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建筑类英文翻译

建筑类英文翻译
建筑类英文翻译

英语翻译1

外文原文出处:

Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342

补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固

摘要:大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。弱柱,在一个或多个事故中,由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、

多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和

组件的强度。比如用建筑物来说明这个

策略的可行性。

1、背景的介绍:

建筑受地震震动,有可能达到一定程

度上的动力失稳,因为从理论上说侧面

上有无限的位移。许多建筑物,然而,

在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑,这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图。提出

了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可

能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌,通过

补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安

全。维护竖向荷载支撑的能力,来改变

水平力稳定临界失稳的机理,重视可能

出现微小的侧向位移(见图。

在过去的经验表明,世界各地的地

震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝

土框架结构建筑物。这经常是由于一些

无关紧要的漏洞,引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏,比如整根梁、柱子和板。去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力,易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。

这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施:

)

1、加密上层结构,可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。

2、加密上层结构,可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝,从而阻止对框架结构的影响。

3、底楼,或者地板,可以增加结构新墙。这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重,这韧性能满足于一层或多层。然而,所有这些都有困难和干扰。在美国,这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。

4、在一些容易受到破坏的柱子裹上钢铁、混凝土、玻璃纤维、或碳纤维。

第四个选项可以增加柱子的强度和延性,这足以降低柱子受到破坏的风险在大多数的建筑物中。这个方案虽然成本比前面低,但是整体性能也会降低,对比较弱的地板破坏会更加集中。加强柱子的强度在美国很流行,但它的成本依旧是很高的。在发展中国家,这些先进的技术对某些种类的加料或加强,还不能够做到随心所欲。

这个程序的提出包含了另一个选择,美国已经运用这个选择用来降低房子倒塌的风险。这个方法是增加垂直支撑,来防止建筑在瞬间竖向荷载作用下就倒塌(见图。这是

为支撑转移做准备的,当柱子

被剪切破坏和剪切衰弱时。这

个补充支撑通常是钢结构、管

道支撑或木材支撑。他们通常

安装在单独的柱子上,但(图

钢柱也可以被放置在能承担

的水平框架上。这种技术能有

效的降低自重,从而降低了建

筑在瞬间竖向荷载下就遭到

破坏。在水平方向的强烈震

动,产生的不稳定大概很少被想到。补充的安装垂直技撑相对比较便宜。一些有用的空间可能通过安装支撑被影响,可是这是一些微不足道的比较。在美国为建筑安装一些补充支撑现在非常流行。

英文原文1

Supplemental Vertical Support as a Means for Seismic Retrofit

of Buildings

Craig D. Comartin

Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342 #

Abstract A large number of

concrete buildings in

seismically active areas

throughout the world exhibit a

common deficiency. Weak

columns, in one or more stories,

lose vertical load-carrying

capacity as a result of lateral

distortion. This chapter

presents a conceptual strategy

for retrofit comprising the

installation of supplemental vertical supports to prevent collapse. This procedure utilizes a risk-based perspective based on recent research on the realistic capacity of concrete columns, dynamic instability, and the effects of in-cycle degradation of strength in building systems and components. An example building is used to illustrate the application of the concept.

1 Introduction and Background

Buildings subject to earthquake shaking have a potential to reach a point of dynamic instability at which they collapse due to theoretically unlimited

lateral displacement.

Many buildings, however, lose the ability to support vertical loads and collapse at smaller levels of shaking intensity than that which would otherwise cause lateral dynamic instability (see Fig. . The procedures proposed here are intended

to identify buildings prone to preemptive vertical load collapse and improve their safety by the installation of supplemental vertical supports. Maintaining the capability to support vertical loads changes the critical collapse mechanism to lateral dynamic stability

which occurs at larger and less

probable lateral

displacements (see Fig. .

Experience in past

earthquakes around the world

indicates that concrete frames

infilled with unreinforced

masonry (URM) have been

particularly prone to collapse.

This most often is due to a weak first story caused by the omission of all or a substantial portion of the infill to allow for retail, parking, or other uses conducive toopen spaces. The infill in upper stories restrains frame action and forces the flexible lower floor to absorb most of the energy demand and drift.

There are several alternatives for retrofit strategy that have been implemented in the past:

1. The infill on upper floors could be removed and replaced with less stiff and less strong materials.

2. The infill on upper floors could be isolated from the structure by installing joints with gaps to prevent interaction with the frame.

3. The lower floor, or floors, could be strengthened with new structural walls。These Measures (Items 1, 2, and 3) are effective in reducing the ductility

demand in the weak story or stories. However, all of them are costly and intrusive. In the US, it is not unusual for the costs of these types of retrofit to exceed half of the replacement value of the building.

4. Wrap the columns in the weak story with jackets of steel, concrete, fiberglass, or carbon fiber.

The fourth option can increase both the strength and ductility of the columns enough to reduce the collapse risk for most buildings. The cost is somewhat less than for the first three alternatives; however the overall performance would also be less with more damage focused in the weak floor. Column jacketing is popular in the US, but the costs can still be high. In developing countries, the advanced technologies for

some types of jackets may not

be readily available.

The procedure proposed

here incorporates another

alternative that has been used

in the US to reduce collapse

risk. This strategy is to

provide supplemental vertical

supports designed to prevent preemptive vertical load collapse (see Fig. . These are intended to support loads that are transferred from shear critical columns as they are damaged and begin to fail. The supplemental supports are typically steel shapes, pipe shoring, or timber shores. They are often installed near individual columns, but also can be placed beneath capable horizontal framing. This technique is effective in reducing collapse risk by avoiding the preemptive vertical collapse mode。The intensity of shaking required for lateral dynamic instability is generally higher and less likely to occur. The installation of supplemental vertical supports is relatively inexpensive. The functional use of the spaces may be affected by the installation, but often this is minor

compared to other alternatives. Installations in the US have been made for a very small percentage of the replacement costs for the building.

英文翻译2

外文原文出处:

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149

*

动力性能对建筑物的破坏

引言:建筑物在地震的作用下,和一些薄弱的建筑结构中,动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。特别是要满足最基本的震动周期,无论是在设计的新建筑,或者是评估已经有的建筑,使他们可以了解地震的影响。

许多标准(例如:欧标,2003;欧标,2006),建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。这样的表达式被牢记在心,得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人,1997),从而人为的低估了标准周期。因为这个原因,他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例:乔普拉本和高尔,2000)。当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例:克劳利普和皮诺,2004;普里斯特利权威,2007)。当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较,有大的差异,提供非常低的周期标准(例:纳瓦洛苏达权威,2004)。一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里

奥(2008);另外,一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型,提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度,开裂,空隙填实,等等)。

联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。这个原因对于他们的振动,可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏,这个必须被重视。通常,结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。但对于建筑物周期而言,到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。如果加大振动,建筑物减轻自身的重量对共振产生的破坏有很大的减轻效果。岩土工程的工程师们还没有完全同意这个观点,因为土壤可以提高自身的振动周期,与建筑物有相同的振动周期,从而建立了产生共振的条件。这个问题的处理在于这个增加量到底是多少一般来说这种答案是不可能的,因为它取决于建筑类型和土壤类型。例如,一些普通的混凝土建筑物,对这建筑物增加一个非常大的震动周期,可以知道在平常的振动下就会迅速的遭到破坏,尤其是那些砌体建筑,比如,马雪凯利建筑(2004)和克劳福建筑(2006)。

最后,估计在改装或者加固后参数表数字的变化,通过计算机计算来改变标准的振动周期,阻尼因数和振动波形。这可以是一个非常好的评估工具对于存在的一些干扰(法拉斯等,2008)。这种效果也可以作为一种诊断工具,对周围的振动测量很有帮助(布丁和汉斯,2008)。

对以上问题的进一步研究,强烈要求建立更加宽广的原地实验或者是实验室实验,得出实验结果来估算。用一个经济实用的方式,来营造动态特性。

%

$

英文原文2

Role of Dynamic Properties on Building Vulnerability NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149

Introduction

Dynamic properties have a major role on the seismic behavior and vulnerability of building structures. Particularly, fundamental periods of vibration are needed, both in design of new buildings and in assessment of existing ones, so that their seismic response can be evaluated.

Several codes . CEN, 2003; NZSEE, 2006) recommend empirical simplified expressions between the height of a building type and its fundamental period. Such expressions were calibrated keeping in mind a force-based design (Goel and Chopra, 1997), thus intentionally aim at underestimating period values. For this reason they usually provide rather low values when compared to those ones obtained keeping in mind a displacement-based design (see . Chopra and Goel, 2000), also when the latter were obtained from numerical simulations performed on carefully set up models (see . Crowley and Pinho, 2004; Priestley et al.,

2007). Even larger differences appear when numerical estimates are compared to experimental results based on ambient vibration measurements that provide very low period values (see . Navarro et al., 2004). An overview of the different approaches together with a comparison of the relevant results is reported in Masi and Vona (2008); further, period-height expressions for some reinforced concrete building types are given, where the role of important structural characteristics (building height, cracking, masonry infills, elevation irregularities, etc.) is carefully taken into account.

Coupling between soil and building fundamental periods of vibration may cause resonance effects. For this reason also their variation, as a consequence of possible building damage and/or soil non linear behavior during the motion, needs to be considered. Typically, structural and geotechnical engineers have different points of view about resonance effect and its variation during a seismic motion. Structural engineers say that whereas building and soil have initially close periods and an earthquake occurs, the building period, as a result of structural and non structural damage, is expected to increase during the motio n, so that the building “hides” itself reducing the heaviest effects of resonance. Geotechnical engineers do not completely agree with this opinion saying that also the soil period can shift towards higher values, that is in the same direction of the building one, thus the resonance condition could arise again. The question to be dealt with is: how much is the relative amount of that increase A general answer is not possible, as it depends on building and soil type. For example, in case of reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill, a very large increase of the building period can be expected with the level of shaking due to cracking of structural members and, particularly, of brittle masonry infill, see . Mucciarelli et al. (2004), Calvi et al. (2006).

Finally, estimating the variation of the dynamic characteristics after retrofitting or strengthening interventions, by computing the modified values of fundamental periods, damping factors and mode shapes, can be a practical tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention (Farsi et al., 2008). To this

purpose and also as a diagnosis tool, ambient vibration measurements can be very helpful (Boutin and Hans, 2008).

All the above questions strongly require that further studies as well wide in-situ and laboratory experimental campaigns are carried out to set up procedures able to evaluate, in a reliable as well not expensive way, building dynamic properties.

大学毕业证书--实用英文翻译.docx

大学毕业证书英文翻译 (毕业证书) DIPLOMA This is to certify that Mr.姓名born on July 5, 1977, has studied in the Department (如证书上为学院,请改成College) of Computer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University with a speciality of Computer & Application from September 1995 to June 1999. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, he is granted graduation. Yang Wei (﹡此处写证书上的校长姓名) President of Zhejiang University Registration No.: (学校编号或电子注册号) Date Issued: June 30, 1999 本科学籍证明的填写说明 学籍证明,又称为在读证明,是学校教务部门出具的证明学生学籍的文件。学校学籍证明中不得含有 关于学生预毕业的证明。任何关于学生毕业的假定说法,学校教务处和国际合作交流处都不予证明。 英文成绩单填写说明 1.成绩单的英文翻译必须与成绩单中文件在内容上完全一致,不得添加或删除任何成绩,重修的 课程其两个成绩必须都填写上去,平均学位绩点必须按照学校的计算方法填写,不得自行增加或修改。如 申请学校需要在成绩单上显示平均分或平均学位绩点,请与学院或教务部门商量后填写。 2.中文成绩单如有错误,必须先经教务部门核实改正过后方可在英文成绩单上加以修改。 3.成绩单翻译件上课程的排列顺序应与中文成绩单一致。 4.成教学生的成绩单原件是集体登记的,可以根据原件自己做成单独的成绩单,但是内容必须一 致,成教学生的成绩单最下方的落款是“苏州大学成人教育学院”。 5.关于苏州大学平均学位绩点的计算方法:根据《苏州大学学生管理规定》第四节考核与成绩记 载第二十六条为了反映学生学习的质和量,本专科学生采用学分绩点的评定办法。 1、考核成绩的等级与绩点的关系 等级考核成绩绩点数 优90-100—— 良80- 89—— 中70- 79—— 及格60- 69—— 不及格< 600

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

当今最潮的英语翻译

伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking

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