英美文化论文：国际法规制食品安全的三种进路
国际法规制食品安全的三种进路
食品生产、运输、销售、消费链条的全球化,必然要求国家之间分担保障食品安全的责任。近20年来，政府与非政府组织在食品安全领域的联合行动日益紧密,跨国立法与准立法机制也得到越来越频繁的应用，一个全方位、多层次的食品安全全球治理网络正在形成。随着食品安全全球治理运动的兴起,国际法在保障全球食品安全中的作用日益显著。概括来说,国际法规制食品安全的进路主要有三条：人权保障进路、国际市场协调进路和公共卫生安全进路。
―、人权保障进路
食用安全的食品是保障生命与身体健康的前提条件，因此，食品安全问题是一个人权问题。在绝大多数自然法学派的学者看来,获取食物的权利是一项不证自明（Aself-standingright)的权利[1]。自上世纪下半叶以来，众多国际人权法律文件都对食物权进行了确认与发展。综合来看，食物权的发展经历了如下三个阶段。
(一)食物权的起源（1945-1966年）
1945年《联合国宪章》第一条开宗明义指出了了联合国成立的宗旨。其中第一条第三款规定:“通过国际合作解决具有经济、社会、文化和人道性质的国际问题，并且增进和激励尊重所有人的人权和基本自由，不以种族、性别、语言或宗教的差异而区别对待。”
1948年《世界人权宣言》(以下简称《宣言》)第二十五条第一款规定人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康和福利所需的生活
水准，包括食物、衣着、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务”。这里“获取食物的权利”不是一项单独的人权，而是作为实现“享有适当生活水平权”的一项主要内容。第二十五条第二款还特别指出，“母亲和儿童有权享受特别照顾和协助。”尽管宣言并不具有法律上的强制性，即便没有履行宣言中的承诺，也不会遭到法律起诉。但其重要意义却是毋庸置疑的W。在此基础上，区域性的人权理论得以迅速发展。1950年欧洲理事会通过了《欧洲保障人权与基本自由公约》，1961年又通过了《欧洲社会宪章》。然而这两个区域性人权文件都没有提到食品权利。
(二）充足食物权的提出、主要内容及其发展(1966-1999年）
1?《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》与充足食物权的提出。1966年《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》（以下简称《公约》）使用的是另一个过渡性的概念，即“充足食物权（TheRightToAdequateFood)”。《公约》涉及“充足食物权”的条款一共有四条，即第二条、第十一条、第十二条和第二十三条。其中，《公约》第十一条第一款规定，“本公约缔约各国承认人人有权为他自己和家庭获得相当的生活水准,包括足够的食物(AdequateFood)、衣着和住房，并能不断改进生活条件。各缔约国将采取适当的步骤保证实现这一权利，并承认为此而实行基于自愿同意的国际合作的重要性。”《公约》第十一条第二款规定，为确保人人享有“免于饥饿和营养不良的基本权利”，缔约国有义务独自或通过国际合作发展农业、改进粮食生产、公平分配粮食，等等。
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母。 “棍棒底下出孝子”这只是一个比方，寓意为父母要严格管教孩子，教他正确的做人观，让他懂得分辨是非好坏。我认为慈母严父是对这句话最好的解释，而并非真的要用棍棒来教子，毕竟暴力是解决不了任何问题的。而所谓的“不打不成器”是指在某些无能为力的情况下采取的一种极端措施，毕竟有些时候只有让人受到巨大的困难后才会吸取教训，并不是说毫无观念的打孩子。 虽然现在一些教育家说不提倡棍棒教育，但我个人认为，所谓的棍棒教育并不是说像一天三餐饭一样，老是打孩子，应以说服教育为主，多和孩子讲道理，以理服人。不过在孩子犯了重大错误的时候，应该给于一定的惩戒，让孩子记住，同样的错误不可再犯因为小孩的记性好。但对于所犯的错误却是忘性大，但事后也要和他讲道理，让他知道错在哪里了。 越不孝顺的子女父母越是从小就宠爱有加，孝顺的孩子从孩提时代父母就对其较为严厉。为什么会这样呢？从现在心理学角度来看，父母宠爱孩子，会让孩子误以为自己就是家中的老大，父母不仅要对他们言听计从，还要柔顺地巴结、恭维和讨好他们。这样久而久之从襁褓到成人，历经十几个风霜雪雨，这种习惯、思维和观念就会逐渐在子女的心中定型。长大乃至成家立业后他们会照样对父母颐指气使，不仅从未树立起孝敬回馈父母之心，而且掠夺搜刮父母之心更盛。 为何如此，皆因随着年龄日增，欲望的胃口也会越来越大，自己
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英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
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英美文化差异论文
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英美文化选修论文
洛阳理工外国语学院——英美文化选修课结课论文 英美国家的饮食文化 系别：外语系 班级：XXXXX 学号：XXXXXX 姓名：XXXX
摘要： 俗话说的好民以食为天，有时在一个区域甚至是一个国家内的南方与北方的饮食也是有所不同，更别说一个国家与另一个国家的饮食所存在的不同。自从学习了英美文化这项课程之后，我对英美国家的饮食文化产生了极大的兴趣，尤其是西式饮食在现代逐渐进入国人的生活中，我觉得我们越来越有必要了解一下西方的饮食文化。 关键字： 英美国家饮食文化西餐菜肴特色饮食习惯 英美国家饮食文化 学习了英美文化课程之后我对于英美文化有了进一步的了解，选修课老师对英美文化说了很多方面的知识，比如说国家的地理方位、城市构成、国家发展历史，政党选举制度之类的等等。期间看了两部电影一部是关于英国曾任的首相铁娘子撒切尔夫人，了解了英国的政党以及历史上曽发生的重要历史事件等等，同时让我也更加佩服撒切尔夫人，是一个能挑大梁的坚强女性。还有一部是关于阿甘正传，讲的是关于美国的一个傻男孩自强不息的奋斗史，同时穿插了美国的发展历史，对此有了更加深刻的了解。虽然还是囫囵吞枣的学习了一番，那我就我比较感兴趣的英美饮食方面谈论一下吧。 首先来说一下西方的餐桌文化，包括餐桌用具与餐桌礼仪等方面。先说餐桌用具包括刀叉、餐盘、酒杯等等。当然摆放也有很多的要求例如：刀叉的摆置，用餐中为八字形，如果在用餐中途暂时休息
的话，可将刀叉分放盘中，刀头与叉尖相对成“一”字形或“八”字形，刀叉朝向自己，表示还要继续吃。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无须放下，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手拿刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃。用餐结束后，可将叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢，平行放置于餐盘上。接下来的摆置方式又分为英国式与法国式，不论哪种方式都可以，尽量将柄放入餐盘内，这样可以避免因碰触而掉落，服务生也比较容易收拾。在宴会中，每吃一道菜用一副刀叉，对摆在面前的刀叉，是从外侧依次向内取用，因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了，上菜也结束了。还有刀叉的拿法也是每一个想学好英美餐桌文化的人必须了解的。两只一组使用刀、叉为正式的用法，右手拿刀，左手拿叉，刀用来切割食物，叉用于送食物入口。在高级餐厅内，将叉子换到右手就餐，也一样是不合时宜的。而刀叉的用法也有很多的不一样，刀叉有不同规格，按照用途不同，其尺寸的大小也有区别。吃肉时，不管是否要用刀切，都要使用大号的刀。吃沙拉、甜食或一些开胃小菜时，要用中号刀，叉或勺一般随刀的大小而变。料理上桌后的基本动作，即是“右手拿刀切开，然后左手拿叉将料理叉起”。以叉子压住料理的左端，固定，顺着叉子的侧边以刀切下约一口大小的料理后，叉子即可直接叉起料理送入口中，简单说即是“以叉子压住后再以刀切开”。当然同样重要的还有餐桌礼仪，这也是体现素养的一方面：不要在餐桌上化妆，用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐时打嗝是大忌。取食时，拿不到的食物可以请别人传递，不要站起来自己拿。每次吃到嘴里的食物不要太多，在咀嚼
英美文化 论文
Course: American culture Instructor: Professor Yang Name:张佩荣 Student No: 080661 Class: 131804 Date: April 7, 2011 American cultural patterns and values In order to understand deeply the American and to help us in our adjustment to American life and in the formation of more fulfilling relationships with American values, I want to analysis the current American main cultural patterns and values, such as individualism, equality and progress, as well as understanding the way in which American friendships operate, can make an contribution to understanding the American society. The most important and most basic characteristic of American culture is individualism. Daniel Boorstin, the well-known sociohistorian, has written that “…of all American myths, none is stronger than that of the loner moving west, across the land…” This pioneering spirit is a synonym for individualism.”The pioneering spirit, handed down to the present generation of Americans from their American forefathers, includes the concepts of self-reliance, self-actualization, autonomy, and personal growth. So, the seeming self-centeredness of the American child, for example, is seldom questioned by parents or teachers. It is implicitly accepted that each person, whether he be an adult or a child, should
英美文化概况结课论文
课程名称：英美文化概况班号：1007153118学号：1007153118 姓名：杨明 Women’s struggles for political power in the United States －－Based on the analysis of the characters of Hillary Clinton Born on October 26，1947，Hillary Clinton is one of the most powerful women in the world.She is the very person who not only served as the 67th United States secretary from 2009 to 2013,but also was the first lady of the United States during 1993 to 2001,when her husband Bill Clinton served as the president. As it is known to all,she is the democratic party nominee for president of the United States in the 2016 election.Her success has evoked other women’s awareness of being independent, strong and brave to fight for equal rights.Worldwide attention is paid to Hillary Clinton's legend and achievements at home and abroad. Deep thinker and Profound breadth of knowledge In 1974，Hillary Clinton wrote an article for the Harvard Educational Review called “Children Under the Law”，which is among the most widely－cited works on children’s rights.From this view，we can see a woman who thinks in single policy briefs.Based on her legal writing at the Children’s Defense Fund，historian Garry Wills called her in 1992“one of the more important scholar－activists of the last two decades”.From what we can see that Hillary Clinton is extremely intelligent,and she knows how to use her knowledge. Dedicated her life to advancing her values and ideas Hillary was the first First Lady who was not a homemaker.And she was not just a passive symbol of gender equality.Clinton traveled extensively as first lady and promoted new responsibilities and opportunities for women, particularly in the world’s developing countries. She gave her”women’s rights are human rights”speech,despite pressure from her husband’s administration to soften her rhetoric.She put a health care plan that would have been the largest poverty-reduction measure. In
《英美文化概论》期末考试答案
1 Which is not the major environment issues of America?( ) （1.0分）1.0分 A、 Air pollution B、 Water shortage C、 Loss of agricultural land D、 desertification 正确答案：C 我的答案：C 2 Which is wrong about American people?( ) （1.0分）0.0分 A、 American people are patriotic. B、 American people like to talk about politics and religion. C、 American people are outspoken.
D、 American people respect time. 正确答案：B 我的答案：C 3 Which one of following is wrong about Steve Jobs?( ) （1.0分）1.0分 A、 He dropped out of college. B、 He started Apple when he was 21. C、 His real parents were died when he was born. D、 He was a Buddist. 正确答案：C 我的答案：C 4 The war of Independence was between ( ). （1.0分）1.0分 A、 America and France B、