化注重个人主义。但是,在现实生活中却使我们产生困惑。生活在中国社会中,我们会发现,许多人个人主义思想也很严重,缺乏团结的现象时有发生;而当我们来到美国,却发现很多的美国人很关心社会和集体。有人做过这种观察,一群美国人开大会,会前不同观点会展开很激烈的争论,但一旦会议主题决定了,大家就会安安静静地一起开大会;但一群中国人在一起,却往往是上面开大会,下面开小会,各自为政。关于这个文化与现实的差异问题,我们从社会学中找到了答案。一个社会中,不仅有统治阶层所推行的正统的主文化,也有在民间流行的亚文化。亚文化往往是对于主文化的一种逆反,一种对立和统一。由于中国文化过分宣扬国家和集体,轻视个人,所以民间社会的亚文化又使个人利益得到补充,得到平衡。美国过分地宣扬个人主义,人们不满足于彼此隔阂,彼此冷漠的现象,又重新回到互相关心,热心公益事业的和谐的社会关系上来。由此我们知道,要想真正地了解一个国家,不仅要从书本上了解他的主文化,还要到那个民族中去生活一段时间,从民间去了解那个民族的亚文化。另一方面,在人的本性上,有些东西是人类共有的,如个人主义思想,在美国是得到公开承认,而在中国却被加以批判,但不管你怎么否定,它却是

美国饮食文化的历史

美国饮食文化的历史 美国人吃汉堡包、热狗和其他简单、标志性的美食,典型的美国菜“粗犷实在”,食用新鲜的原材料,保持事物的原汁原味;但他们同时也喜爱许多其他国家的菜肴,拥有众多移民带来的各式菜品。于是,美国饮食恍如一个“大熔炉”,汇聚了世界多国的佳肴,并将之持续交融、美国化,形成当今的让人眼花缭乱、活力四射的美国饮食。以下,我们简要溯源一下它的历史。 16世纪以前,美洲印第安人作为美国的原住民并主要居民,他们的饮食就是美国饮食的代表。在这一阶段,他们奠定了美国主食的基础——玉米。但由于生活水平较低、疆域广袤、人口文化分散等原因的限制,美国饮食尚且处于讲究温饱的状态,未能形成全国性饮食和完善的美食体系。 而且,美国一直以来没有王室一说,王室烹饪有助于国家烹饪艺术的统一和进益,以至于美国缺少王室的这一对生活品质,这里强调饮食的驱动力,美食发展在历史进程中相较缓慢。 16世纪,墨西哥的西班牙人来到美国,他们并没有只把玉米当作一种好原料而用它做成什么别的东西;他们真正地做到了将他们的想法和印地安人的想法交融一起。如玉米卷烤肉,西班牙人带来猪肉;印地安人提供玉米卷。 后来,清教徒大批移民美国,带来了“为活而吃”的精神特质,追求实用简朴,不讲究食物口味。他们认为人吃东西并消化掉以便再活一天,除了虚荣心,没有哪个思维健全的人会讨论某种食品的味道。他们的对饮食的价值观严重阻碍了烹饪艺术的发展。 17到18世纪,欧洲移民大量涌入美国,奠定了传统美国菜的基础——英国菜。美国烹饪始自英国,因为大部分美国人是英国移民的后裔。当然,美国菜有自己的特色,因为美国国土大,气候好,食物种类繁多,交通运输方便,冷藏设备优良,厨师、家庭主妇可随意选择食物,同时他们在烹饪仪器时很讲究营养。美国人的习惯是早餐喜食各种水果和略有咸味的甜点心,对沙拉很感兴趣。美国人做菜喜欢用水果作辅料,如菠萝鸡腿、苹果烤鸭等,对铁扒一类的菜肴也很喜欢。炸制类的菜品也是常吃。 而后,其他移民开始到来。非洲人被贩卖至美国,对美国烹饪产生了重大影响,他们把一些新奇的食物原料和调味品带到了美国菜桌上——羊角豆、山药、

浅谈中国传统文化与美国、俄罗斯传统文化的不同

浅谈中国传统文化与美国、俄罗斯传统文化的不同 姓名: 班级: 学号: 摘要:中国是一个单一人种和单一文化的国家,儒家、佛家、道家文化形成了中国文化的主体,尤其是儒家文化,对中国人的思想和行为的影响占有统治地位。而美国、俄罗斯人口构成复杂,各种文化交相辉映,形成了各种民族、各种文化的大熔炉,所以美国、俄罗斯的文化具有多元化的特点。因此在婚礼观念、婚礼习俗上都存在着很大的差异。同时由于地理环境,气候以及更深层次的文化观念的不同,导致中国与美国、俄罗斯古建筑之间极大的差异。 关键字:中国美国俄罗斯传统文化差异婚俗古建筑等级制度 人类历史上的四大文明古国,只有中国文化作为文化主体保留至今。以传统文化为立国之基的中国在世界上存在了长达五千年,对比在历史上强盛一千多年的罗马帝国,却早已不复存在。纵览我国的传统文化有着很多的方面,比如:仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、孝、悌、节、恕、勇、让;琴棋书画、三教九流、三百六十行、四大发明、民间禁忌、精忠报国、竹、民谣、黄土、长江、黄河……今天我要从“书”中的文房四宝和婚俗观念这两个方面与美国、俄罗斯这两个国家的相应的传统文化来讨论一下我国传统文化的特别。 首先是在恋爱婚姻方面:中国跟美国在有些文化及社会差异上是根深蒂固的,中国汉族占总人口的90%以上,其他56个少数民族在肤色、人种上也与汉族基本相似,因此中国可以说是一个单一人种和单一文化的国家。儒家、佛家、道家文化形成了中国文化的主体,尤其是儒家文化,对中国人的思想和行为的影响占有统治地位。中国文化具有强烈的民族性。而美国是一个移民国家,人口构成极为复杂,世界各国的人才在这里群英聚会,各种文化交相辉映,形成了各种民族、各种文化的大熔炉。因此美国的文化具有多元化的特点,并且带有强烈的时代气息,随着时代的变化而变化。从性格上来说,美国人相当崇尚个人主义,在中国则强调家族及阶级层次。这是个非常重要及有影响力的分别。美国人崇尚个人特质的例子很多,父母较少伸手干预子女的发展。美国人是相当开放和直接的,他们总是追求新奇的是我,不断的改变环境,在冒险中寻求刺激。而对于俄罗斯人,大都对其的印象都是文明、素质高、修养高。由于历史的因素、战争的磨难、多民族的荣格,使其对祖国二字的概念有着特殊的感情,他们更加的崇尚自由、讨厌强权和约束。记得曾经看过一篇文章,说的是俄罗斯人对《红罗梦》里面的爱情是充分理解的,但是对其表达方式感到不解——林妹妹对宝玉一片真心,但在表达方式上似有似无、独自一个人黯然伤神的做法颇不理解,觉得很费神,并且说,如果是俄国人,对爱情的表达即使在旧世纪也不这样,女人会毫不犹豫的跑过去,对所爱的人大喊:“宝玉,我爱你”。因此美国和俄罗斯人在恋爱和婚姻的过程中都是勇敢的表现自己,而不像中国人受儒家等文化的感染总是含蓄的表达自己的感情。更多的,相对于美国、俄罗斯自由的恋爱观,在中国过去的历史里面,更多的是指腹为婚,说媒相亲。在其他两个视为正常的同居,在中国的传统道德观念里面这是绝对不能允许的。在中国的传统文化里面,女子在婚姻里面的地位远不如其他两国,古代中国的女子要遵守三从四德、三纲五常,为了贞节牌坊就不能随意的去追寻自己的幸福,而男子则能三妻四妾。这些都是由于封建社会的中国,高度的中央集权以及佛教、儒家、道教等多种文化所影响的。虽然现在的中国女子可以勇敢的追求幸福了,但在一定程度上,还是受着三从四德,三纲五常的束缚的。 其次,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国人比较保守,喜欢热闹,思维较古板,所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。美国和俄罗斯的思想则比较开放,对于婚礼的要求也比较低。先说中国,中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书:订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。礼书:过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。迎亲书:迎娶新娘之书。)而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采:古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称“提亲”。问名:男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称“合八字”。纳吉:问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称“过文定”或“小定”。纳征:奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等,即正式送聘礼,谓纳征,今称“过大

美国文化特色

以下为上海外国语大学王恩铭教授写的关于美国文化的一篇文章。 美国文化,从某种意义上说,是欧洲文化的延伸,因为美国人的语言、她的人口构成,以及她的立国精神都源于欧洲。另一方面,美国文化又与欧洲不同,因为欧洲移民在北美大陆上驱赶走印第安人后,在一片荒芜旷野之地创造了令人赞叹不已的灿烂文明。所以,在谈论美国文化习俗与社交礼义时,既要顾及欧美文化的相同性,又要注意两者的相异性。 文化习俗是个范围广泛、内容复杂的题目,涉及人在社会生活和交往中的方方面面。笔者拟定以杂谈的形式,就美国人的文化习俗作一粗浅概述。宽容性。 美国是个移民之国,它的祖先来自于全球各地。人们移居美国时,不仅仅在地理位置上挪动一下,而且还把他们所在国的评议和风俗习惯带到了新的居住地。因为杂,人们各自的差异十分突出;因为差异十分普遍,人们就不特别注重统一性。久而久之,美国人的文化习俗中形成了较高程度的宽容性(tolerance),对异质文化和不同评议持容忍、可接受的态度。在这一点上,美国社会里可行的习俗要比世界上其他国家来得宽泛。 从政治上讲,这种宽容性表现在对自由的追求和对自由权利的维护。从宗教上说,它体现在不同信仰的和谐共存。从生活范围上看,它显现在不同种族、不同族裔社区的平安相处。一言以蔽之,在美国,每个人基本上可以任意选择不同的观念、信仰、生活方式和传统习惯;人们也可以在相当程度上保持自己的习俗和仪。譬如,犹太人可以庆祝他们的宗教节日,而基督教徒则能够过他们的圣诞节和复活节。再譬如,美国华人可以在唐人街用华语生活和工作;同样的道理,越南移民能够在他们的“小西贡”按越南的方式经营业务,从事各种活动。 美国人的容忍性,除了上面的美国是个移民国这个因素以外,还与美国人的频繁迁徙有关。众所周知,美国历史发展中的一个重要部分是她的西部开发史。那时,美国拓荒者或徒步跋涉,或骑马坐车,从东到西,从南到北,哪里有机遇,就往那里移居。频繁的迁移和不断地更换居处使人们始终处于“流动”状态,对暂面临的种种不同现象更易于宽容和接受。此外,经常迁移还能够帮助人们扩大眼界,知多识广,对不同的习俗持同情、理解的,并逐渐形成多样性胜于单一性的开放性观念。 由于美国人的宽容性较强,所以美国人很少把自己的意志强加在其他人身上,它与中国孔夫子“己所不欲,勿施于人”的古训十分酷似。譬如说,丈夫可能是个共和党人,但他决不能逼迫他那拥护民主党的妻子改变政治立场。同理,母亲也许是个天主教徒,但她决不能强迫她那已皈依成穆斯林教徒的儿子改变宗教信仰。在日常生活习惯和平时事务处理中,这种宽容精神更是屡见不鲜,司空见惯。 不拘礼节 美国人以不拘礼节著称于世。在写字楼里,人们常常能看到“白领”不穿外套、不系领带坐在办公室里工作。有电话交谈时,他们会朝椅背一靠,把双足往桌子上搁,悠哉悠哉地在电话里“侃”上个半天。在大学校园里,美国教授身穿牛仔裤、足蹬耐克鞋进教室上课。更有甚者,美国教授讲到劲头,会一屁股往讲台上一坐,神采飞扬地滔滔不绝一番,不分年龄,不分性别。更常见的情形,是美国父子之间、母女之间的随和、轻松关系。无论是在电影里,还是在实际生活中,我们以常看见美国长辈与幼辈互拍肩膀、无拘无束的镜头。所有这一切都源于美国人不拘礼节(informality)的习性。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档