ASTM D1185 REV A 1998 (R 2017) 物料搬运和装运时使用的托盘及有关设备的试验方法
Designation:D1185?98a (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Methods for
Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping 1
This standard is issued under the ?xed designation D1185;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (′)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.
1.Scope
1.1These test methods cover the performance of pallets and related structures,functioning as skids,bases,platforms,and bins in materials handling and shipping.Their use facilitates the protection of both packaged and unpackaged products during storage and transportation.The test methods include measurements of the relative resistance of pallets and related structures to deformations,damages,and structural failures which detrimentally affect the functionality of the unit load.1.2These test methods include conditioning requirements,static stiffness and strength tests,and dynamic tests of struc-tural reliability.These test methods are used to evaluate the relative performance of new,used,or reconditioned general and special-purpose pallets fabricated from various materials including solid wood,wood composites,?berboard,honeycomb,plastics,or metal,or to compare the performance of such pallets and related structures to speci?ed performance criteria.Recommended criteria for all tests speci?ed in this standard are listed in Appendix X
2.
1.2.1These test methods are also used to classify pallets as single-or multiple-use pallets and to determine the safe working loads for pallets under speci?ed load and support conditions.
1.3Nonmandatory Preliminary Tests —Because each pallet may be used under several different conditions of load and support,pallet-design considerations and safe working-load estimates shall be based on that condition under which the pallet offers least resistance or is most severely stressed.
1.3.1Preliminary,short-duration static tests up to the ulti-mate (see 8.2,8.3,and 8.4)shall be performed on previously non-tested pallets to determine which load and support condi-tions in?uence most severely the pallet load-carrying capacity and safe working loads.
1.3.2During the development of prototypes leading to designs that will be subject to acceptance testing,as described in 1.4,these preliminary tests shall include the free-fall drop tests in accordance with 9.1.
1.4Mandatory Acceptance Tests :
1.4.1General-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a general-purpose pallet as a single-or multiple-use pallet,all tests described in these test methods shall be performed in the order speci?ed.The same pallet shall be used for all static and dynamic tests,where feasible.
1.4.2Special-Purpose Pallets—When the objective of the test is to determine the safe working load or to classify a special-purpose pallet,as a single-or multiple-use pallet,only those tests representing the intended condition of use shall be performed.Certain special–purpose pallet designs,because of the pallet size,its shape,or the material of fabrication,or combinations thereof,cannot be reliably tested using this methodology.When available,alternative test methods should be used.
1.4.3Field Testing—It is recommended that pallet designs passing these acceptance tests be further subjected to ?eld testing in the distribution environment.
1.5Simulation of the Distribution Environment—These test methods are not intended to lead to exact simulations of pallet performance in the distribution environment.These test meth-ods are designed to relate to practice with the added provision that they are repeatable,do not depend on exceptional skills,and are safe to conduct without elaborate precautions.The test ?ndings are not expected to lead to unalterable conclusions.Testing in the distribution environment may be necessary to verify the results obtained from laboratory tests.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Speci?c warnings are given in 9.5.3.5.
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10on Packaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21on Shipping Containers and Systems -Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved May 1,2017.Published July 2017.Originally approved in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,st previous edition approved in 2009as D1185–98a(2009).DOI:10.1520/D1185-98AR17.
Copyright ?ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)Committee.
1.7This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)Committee.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
D642Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers,Components,and Unit Loads D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments
D999Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainers
D1505Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D1761Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Wood D2395Test Methods for Density and Speci?c Gravity (Rela-tive Density)of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D4003Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers,Packages,or Packaging Components for Testing
D4442Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D4444Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
D4728Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-ping Containers
F680Test Methods for Nails
F1575Test Method for Determining Bending Yield Moment of Nails
F1667Speci?cation for Driven Fasteners:Nails,Spikes,and Staples
2.2ASME Standard:3
MH 1Pallets,Slipsheets,and Other Bases for Unit Loads 2.3ISO Standard:3
ISO 445Pallets for Material Handling–V ocabulary 2.4TAPPI Standard:4
TAPPI T 208OM -89Moisture in Wood,Pulp,Paper and Paper Board by Tolvene Distillation 3.Terminology
3.1De?nitions:
3.1.1The following standards are applicable,with Termi-nology D996,to be considered the governing standard in the case of a dispute:Terminology D996,MH 1,and ISO 445.3.1.2datum load—a preload level applied to the specimen to reduce test variables as in?uenced by the test setup during
the initial stage of testing.Test deformations shall be assumed to be zero at this preload level.
3.1.3general-purpose pallets—pallets designed and con-structed to support a wide range of loads using a variety of applicable handling devices.
3.1.4preliminary safe working load—an estimate of the safe working load of a pallet not yet con?rmed by all of the appropriate tests speci?ed in these test methods.
3.1.5safe working load—The maximum load,determined from tests,that a pallet can support without failure in handling,storage,and distribution including an appropriate allowance for variations in performance as well as necessary safety factors.
3.1.6special-purpose pallets—pallets designed and con-structed to support a speci?ed load using certain handling devices.
4.Signi?cance and Use
4.1Static compression and bending tests provide data that are used to estimate stiffness,strength,and safe working loads for pallets under speci?ed load and support conditions.These estimates provide a basis for designing pallets and comparing the performance between pallets of different designs and constructions.
4.2Dynamic tests provide data which are used to estimate the physical durability and functionality of a pallet in speci?ed material handling and shipping environments.These estimates provide a basis for designing single or multiple-use pallets.4.3Other tests may be performed to assess the properties of speci?c materials (Test Methods D2395,D4442,D4444,and T 208OM)and connecting devices (Test Methods D1761,F680,Test Method F1575,and Speci?cation F1667),design features,use applications,and other variables encountered.
5.Materials
5.1These test methods are pertinent to pallets constructed of materials listed in Table 1.
6.Sampling
6.1Sampling shall provide for the selection of representa-tive specimens.The number of test replications required varies.At least three replications per pallet design shall be tested.
7.Conditioning
7.1Some pallets are constructed of materials whose prop-erties are affected by changes in temperature,relative humidity,and environmental moisture conditions prior to and during use in the distribution environment.Prior to test,these pallets shall be conditioned as described in Table 1.
7.2Where conditioning in?uences pallet performance,the speci?ed test-specimen environment shall exist during the time of testing.If the test environment cannot be maintained at the required conditioning level,the tests shall be performed immediately after the pallet has been removed from the conditioning environment.Immediately after each individual test,specimens subjected to Environments A or B shall be
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For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI),25W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,.4
Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15Technology Parkway South,Norcross,GA 30092,
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,.
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returned to the conditioning environment for a minimum of 1h prior to the next test.For additional details concerning conditioning procedures,see Practice D4332.
7.3For wood or wood-base materials,the moisture content of selected components shall be observed and recorded at the beginning of the test (see Test Methods D4442and D4444).7.4Pallets fabricated of several different materials,such as composites,shall be conditioned to the extremes applicable to the materials in the structure.
STATIC TESTS
8.Summary of Test Method
8.1Static tests are performed to determine the strength and stiffness of the pallet under speci?ed load and support condi-tions.For all static tests described in 8.3–8.5,the test load applied shall include the mass of all load applicators supported by the pallet.The performance criteria in X2.1of Appendix X2may be used to determine the safe working load of a pallet (see 1.2.1and 1.4).
8.2Apparatus:
8.2.1Calibrated Compression Testing Machine,with suffi-cient load capacity to structurally fail the pallet and a suffi-ciently large bed to support the pallet and the pallet supports (see 8.3.2).
8.2.2Floating Head,used for application of rigid loads.8.2.3Fixed Head,used for supporting load at prescribed angles (see 8.4.1).
8.2.4“Dead Weights”simulate the desired load,used in-stead of a testing machine.These dead weights shall conform to the description in 8.4.1.
8.2.5Deformations shall be monitored and recorded using micrometer dial gages or other suitable measuring devices,such as calibrated sensors,capable of measuring deformation or de?ection of 0.025mm (0.001in.).
8.2.6Calibration and Standardization of the Compression Test Apparatus—The accuracy of the compression testing device shall be veri?ed using procedures described in Test Method D642.
8.3Compression Tests on Pallet Deck Spacers or Supports—The purpose of this test is to determine the resis-tance to compression of deck spacers (stringers,blocks,and posts)of pallets.
8.3.1Deformation Measurements—When tested in accor-dance with the procedure speci?ed in 8.3.2,record the change in the height,y ,at Locations A,B,C,and D,as shown in Fig.1,relative to the ground (or test frame),(1)at the datum load (see 8.3.2and 3.1);(2)at the beginning and end of the full-load period;and (3)upon unloading,at the datum load (see 8.3.2),every 5min until successive readings are practically identical (limited to a maximum period of 1h).
8.3.1.1When,due to test procedure,the de?ections at Locations A,B,C,and D are not identical,the average of the four observations shall be used as the test measure (see Fig.1).8.3.2Test Procedure:
8.3.2.1Place the pallet in a normal position on a ?at,hard,rigid,and horizontal surface.Place a rigid load applicator of sufficient size to overlap the pallet edges and ends,as shown in Fig.1.
TABLE 1Conditioning and Testing Environments
Conditioning Environment
Temperature,
°C Relative Humidity,%
Minimum Conditioning Time,h
Pallet Material
no conditioning
required
unprocessed sawn wood assembled with metal connectors A ,B metals
A +60±2C ...24plastics B
B –25±3......
C D
25±320±5
90±5...
4824
paper-based materials,wood assembled with adhesives,and processed wood (that is,plywood,strandboard,particle board,and other wood based materials).D
A
The moisture content of unprocessed sawn wood components shall represent the maximum that would occur during the use of the pallet.B
Special purpose pallets may be conditioned to temperatures re?ecting anticipated use conditions.C
45°C shall be the temperature used for 8.4,Pallet Bending Tests.D
Environment D shall be used for pallets made of these materials when it is expected that the pallets may be exposed to water in the distribution
environment.
FIG.1Load and Support Conditions and Locations of De?ection Measurements for Compression Tests of Pallet Deck Spacers or
Supports
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8.3.2.2Gradually apply the test load at a uniform rate of 0.560.1in./min from 0to 0.10R ,where R is the preliminary safe working load based on the preliminary test or on that deter-mined from tests to failure.This value of 0.10R shall be the datum load for subsequent de?ection measurements (see Note 1).Apply the full test load of 1.1·M ·R ,where M is the maximum number of pallet loads expected in a stack during use.The datum as well as the full test loads shall be applied in not less than 1min or more than 5min.Maintain the full test load for a period of at least 24h.Reduce the test load to the datum load for the necessary period (see 8.3.1).Take de?ection measurements at A,B,C,and D (see Fig.1).
N OTE 1—For plastic,corrugated paperboard,or honeycomb pallets,datum load levels of 100to 200lbf are recommended.
8.3.2.3If because of the unavailability of a suitable testing machine,dead weights are used for the test load,they shall be symmetrically placed during loading and unloading.Dead weights shall be carefully placed,without dropping,within a 1to 5-min loading period.
8.3.2.4An alternative to the full pallet compression test is the test of an individual spacer as in block or post pallets or a portion of the spacer as in stringer pallets (see Fig.2).The datum load shall be adjusted by the ratio of the bearing area of the individual spacers or portions of spacers tested and the bearing area of all spacers in the pallet.For non-uniform loading,only the most severely stressed spacers shall be tested.8.3.2.5The average of the de?ections measured at A 1and A 2shall be used (see Fig.2).When testing only a portion of the pallet,at least three tests shall be performed at different locations of the pallet,such as at A,B,and C in Fig.2.
8.3.2.6Observe and record any structural damage or fail-ures.The pallet has failed the test if the observed damage in
any pallet tested would affect pallet stiffness,strength,or functionality.The rate of deformation is expected to decrease during the full-load static test.
8.3.2.7During preliminary testing and to determine the preliminary safe working load R (see Table X2.1),this test shall be continued to a load level causing structural failure.In such a case,the failed pallet is no longer suitable for use in sequential testing.
8.4Bending Tests on Pallet—The purpose of this test is to determine the ?exural stiffness and strength of the whole pallet.8.4.1Test Loads—Typical representative loads (case goods,bagged goods,blocks,barrels,etc.)shall be used in pallet bending tests.Where various loads will be placed on pallets,that load type resulting in the greatest stress shall be used.When actual loads cannot be used,simulated loads are accept-able.Uniformly distributed case goods or bag loads are simulated using an in?atable bag or a tube restrained in a testing rig or by using a vacuum chamber.5Concentrated loads on pallets are simulated with load applications exhibiting the same geometric interface between the load and the pallet deck as the actual in-service load.
8.4.2Supports—Placement of rigid supports for pallet bend-ing tests shall be based on the mode of support during use.When more than one mode of support is likely to occur,that which most limits the functionality of the pallet under load
5
Pallet device incorporating an in?atable dunnage bag is described in:Mackes,K.H.,Loferski,J.R.,and White,M.S.,A Pneumatic Pressure Bag Testing Machine for Applying a Uniform Load to Panels and Pallets,Journal of Testing and Evaluation ,V ol.23,No.4,1995,pp.295-299.A test device incorporating a vacuum chamber is described in:Dallas,J.E.,and Mitzner,R.C.,“Vacuum Loading Technique Increases Accuracy of Pallet Testing,”Technical Note,Forest Products Journal ,1985,V ol.27,pp
48-50.
FIG.2Load Application and De?ection-Measurement Locations for Compression Tests of Individual Pallet-Deck Spacers or Portions of
Spacers
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shall be used for testing.That support which limits pallet functionality in bending shall be used which causes greatest de?ection or structural failure at the lowest load levels.This is typically the support that results in the greatest unsupported free span.Support modes are shown in Fig.3and described as follows:
8.4.2.1Fork-Tine Support—Under the top deck or in the stringer notch in stringer pallets.
8.4.2.2Rack Support—Under the bottom deck or outside of the deck spacers in wing pallets.
8.4.2.3Sling Support—Under the top deck,outside of the deck spacers such as in wing pallets.For sling tests,support modes shall be determined by the intended distribution cycle and the sling equipment used in that distribution environment.(Test devices may include wire,tape,or chain slings and rigid,round,or rectangular spreader bars.)
8.4.2.4With the exception of very long or wide pallets,which exhibit large cantilevers beyond the supports,the rack mode generally represents the greatest span and corresponding de?ection.
8.4.3Deformation Measurements—When tested in accor-dance with the method speci?ed in 8.4.4,the de?ection at Locations A,B,and C,as shown in Fig.4,when measured relative to the upper (or lower)surface of the top (or bottom)decks and the ground (or test frame),shall be observed and recorded as follows:
8.4.3.1At the datum load (see 8.4.4),
8.4.3.2Upon unloading,at the datum load (see 8.4.4),every 5min until successive readings are practically identical (lim-ited to a maximum period of 1h).
8.4.3.3The distance between the decks,h ,at mid-span between deck spacers,measured in order to obtain data on the minimum fork entry heights under given loads.
8.4.3.4Between the decks,similar measurements made at Locations C,D,and E when the test is repeated along the second horizontal axis of the pallet (see 8.4.4).8.4.4Test Procedure:
8.4.4.1For most pallets stressed in bending,the support mode which limits functionality is the rack support or the support under the bottom deck in double-face pallets or under the top deck in single-face pallets.Under these conditions of support,place the pallet top deck uppermost on rigid support beams with square or semicircular cross section.If the span between the supports is unknown,place the inside edges of the supports (or centerline in semicircular cross-section supports)51mm (2in.)from the outer edges of the pallet (see Fig.4).8.4.4.2Gradually apply the test load at a uniform rate from 0to 0.1R ,where R is the preliminary safe working load per pallet and 0.1R is the datum load for subsequent de?ection measurements.Apply the full test load of 1.25·M·R ,where M is the maximum number of pallet loads expected when supported or tested.Maintain the full test load for a period of at least 24h.
8.4.4.3Reduce the test load to the datum load for the necessary period (see 8.4.3)and observe the de?ection mea-surements at Locations A,B,and C (see Fig.4).
8.4.4.4If,because of the unavailability of a suitable testing machine,dead weights are used for the test load,they shall be symmetrically placed during loading and unloading.Dead weights shall be carefully placed,without dropping,and within a 1to 5-min loading period.
8.4.4.5Repeat the test along the second horizontal axis of the pallet (that is,when both length and width are to be tested).A further set of de?ection measurements shall be taken at Locations C,D,and E.Observe and record any damage and structural failure.The pallet has failed the test if the observed damage in any pallet tested affects pallet stiffness,strength,or functionality.The rate of deformation is expected to decrease during the full-load static test.
8.4.4.6During preliminary testing and to determine the preliminary safe working load R (see Table X2.1),this test shall be continued to a load level causing structural failure.In such a case,the failed pallet shall not be used for further testing.
8.5Bending Tests on Pallet Decks —Under certain load and support conditions,the ?exural stiffness and strength of the pallet top or bottom deck limits functionality.The purpose of this test is to determine the stiffness and ?exural strength of pallet decks between supports.8.5.1De?ection Measurements:
8.5.1.1When tested in accordance with 8.5.2,de?ection shall be measured in a minimum of two locations at mid-span of the longest span between deck spacers,such as at Locations A,B,C,and D in Fig.5,or at the location of the concentrated loads.
8.5.1.2Measurements relative to the upper or lower surface of the deck and the opposite deck or the ground (or test frame),shall be recorded as follows:
(1)At the datum load (see 8.5.2);
(2)At the beginning and end of the full load
period;
FIG.3Support Modes for Static Pallet-Bending
Test
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(3)Upon unloading,at the datum load (see 8.4.3),every 5min until successive readings are practically identical:8.5.2Test Procedure:
8.5.2.1Gradually apply the test load at a uniform rate from 0to 0.1R in a 1to 5-min loading period.This shall be the datum load for subsequent de?ection measurements.Apply the full test load of 1.15·M ·R for the top deck and 1.15·(M –1)·R for the bottom deck of non-reversible pallets,if load effects on pallets in the stack are cumulative,in not less than 1min and not more than 5min.R is the preliminary safe working load per pallet and M is the maximum number of pallet loads expected in a stack during use.The datum as well as the full test load
shall be applied in not less than 1min or more than 5min.Maintain the full test load in place for a period of at least 24h.8.5.2.2Reduce the test load to the datum load for the necessary period (see 8.5.1)and take the de?ection measure-ments at Locations A,B,C,and D.This test shall be repeated for both decks of a double-face pallet.Observe and record any damage or structural failures.The pallet has failed the test if the observed damage in any pallet tested affects pallet stiffness,strength,or functionality.The rate of deformation is expected to decrease during the test.
8.5.2.3If,because of unavailability of a suitable testing machine,dead weights are used for the test load,they shall be symmetrically placed during loading and unloading.Dead weights shall be carefully placed,without dropping,and within a 2to 5-min loading period.
8.5.2.4During preliminary testing and the determination of the preliminary safe working load R (see Table X2.1),this test shall be continued to a load level causing structural failure.In such a case,the failed pallet shall not be used for further testing.
DYNAMIC TESTS
9.Summary of Test Method
9.1Dynamic tests are performed to determine the stability of the pallet and unit load on the pallet when exposed to elements of the handling and shipping environments.These tests shall be sequentially performed in the order described
and
FIG.4Schematic Diagram of Pallet Bending Test Using Uniformly Distributed
Load
FIG.5Load and Support Conditions and Locations of De?ection
Measurements for Bending Test of Pallet
Decks
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each represents one hazard element.A hazard element is a speci?c event that occurs in the distribution cycle that may pose a hazard to the pallet and the unit load.If any deviations are made from this sequence to meet speci?c requirements or limitations,they shall be indicated and explained in the report.
9.2For the dynamic tests described in9.5,the test load applied shall include the actual package systems unitized similar to the expected unit load.In the case where represen-tative actual products cannot be used,dummy products that are similar in size and weight shall be used.However,the packaging used shall be identical to that of real loads,since the dynamics of the unit load is affected if a dead load representing the total pallet load is placed on the pallet base.The perfor-mance criteria in X2.2of Appendix X2may be used to classify pallets as single-or multiple-use(see1.2.1and1.4).
9.3Free-Fall Drop Tests on Pallet Corners and Edges along Pallet Ends and Sides—The purpose of these tests is to determine the resistance to impacts of the pallets,including its decks and blocks,as a result of free-fall pallet drops during handling.Such drops occur during unstacking or removal of pallets.For those non-rigid pallets which may deform as a result of dropping,this test can be used to measure the relative diagonal pallet rigidity(see9.3.1).
9.3.1Test Procedure:
9.3.1.1Subject the pallet to free-fall drops from a?xed height of 1.0m(40in.).Conduct drops using a suitable suspension device(such as a hoist)to allow accurate position-ing of the suspended pallet and a solenoid or other drop-test release mechanism.Make all drops onto a rigid,massive block of concrete,steel,or other suitable dense material,having a
smooth,level,and hard surface.
9.3.1.2Ensure that the pallet is suspended in such a manner that(1)the diagonal across each pallet face from the suspen-sion corner to the impact corner is vertical;and(2)the pallet corner,that is the line at the intersection of the pallet end and side,is parallel with the surface onto which the pallet is dropped.
9.3.1.3During the drop tests on the pallet end and side edges,drop the pallet on the weaker pallet edges along the pallet top deck and bottom deck if the top-deck design differs from the bottom-deck design.
9.3.1.4Perform six drops in the following sequence:
Number of Drops Impact Surface
Three pallet corner(see Fig.6)
One adjacent pallet corner
One pallet end edge(see Fig.7)
One pallet side edge
9.3.1.5In non-rigid pallet designs,the deformation of the top-deck and bottom-deck pallet diagonals shall be measured after each of the three initial drops.Care shall be taken that each drop represents one impact.Because pallets vary in size and weight,the average amount of deformation in diagonals shall be expressed as a ratio of the deformation in the diagonal to the original length of the pallet diagonal prior to testing. Observe and record any damage or structural failures.
9.3.1.6When a second series of tests is speci?ed to simulate additional handling operations,make the additional drops onto the remaining two pallet corners and two pallet ends and pallet sides not previously tested.
9.3.1.7The pallet has failed the test if the observed damage in any pallet tested affects pallet rigidity,strength,or function-ality.
9.4Incline Impact Tests on Pallet Deck Edges,Blocks or Posts,and Stringers—The purpose of these tests is to deter-mine the resistance of the pallet and its components (deckboard,blocks,and stringers)to impact forces resulting from interaction with a variety of material handling equipment, such as forklift trucks and pallet jacks.These tests simulate impact conditions resulting from the following conditions: 9.4.1Fork heel impacts when the fork heels of the forklift truck impact the pallet deck edges;
9.4.2Fork impact when the tip of misaligned forks strike the corner post or stringer on entry;
9.4.3Fork-tine tip pressure,which causes pallets to collapse horizontally.
9.4.4Test Equipment:
9.4.4.1The testing device shall consist of a guided test carriage with a?at pallet mounting surface and an impact surface(backstop)with the plane of the face perpendicular within61?2°to the direction of movement of the carriage at impact(see Note2).
9.4.4.2There shall be an impact surface(backstop)that is integral with a solid mass at least50times the maximum mass of the loaded pallet.The impact surface,?rmly attached to
this FIG.6Corner Drop of Vertically Suspended
Pallet
FIG.7End Drop of Vertically Suspended
Pallet
mass,shall be a steel plate not less than 13mm (1?2in.)thick.The impact surface (backstop)shall have dimensions greater than those of the impacting surface of the pallet to permit full contact with the pallet (see Note 2).
N OTE 2—The intent is to provide an impact surface (backstop)and mass which improve the accuracy of tests within and between laboratories and the interlaboratory correlation of the test results.
9.4.4.3The testing device shall provide some means of moving the test carriage to obtain the desired impact velocity.This is accomplished as a result of gravity through the use of a 10°incline (see Note 3).
N OTE 3—An alternative testing device is described in Methods D4003,requiring the use of mechanical or pneumatic means to move the test carriage in a horizontal direction (see 9.4.7).A calibration certi?cate shall be appended to the test report.Depending on the con?guration of the testing device,there can be other forces acting before,during,or after the impact which affect the test results.
9.4.4.4The testing device shall provide a means of prevent-ing multiple impacts.The test carriage shall provide such surface friction or a mechanical device preventing the test pallet from moving until impact has occurred,but not from moving freely upon impact.
9.4.4.5The impact surface (backstop)shall be equipped with hazards representing the fork tips described in Fig.8,to perform the impacts on the leading edge.Fig.9describes the test setup for performing these tests.Fig.10describes the test hazard used for the test of collapse resistance.Fig.11describes the hazard used for the fork-tine tip impact resistance test.These hazards shall be placed in such a manner as to contact the pallet at any desired location of the leading-edge deckboard,block,or stringer.
9.4.5Weight Box—The weight box shall be of a width equal to the pallet dimension perpendicular to direction of travel;however,400mm (16in.)shorter than the pallet dimension parallel to the direction of travel.The weight box shall be loaded with a suitable number of weights.If no overall weight is speci?ed,the test shall be conducted using a total weight of 500lbf (2250N).
9.4.6Instrumentation—Instrumentation,consisting of ei-ther optical or mechanical timing devices,is required to measure the carriage impact velocity to an accuracy of 62%of the actual value.When testing is performed within a laboratory and for comparative purposes only,use of such instrumentation is optional.
9.4.7Test Procedure:
9.4.7.1Position the loaded carriage in such a manner that the predetermined impact velocity will be obtained at impact.Release the loaded carriage.Measure the impact velocity of each test to ensure that it is representative of the desired impact velocity.
9.4.7.2The sequence in which the faces and edges are subjected to impacts depends on the objectives of the test and needs to be speci?ed.The impacts shall be performed using an impact speed of 50in./s (1270mm/s).Use the following sequence to perform the impacts:
Number of Impacts
Impact Test Condition
Two leading-edge fork-heel impact Two fork-toe and slue resistance
Two
lead-edge deckboard separation resistance
9.5Vibration Tests on Loaded Pallet —The purpose of these tests is to determine the resistance of the pallet (deck,blocks,and posts)to vibration forces resulting from the use of a variety of transport systems.In addition,the tests are used to determine the effect of pallet design on unit load stability and the fundamental (?rst mode)resonant frequency of the unit load.9.5.1Test Procedure—The vibration tests shall be per-formed with the vibration test equipment described in Methods D999,Method C.Place the pallet in the normal position onto the vibration table.The packages shall be stacked and unitized on the pallet top in the anticipated shipping manner.
9.5.1.1In the case where representative actual products cannot be used,dummy products shall be used that have similar weight and size characteristics.The packaging and dunnage used shall be similar to those designed for the actual product.A dead load or equivalent mass replicating the pallet load shall not be used,since this would result in different dynamics of the system.The pallets shall be tested by the described methods to determine their vibration characteristics.9.5.2Method A—Pallet Load Resonance Test:
9.5.2.1This test covers the effect of pallet design on unit load resonance.The test is repeated using a palletized load and load without a pallet.Place the load or palletized load on the vibration table as described in 9.5.1.Attach restraining devices to prevent the load or palletized load from traveling on the table and excessive rocking.Adjust the restraining devices to permit free movement of the load for approximately 25mm (1in.)in any horizontal direction.If use of instrumentation is required,place an accelerometer on the top of the pallet load to determine transmissibility levels.
9.5.2.2Start the vibration of the table at a frequency of 3Hz,with a constant acceleration level of 0.25to 0.50g.Steadily increase the frequency at a continuous logarithmic rate of approximately 0.5octaves per minute to the upper frequency limit of 100Hz.Sweep back to the lower frequency and repeat this procedure twice,recording all resonant responses to the pallet load (Note 4).
N OTE 4—Resonant frequencies provide important information to un-derstand the stability of the load when exposed to a variety of transport systems.
9.5.2.3Dwell for the speci?ed length of time at each resonant frequency until damage occurs or the unit
load
FIG.8Standard Fork Used for Leading-Edge Deck-Board-Separation Impact
Test
becomes unstable.If no particular dwell time is speci?ed,a dwell of 30min shall be used.
9.5.2.4Inspect the pallet and load and record any damage to the load,its stability,and any deterioration of the pallet structure.
9.5.2.5Compare the results of palletized and non-palletized tests and determine the effect of the pallet design.Observe and record any damage or structural failures.The pallet failed the test if the observed damage in any pallet tested affects pallet stiffness,strength,or functionality.
9.5.3Method B—Pallet Load Random Vibration Test:
9.5.3.1This test covers the effect of pallet design on the unit load exposed to random vibration levels encountered in a variety of transport systems.The test is performed on the
palletized load and load without pallet.Place the palletized or non-palletized load on the vibration table as described in 9.3.1.Attach restraining devices to prevent the palletized or non-palletized load from traveling on the table and excessive rocking.Adjust the restraining devices to permit free move-ment of the load for approximately 25mm (1in.)in any horizontal direction.If use of instrumentation is required,place an accelerometer on the top of the pallet load to determine transmissibility levels.The response acceleration-time history shall be recorded to allow analysis of the response power density spectrum.
9.5.3.2Program the required power density spectrum that replicates a given transport or material handling system.Start the vibration of the table using a random controller as described in Test Method D4728.If no particular
random
N OTE 1—An alternative testing device is that which uses mechanical or pneumatic means to move the test carriage in a horizontal plane,resulting in the required impact speed (see Note 3).A calibration certi?cate to this effect shall be appended to the test report.
FIG.9Test Setup for Determination of Incline-Impact Resistance of Leading-Edge Deckboard of
Pallet
FIG.10Hazard Used for Impact Testing of Collapse
Resistance
FIG.11Hazard Used for Fork-Tine Tip Impact
Resistance
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vibration spectrum is speci?ed,use Test Method D4728 recommended spectrums for various transportation methods.
9.5.3.3Dwell on the speci?ed length of time at each power density spectrum used to simulate the transport methods until damage occurs or the unit load becomes unstable.If no particular dwell time is speci?ed,a dwell time of1h shall be used.
9.5.3.4Inspect the pallet load and record any damage to the load,its stability,and any deterioration of the pallet structure.
9.5.3.5Compare the results of testing palletized and non-palletized load to determine the contribution of the pallet to unit load performance.Observe and record any damage or structural failures.The pallet failed the test if the observed damage in any pallet tested affects pallet stiffness,strength,or functionality.(Warning—These tests produce strong mechani-cal responses of the pallet loads.Therefore,any fences, barricades,and other restraints shall have sufficient strength and shall be adequately secured.Operating personnel shall remain alert to the potential hazards and take necessary precautions for their safety.Stop the test immediately when a dangerous condition develops.)
10.Report of Pallet Testing
10.1Report the following information,if applicable:
10.1.1Date of test and date of report.
10.1.2Test sponsor and test agency.
10.1.3Identi?cation of pallet or related structure; manufacturer,model design,size,style,type,and weight; materials and?nish;pretest conditioning;dimensions,fasten-ers and their location;and other pertinent information as well as observations such as cracks,splits,and other defects. 10.1.4Detailed drawings or photographs of typical test assemblies before,during,and after testing,if not otherwise fully described.
10.1.5Relevant physical and mechanical properties of the materials used in pallet fabrication(that is,density,moisture content,elastic moduli,etc.).
10.1.6Description of the procedure used for the fabrication of the pallets.
10.1.7Description of test equipment and instrumentation used including appropriate calibration certi?cates.
10.1.8Information on time between conditioning and testing,if this information is of any signi?cance.
10.1.9Description of test method and loading procedure.
10.1.10Total amount of weights used in impact test,the impact velocity,and the number of impacts performed.
10.1.11Number of replicate specimens tested.
10.1.12All test data,including their statistical analysis,to provide mean de?ection and load values,in millimeters(in.) and neutons(lbf),respectively,and standard deviations. 10.1.13Resonant frequencies present and dwell times used.
10.1.14Random spectra and dwell times used.
10.1.15Relevant test limitations,test performance criteria, and detailed description of observed damage or structural failure for each pallet tested.
10.1.16Recommendations.
10.1.17Listing of observers of tests and signatures of responsible persons.
10.1.18Summary of?ndings.
11.Precision and Bias
11.1Precision—Based on limited data from one laboratory, the within laboratory repeatability precision is given here as a coefficient of variation,the standard deviation divided by the average.When sample to sample variation can be eliminated, the residual testing variation is about5%of the mean for these methods.Sample to sample variation,which often cannot be separated from testing variation,can increase the observed coefficient of variation to15to30%.Sufficient data on the between laboratory reproducibility are not available at this time.
11.2Bias—The methods described in D1185have no re-portable bias because a true reference value cannot be deter-mined by an accepted referee test method.
12.Keywords
12.1pallet;performance;testing
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.RELATED STANDARDS AND PUBLICATIONS
X1.1ISO Standards and Technical Reports3
ISO8611General-Purpose,Flat Pallets for Through Tran-sit of Goods–Test Methods,and Amendment1
ISO TR10232General-Purpose Flat Pallets for Through Transit of Goods–Design Rating and Maximum Working Load
ISO TR10233General-Purpose Flat Pallets for Through Transit of Goods–Performance Requirements
ISO6780General-Purpose Flat Pallets for Through Transit of Goods,Principal Dimension and Tolerances X1.2ANSI/ASME Standards3
MH1Pallets,Slipsheets,and Other Bases for Unit Load MH1.6Standard Procedures for Determination of Durabil-ity of Wooden Pallets and Related Structures
MH1.7M Driven Fasteners for Assembly of Pallets and Related Structure
MH1.8Wood Pallets
MH1.9Export
Pallets
X1.3GSA-FSS Standard 6
PPP-P-1660Federal Speci?cation:Pallet,expendable
X1.4ANSI/CGATS 3
CGATS-7Graphic Technology—Pallet Loading for Printed Materials
X2.PALLET PERFORMANCE TEST CRITERIA
X2.1Static Tests
X2.1.1Compression Tests of Deck Spacers (see 8.3and Figs.1and 2)—The change in deformation “y ”shall not exceed 0.16in.(4mm)under test load.The change in “y ”shall not exceed 0.06in.under the 0.10R datum load and recovery shall be attained within 1h (see Table X2.1).
X2.1.2Bending Tests on Pallets (see 8.4and Fig.4)—The rate of deformation shall decrease during the test.In addition,the average deformation shall not exceed 0.019×L 1or L 2measured in relation to the deformation at the 0.1R datum load (see Table X2.1).7In pallets having both top and bottom decks,the spacing between the decks “h”shall not be less than 3.32in.(84mm)under the full test load.
X2.1.3Bending Tests on Pallets Decks (see 8.5and Fig.5)—The rate of deformation shall decrease during the test.In
addition,the average deformation shall not exceed 0.015×L 3measured in relation to the deformation at the 0.1R datum load (see Table X2.1).
X2.1.3.1Recovery shall be attained within 1h to a value not exceeding 0.0053×L 3measured under the 0.1R datum load.X2.2Dynamic Tests
X2.2.1Limited-use pallets shall survive at least one (1)cycle in each of the successive tests.Multiple-use pallets shall survive at least ten (10)cycles in each of the successive tests.X2.2.2Damage levels which limit survivability are perma-nent deformations which exceed those speci?ed in X2.1.1and X2.1.3or damages which signi?cantly reduce pallet structural strength or functionality.Such damage levels are for wood pallets described in ASME/ANSI MH1.The weight of the load box and its contents,used in incline impact tests (see 9.2),shall be the rated load of the pallet or 2250N (500lbf)or whichever is less.
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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html, (e-mail);or through the ASTM website (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,).Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,Tel:(978)646-2600;https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d104527.html,/
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7
White,M.S.,“The Effect of Load Applicators on the Bending Strength and Stiffness of Wood Pallets Using Procedures Described in ISO 8611,”Department of Wood Science and Forest Products,1993,Virginia Tech,Blacksburg,V A.
TABLE X2.1A
Static Tests
Test Load Level
Maximum Allowable Deformation after 2h under test load Maximum Residual Deformation
after 1h recovery at datum load
Compression tests of deck spacers (see 8.3and Figs.1and 2)
(1.1)(M)B (R)C 0.160in.(4mm)0.06in.(1.6mm)Bending tests on pallets (see 8.4and Fig.4)(1.25)(M)B (R)C 0.019×L 1or L 2D
0.0075×L 1or L 2D
Bending tests on pallet decks (see 8.5and Fig.5)
Top deck
(1.1)(M)B (R)C 0.015×L 3E 0.0053×L 3E Bottom deck (1.1)(M B -1)(R)C
0.015×L 3E
0.0053×L 3E
A
Under some conditions of use,such as in automatic storage facilities and equipment,maximum permissible de?ections may be less than those speci?ed in this Table.B
M is the maximum number of unit loads stacked one on top of another during pallet use.C
R is a preliminary safe working load which is the average failure load adjusted to an appropriate safety level.For wood pallets,a common adjustment factor is 0.35.D
When supporting pallets under the top deck,the span between supports or overhang of the supports representing the largest deformation shall be used.E
L 3is
the longest span between deck spacers.
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2020级新生接待工作方案
2020级新生接待工作方案 20xx级新生接待工作方案【一】 一、工作时间 1.本科生新生接待工作时间 学校办公室、学生处、团委、教务处、财务处、长安校区管理办公室、公安处、信息中心、医院、后勤产业集团(运输、住宿)及各学院于8月27日14：00开始长安校区新生接待工作，接待地点在长安校区翱翔体育馆。 8月27日14:00—21:00; 8月28、29日8:00—21:00; 21:00后教务处、后勤集团(住宿)、财务处接待最后一批新生。 2.研究生新生接待工作时间 8月29日8:00—21:00在长安校区翱翔体育馆; 8月30日8:00—21:00在友谊校区翱翔训练馆。 二、有关要求 1.请各单位将新生(含研究生和本科生)接待人员值班表电子档于7月10日：00前发至XXXXXXXXXXXXXX，新生接待工作人员胸牌将于8月27日13:40 在新生接待现场统一发放。 2.新生接待实行网络注册与实地办理相结合的接待办法，请各单位提前准备好电脑，以备现场网络注册维护。扫描设备8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一配发。请教务处、研究生院、学生处、研工部等相关迎新工作部门提前将迎新工作相关数据提供给信息中心、财务处等相关部门，保证迎新系统的正常运转。请迎新工作各相关单位、各学院对照迎新网中本单位负责版块进行及时更新，请学生处和研工部分别汇总各学院新生入学教育安排，统一汇总成本科新生入学教育安排和研究生新生入学教育安排并在迎新网统一发布。 联系人：信息中心冯xx XXXXXXXXXXXXXX。 3.新生接待期间确因工作需要，必须在长安校区住宿的工作人员，由各单位将汇总信息(包含性别、人数)报长安校区物业公司吴杨(电话：88430313，XXXXXXXXXXXXXX)，统一安排住宿。新生接待期间工作人员用餐、饮水等自行解
(完整版)国家4A5A级旅游景区评定标准
国家4A级旅游景区评定标准 1旅游交通 a)可进入性良好交通设施完善，进出便捷或具有级公路或高等级航道航线直达；或具有旅游线交通工具 b)有景观环境相协调的用停车场或船舶码头管理完善，布局合理，容量能满足游客接待量要求场地平整坚实或水域畅通标志规范醒目 c)区内游览（参观）路线或航道布局合理顺畅，观赏面大路面有特色，或航道水质良好 d)区内使用低排放的交通工具，或鼓励使用清洁能源的交通工具 2游览 a)游客中心位置合理，规模适度，设施齐全，功能完善咨询服务人员配备齐全，务熟练，服务热情 b)各种引导标识（包括导游全景图导览图标识牌景物介绍牌等）造型有特色，景观环境相协调标识牌和景物介绍牌设置合理 c)公众信息资料（如研究论著科普读物综合画册音像制品导游图和导游材料等）特色突出，品种齐全，内容丰富，制作良好，适时更新 d)导游员（讲解员）持证岗，人数及语种能满足游客需要普通话达标率100％导游员（讲解员）均应具备高中以文化程度，其中大以少于40％ e)导游（讲解）词科学准确生动导游服务质量达到GB/T 15971-1995中4.5.3和第5章要求 f)公共信息图形符号的设置合理，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感，符合GB/T 10001. 1的规定 g)游客公共休息设施布局合理，数量充足，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感 3旅游安全 a)认真执行公安交通劳动质量监督旅游等有关部门制定和颁布的安全法规，建立完善的安全保卫制度，工作全面落实 b)消防防盗救护等设备齐全完好有效，交通机电游览娱乐等设备完好，运行正常，无安全隐患游乐园达到GB/T 16767规定的安全和服务标准危险地段标志明显，防护设施齐备有效，高峰期有人看守 c)建立紧急救援机制，设立医务室，并配备医务人员设有突发事件处理预案，应急处理能力强，事故处理及时妥当，档案记录准确齐全 4卫生 a)环境整洁，无污水污物，无乱建乱堆乱放现象，建筑物及各种设施设备无剥落无污垢，空气清新无异味 b)各类场所全部达到GB 9664规定的要求，餐饮场所达到GB 16153规定的要求，游泳场所达到GB 9667规定的要求 c)公共厕所布局合理，数量能满足需要，标识醒目美观，建筑造型景观环境相协调所有厕所具备水冲盟洗通风设备，并保持完好或使用免水冲生态厕所厕所管理完善，洁具洁净无污垢无堵塞室内整洁 d)垃圾箱布局合理，标识明显，数量能满足需要，造型美观，环境相协调垃圾分类收集，清扫及时，日产日清 e)食品卫生符合国家规定，餐饮服务配备消毒设施，使用对环境造成污染的次性餐具
新生接待工作方案范本
Clarify the implementation objectives and contents, make the plan unified, the action coordinated and the process orderly. 姓名：___________________ 单位：___________________ 时间：___________________ 新生接待工作方案
编号：FS-DY-59018 新生接待工作方案 为认真做好新生接待工作，按照“热情、周到、安全、高效”的工作原则，现结合我校实际，特制订本方案。 一、时间安排 1. 各学院及有关部门从9月20日下午16：00开始接待新生，正式报到手续办理时间为9月21日8:00至22：00（xx 校区和xx校区同时进行）； 2. xx科技学院新生报到时间为9月11日； 3. xx科技学院新生报到时间为9月22日。 二、报到地点 1. xx校区：体育馆（部门）、成功广场（学院）。 2. xx校区：图书馆（部门）、行政广场（系）。 三、前期准备工作 1. 迎新宣传氛围的营造，包括“3问”喷绘和宣传横幅的制作（宣传部）。
2. 迎新宣传橱窗、网页等内容的及时更新（宣传部、各部门、各学院）。 3. 校园周边交通管制协调、停车场地的安排及校内车辆停放调度、宿舍区车辆通道的开放、外来车辆的停放、新生接待秩序维护、治安巡逻、校区各开放门口的监管及秩序整治等（保卫处）。 4. 交通示意图的制作、沿路指示牌、与交警的协调沟通（保卫处）。 5. 校园营销的管理及监控（学生处、保卫处）。 6. xx校区及定海校区迎新场地布置（含体育馆及图书馆内各部门办理报到手续场地的布置），校门迎新照明灯具安装等准备（后勤服务处、学生处、东海科学技术学院）。 7. 新生入学指南专题网页（招生就业指导处）。 8. 制定xx学院xx级新生接待工作方案、新生报到手续办理场地 位置安排、新生报到注册流程图（学生处）。 9. 新生报到材料：新生花名册、新生报到手续单、校园平面图、新生接待工作证、缓交学费申请表等材料的印制（学
新生接待工作方案最新范本
新生接待工作方案最新范本 新生接待工作方案最新范本 为做好xxxx 年新生接待工作，现将有关事项通知如下： 一、工作时间 1.本科生新生接待工作时间学校办公室、学生处、团委、教务处、财务处、长安校区管理办公室、公安处、信息中心、医院、后勤产业集团（运输、住宿）及各学院于8月27日14：00 开始长安校区新生接待工作，接待地点在长安校区翱翔体育馆。 8月27日14:00 —21:00; 8月28、29日8:00 —21:00; 21:00 后教务处、后勤集团（住宿）、财务处接待最后一批新生。 2.研究生新生接待工作时间 8月29日8:00 —21:00 在长安校区翱翔体育馆; 8月30日8:00 —21:00 在友谊校区翱翔训练馆。 二、有关要求 1.请各单位将新生（含研究生和本科生）接待人员值班表电子档于7月10 日：00前发至XXXXXXXXX新生接待工作人员胸牌将于8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一发放。 2.新生接待实行网络注册与实地办理相结合的接待办法，请各单位提前准备好电脑，以备现场网络注册维护。扫描设备8 月27 日13:40 在新生接待现场统一配发。请教务处、研究生院、学生处、研工部等相关迎新工作部门提前将迎新工作相关数据提供给信息中心、财务处等相关部门，保证迎新系统的正常运转。请迎新工作各相关单位、各学院对照迎新网中本单位负责版块进行及时更新，请学生处和研工部分别汇总各学院新生入学教育安排，统一汇总成本科新生入学教育安排和研究生新生入学教育安排并在迎新网统一发布。联系人：信息中心冯 XX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX 3.新生接待期间确因工作需要，必须在长安校区住宿的工作人员，由各单位将汇总信息（包含性别、人数）报长安校区物业公司吴杨（电话：
国家5A级景区评定标准
国家5A级景区评定标准第一部分创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 （一）旅游交通 1、可进入性 2、自备停车场 3、内部交通 （二）游览 1、门票 2、游客中心 3、引导标识 4、宣教资料 5、导游服务 6、游客公共休息设施和观景设施 7、公共信息图形符号 8、特殊人群服务项目 （三）旅游安全 1、安全保护机构、制度与人员 2、安全处置 3、安全设备设施 4、医疗服务 5、救护服务 （四）卫生 1、环境卫生
2、废弃物管理 3、吸烟区管理 4、食品卫生 5、厕所 （五）邮电服务 1、邮政纪念服务 2、电讯服务 （六）旅游购物 1、购物场所建设 2、购物场所管理 3、商品经营从业人员管理 4、旅游商品 （七）综合管理 1、机构与制度 2、企业形象 3、培训 4、游客投诉及意见处理 5、征询游客意见 6、国际互联网宣传 7、电视宣传 8、报刊宣传 9、电子商务
10、社会效益 （八）资源和环境的保护 1、空气质量 2、噪声指标 3、地表水质量 4、景观、生态、文物、古建筑保护 5、出入口 6、区内建筑及设施与景观的协调性 7、周边环境与景观协调性 8、绿化或美化 9、清洁能源的设施、设备 10、环保型材料 二、细则二：景观质量评分细则（一）资源吸引力 1、观赏游憩价值 2、历史文化科学价值 3、珍稀或奇特程度 4、规模与丰度 5、完整性 （二）市场影响力 1、知名度 2、美誉度
3、市场辐射力 4、主题强化度 三、细则三：游客意见评分细则 1、旅游景区质量等级对游客意见的评分依据 2、游客综合满意度的考察 3、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放、回收、统计 4、在质量等级评定过程中，《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放规模 5、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》采取发放方式 6、游客综合满意度的计分方法 7、旅游景区质量等级游客意见综合得分最低要求 第二部分有关景区评比知识点 1、外部交通 2、景区交通 3、停车场 4、风景区旅游线路 5、景区内标识牌 6、景区互联网 7、导游服务 8、多功能的游客中心 9、景区安全 10、景区内厕所 11、景区通信
不锈钢材料标准对比
不锈钢材料知识 由于钢中的铬含量较高，铬又是一种很容易钝化的金属，当铬含量达到13％以上时，就能使Fe-Cr合金在大气中自然钝化。从化学成分上来说，通常把铬含量在13％以上的钢称为不锈钢。 不锈钢的种类很多。按化学成分可分为铬钢、络镍钢、铬锰钢、铬锰镍钢等；按显微组织可分为奥氏体钢、铁素体钢、奥氏体-铁素体复相钢、马氏体钢、铁素体-马氏体复相钢等；还可以按照用途分为耐海水腐蚀、耐应力腐蚀、耐浓硝酸、耐硫酸、耐尿素腐蚀不锈钢等。 不锈钢不是绝对不锈和耐蚀的，它的耐腐蚀性也是相对的，某种不锈钢只是在某些介质条件下才耐腐蚀，而在另外的介质中未必耐腐蚀。例如：常用的18-8型奥氏体不锈钢在稀硝酸中具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，但在稀硫酸和盐酸中则不耐腐蚀。所以不能随便使用不锈钢。 为了改善不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能，扩大其使用范围，通常采用加某些合金元素的方法，有针对性地改善它在某些介质中的耐腐蚀性。例如，对于18-8型不锈钢来说，添加钛或铌，可以提高其抗晶间腐蚀的能力；添加铜和钼，可以改善其耐硫酸腐蚀的性能；提高铬的含量，添加钼，则可以提高耐点腐蚀的能力；提高铬含量和钼含量，并添加2％-4％的硅，可以制成耐硝酸和高硅奥氏体不锈钢。此外，还可以尽量降低碳含量和硫、磷等杂质含量，制成超低碳或超纯不锈钢，其耐腐蚀性能更为优良，特别适用于某些苛刻的腐蚀环境。 由于不锈钢具有多方面的优良性能，所以，在化工生产中已得到越来越广泛的应用。从长远角度来考虑，采用不锈钢材料是一种比较经济合理的防腐蚀措施，特别是在一些恶劣的腐蚀环境中，更显出其优越性。由于它的使用寿命长，不需要经常更换，一次性投入虽然高，但可以节省大量的维修费用，并可以减少由于停车维修所造成的损失。 不锈钢在使用中最容易出现点腐蚀、晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀破裂，特别是当介质中存在氯离子等活性离子时，更容易出现这些腐蚀问题。所以，在使用普通不锈钢时，应注意防止介质中积存氯离子。 下表列出了国内常用的一些不锈钢牌号及主要用途，供参考。 表1-1 常用不锈钢的牌号和主要用途
2020级新生接待工作方案
2020级新生接待工作方案 方案【一】一、工作时间 1.本科生新生接待工作时间 学校办公室、学生处、团委、教务处、财务处、长安校区管理办公室、公安处、信息中心、医院、后勤产业集团(运输、住宿)及各学院于8月27日14：00开始长安校区新生接待工作，接待地点在长安校区翱翔体育馆。 8月27日14:00-21:00; 8月28、29日8:00-21:00; 21:00后教务处、后勤集团(住宿)、财务处接待最后一批新生。 2.研究生新生接待工作时间 8月29日8:00-21:00在长安校区翱翔体育馆; 8月30日8:00-21:00在友谊校区翱翔训练馆。 二、有关要求 1.请各单位将新生(含研究生和本科生)接待人员值班表电子档于7月10日12：00前发至XXXXXXXXXXXXXX，新生接待工作人员胸牌将于8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一发放。 2.新生接待实行网络注册与实地办理相结合的接待办法，请各单位提前准备好电脑，以备现场网络注册维护。扫描设
备8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一配发。请教务处、研究生院、学生处、研工部等相关迎新工作部门提前将迎新工作相关数据提供给信息中心、财务处等相关部门，保证迎新系统的正常运转。请迎新工作各相关单位、各学院对照迎新网中本单位负责版块进行及时更新，请学生处和研工部分别汇总各学院新生入学教育安排，统一汇总成本科新生入学教育安排和研究生新生入学教育安排并在迎新网统一发布。 联系人：信息中心冯xx XXXXXXXXXXXXXX。 3.新生接待期间确因工作需要，必须在长安校区住宿的工作人员，由各单位将汇总信息(包含性别、人数)报长安校区物业公司吴杨(电话：88430313，XXXXXXXXXXXXXX)，统一安排住宿。新生接待期间工作人员用餐、饮水等自行解决。接待工作结束后，由本单位统一上报参加接待人员名单，学校发放补助，标准为每人每天30元。原则上，学院每天3人，部门按实际工作人数上报。 4.为进一步规范新生接待工作，所有接待人员必须配证上岗，值班人员必须进行岗前培训，要求熟悉和了解长安校区基本情况和接待工作程序，接待工作实行首问责任制。请各有关单位于8月27日前完成准备工作，学校将于27日上午10:00检查工作准备情况。 三、相关安排 1.新生接待期间工作人员班车安排
2018国家5A级景区评定标准
国家5A级景区评定标准 第一部分创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 说明： 1、本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，各大项分值为：旅游交通140分；游览210分；旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电服务30分；旅游购物50分；综合管理195分；资源和环境的保护155分。 2、5A级旅游景区需达到950分， （一）旅游交通140分 1、可进入性70分 ①抵达依托城市便捷程度，直达机场距依托城市距离在30公里以内。 ②依托城市有高速公路进、出口；客运火车站、航运码头。 ③依托城市到达景区便捷。 ④抵达公路及客运航道等级为一级公路或最高级客运航 专业整理分享
道。 ⑤景区外部交通引导标识，要求在颜色、外形上有别于一般交通标识。 ⑥护坡良好。 ⑦有旅游专项交通方式。 ⑧有直达旅游专线。 ⑨公交通达。 2、自备停车场30分 ①自备停车场地，要求停车场有绿化停车面或绿化隔离线。 ②停车场设停车线、停车分区、回车线、分设出入口、专人值管。③车场内有方向引导指示标识。停车场或码头要求美观，有特色或文化性，与景观相协调。 3、内部交通40分 ①游览线路进出口设置合理，不过分邻近，有利于游客疏散。 ②景区特色游步道，要求游步道设计特色突出, 体现景区文化，采用生态或仿生态效果。 ③游道或线路设置合理，线路设置形成环线，观赏面大，有利于游客游览。 专业整理分享
（二）游览210分 1、门票10分 ①设计制作精美 ②有突出特色 ③背面有游览简图，咨询、投诉、紧急救援电话。 2、游客中心65分 ①游客中心位置优越、标识醒目、规模恰当，游客中心外明示免费服务项目。 ②在游客中心内部设置电脑触摸屏，介绍各景点设施及服务。 ③在游客中心内设置影视介绍系统。 ④提供游客休息设施。 ⑤提供本旅游景区导览宣传资料。 ⑥咨询服务人员配备齐全。 ⑦提供游程线路图。 ⑧明示景区活动节目预告。 ⑨提供导游人员明细公示。 ⑩提供饮料及纪念品服务。 ○11提供特殊人群服务项目，包括残疾人轮椅、盲道、 专业整理分享
不锈钢材质标准对照表
不锈钢牌号对照表
表一 中国 GB1220-92[84] GB3220-92[84] 日本 JIS 美国 AISI UNS 英国 BS 970 Part4 BS 1449 Part2 德国 DIN 17440 DIN 17224 法国 NFA35-572 NFA35- 576~582 NFA35-584 前苏联 TOCT5632 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N SUS201 201 -- -- -- -- 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N SUS202 202 -- -- -- 12×17.T9AH4 -- -- S20200 284S16 -- -- -- 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1Cr17Ni7 SUS301 301 -- -- -- -- -- -- S30100 301S21 X12CrNi177 Z12CN17.07 -- 1Cr17Ni8 SUS301J1 -- -- X12CrNi177 -- -- 1Cr18Ni9 SUS302 302 302S25 X12CrNi188 Z10CN18.09 12×18H9 1Cr18Ni9Si3 SUS302B 302B -- -- -- -- Y1Cr18Ni9 SUS303 303 303S21 X12CrNiS188 Z10CNF18.09 -- Y1Cr18Ni9Se SUS303Se 303Se 303S41 -- -- -- 0Cr18Ni9 SUS304 304 304S15 X2CrNi89 Z6CN18.09 08×18B10 00Cr19Ni10 SUS304L 304L 304S12 X2CrNi189 Z2CN18.09 03×18H11 0Cr19Ni9N SUS304N1 304N -- -- Z5CN18.09A2 -- 00Cr19Ni10NbN SUS304N XM21 -- -- -- --
2017接待工作方案4篇
2017接待工作方案4篇 有4个新的接待工作计划 新版本 本文以新版接待工作计划为校庆接待工作计划，以新生接待工作计划为政治工作年会接待准备工作计划 根据XX学校新生接待工作会议精神和工作安排，针对XX市南海校区新生接待工作，特制定本方案。 一、成立新生接待工作领导小组 组长：李兴华、朱德华 副组长：刘克荣、吴建礼、叶欣 成员：刘世全黄胤祀王楚红李维东董克威莫史圣 林桓辽乔如侯惠珍 原地李云昌雅陵曾碧清邓国强黄辉立人 张艳萍李李铁军云刘凤芹 二、新生接待时间 8月28日XX(周日)，上午7:00-晚上10: 30。 第三，接收新生的地方
校外接待点设在石牌校区(行政楼以北，停车场以东)和南海(桂城)汽车站。 校园内的接待点位于多功能体育馆内。 四、新生接待工作的具体分工和安排 (一)校外接待点由学生工作办公室负责。去石牌校区接待点的一级员工当天6: 00在校区停车场乘车，去南海(桂城)汽车站接待点的一级员工当天6: 30在校区停车场乘车。校外接待点的工作时间为当日早7点至晚10点半，当日晚10点半停课。 党政办公室负责联系协调南海桂城汽车站接待点。 (二)对校园接待工作作出以下安排： 1、党政办公室 负责新生接待的整体协调。负责制定新生接待工作计划，制作横幅、路标、接待点专业标志、车辆停放标志、新生入学指南、新生报名流程和报名须知(内容由学生处提供)，安排校园内的宣传环境；调度新生接待车辆，当天为新生接待人员安排工作餐和饮用水，为新生接待工作提供办公用品，协调现场医疗点设置，设置临时复印点，为体育馆接待点安装电话和银行收费网线，代表校园联系其他单位赞助新生接待工作。 2.学生工作办公室
各标准主要不锈钢钢号对照表(含中国最新国家标准)
各标准主要不锈钢钢号对照表(含中国最新国家标准 No 中国GB 日本 JIS 美国韩国 KS 欧盟 BS EN 印度 IS 澳大利亚 AS 中国台湾 CNS 旧牌号新牌号（07.10）ASTM UNS 奥氏体不锈钢 1 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N 12Cr17Mn6Ni5N SUS201 201 S20100 STS201 1.437 2 10Cr17Mn6Ni4N20201-2 201 2 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N 12Cr18Mn9Ni5N SUS202 202 S20200 STS202 1.437 3 - 202 3 1Cr17Ni7 12Cr17Ni7 SUS301 301 S30100 STS301 1.4319 10Cr17Ni7 301 301 4 0Cr18Ni9 06Cr19Ni10 SUS304 304 S30400 STS304 1.4301 07Cr18Ni9 304 304 5 00Cr19Ni10 022Cr19Ni10 SUS304L 304L S30403 STS304L 1.430 6 02Cr18Ni11 304L 304L 6 0Cr19Ni9N 06Cr19Ni10N SUS304N1 304N S30451 STS304N1 1.4315 - 304N1 304N1 7 0Cr19Ni10NbN 06Cr19Ni9NbN SUS304N2 XM21 S30452 STS304N2 - - 304N2 304N2 8 00Cr18Ni10N 022Cr19Ni10N SUS304LN 304LN S30453 STS304LN - - 304LN 304LN 9 1Cr18Ni12 10Cr18Ni12 SUS305 305 S30500 STS305 1.4303 - 305 305 10 0Cr23Ni13 06Cr23Ni13 SUS309S 309S S30908 STS309S 1.4833 - 309S 309S 11 0Cr25Ni20 06Cr25Ni20 SUS310S 310S S31008 STS310S 1.4845 - 310S 310S 12 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS316 316 S31600 STS316 1.4401 04Cr17Ni12Mo2 316 316 13 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti 06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti SUS316Ti 316Ti S31635 - 1.4571 04Cr17Ni12MoTi20316Ti 316Ti 14 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS316L 316L S31603 STS316L 1.4404 ~02Cr17Ni12Mo2 316L 316L 15 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N 06Cr17Ni12Mo2N SUS316N 316N S31651 STS316N - - 316N 316N 16 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N 022Cr17Ni13Mo2N SUS316LN 316LN S31653 STS316LN 1.4429 - 316LN 316LN 17 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 06Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 SUS316J1 - - STS316J1 - - 316J1 316J1 18 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 022Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 SUS316J1L - - STS316J1L - - - 316J1L 19 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 06Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS317 317 S31700 STS317 - - 317 317 20 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 022Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS317L 317L S31703 STS317L 1.4438 - 317L 317L 21 0Cr18Ni10Ti 06Cr18Ni11Ti SUS321 321 S32100 STS321 1.4541 04Cr18Ni10Ti20321 321 22 0Cr18Ni11Nb 06Cr18Ni11Nb SUS347 347 S34700 STS347 1.4550 04Cr18Ni10Nb40347 347 奥氏体-铁素体型不锈钢（双相不锈钢） 23 0Cr26Ni5Mo2 - SUS329J1 329 S32900 STS329J1 1.4477 - 329J1 329J1 24 00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N SUS329J3L - S31803 STS329J3L 1.4462 - 329J3L 329J3L 铁素体型不锈钢 25 0Crl3Al 06Crl3Al SUS405 405 S40500 STS405 1.4002 04Cr13 405 405 26 - 022Cr11Ti SUH409 409 S40900 STS409 1.4512 - 409L 409L 27 00Cr12 022Cr12 SUS410L - - STS410L - - 410L 410L 28 1Cr17 10Cr17 SUS430 430 S43000 STS430 1.4016 05Cr17 430 430 29 1Cr17Mo 10Cr17Mo SUS434 434 S43400 STS434 1.4113 - 434 434 30 - 022Cr18NbTi - - S43940 - 1.4509 - 439 439 31 00Cr18Mo2 019Cr19Mo2NbTi SUS444 444 S44400 STS444 1.4521 - 444 444 马氏体型不锈钢
新生接待工作方案最新范本
新生接待工作方案最新范本 为做好xxxx年新生接待工作，现将有关事项通知如下： 一、工作时间 1.本科生新生接待工作时间 学校办公室、学生处、团委、教务处、财务处、长安校区管理办公室、公安处、信息中心、医院、后勤产业集团(运输、住宿)及各学院于8月27日14：00开始长安校区新生接待工作，接待地点在长安校区翱翔体育馆。 8月27日14:00—21:00; 8月28、29日8:00—21:00; 21:00后教务处、后勤集团(住宿)、财务处接待最后一批新生。 2.研究生新生接待工作时间 8月29日8:00—21:00 在长安校区翱翔体育馆; 8月30日8:00—21:00 在友谊校区翱翔训练馆。 二、有关要求 1. 请各单位将新生(含研究生和本科生)接待人员值班表电子档于7月10日12：00前发至XXXXXXXXX，新生接待工作人员胸牌将于8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一发放。 2.新生接待实行网络注册与实地办理相结合的接待办法，请各单位提前准备好电脑，以备现场网络注册维护。扫描设备8月27日13:40在新生接待现场统一配发。请教务处、研究生院、学生处、研工部等相关迎新工作部门提前将迎新工作相关数据提供给信息中心、财务处
等相关部门，保证迎新系统的正常运转。请迎新工作各相关单位、各学院对照迎新网中本单位负责版块进行及时更新，请学生处和研工部分别汇总各学院新生入学教育安排，统一汇总成本科新生入学教育安排和研究生新生入学教育安排并在迎新网统一发布。联系人：信息中心冯xx XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX。 3.新生接待期间确因工作需要，必须在长安校区住宿的工作人员，由各单位将汇总信息(包含性别、人数)报长安校区物业公司吴杨(电话：XXXXXXXXX，XXXXXXXXX)，统一安排住宿。新生接待期间工作人员用餐、饮水等自行解决。接待工作结束后，由本单位统一上报参加接待人员名单，学校发放补助，标准为每人每天30元。原则上，学院每天3人，部门按实际工作人数上报。 4.为进一步规范新生接待工作，所有接待人员必须配证上岗，值班人员必须进行岗前培训，要求熟悉和了解长安校区基本情况和接待工作程序，接待工作实行首问责任制。请各有关单位于8月27日前完成准备工作，学校将于27日上午10:00检查工作准备情况。 三、相关安排 1.新生接待期间工作人员班车安排 8月27日12:30由友谊校区乘车点发车，21:00由长安校区乘车点发车; 8月28日、8月29日，7：00由友谊校区乘车点发车，21:00由长安校区乘车点发车。 2.xxxx年新生接待工作值班安排
5A旅游景区质量等级和评分细则
5A旅游景区质量等级与评分细则 细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，共计216个评分点，各大项分值为：旅游交通130分；游览235分；旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电20分；旅游购物50分；综合管理200分；资源和环境的保护145分。5A级旅游景区需达到950分以上。 1、旅游交通 （1）可进入性好，交通设施完善，进出便捷，具有一级公路或高等级航道、航线直达；或具有旅游专线交通工具。 （2）有与景观环境相协调的专用停车场或船舶码头。且管理完善，布局合理，容量能充分满足游客接待量要求。场地平整坚实、绿化美观或水域畅通、清洁。标志规范、醒目、美观。 （3）区内游览(参观)路线或航道布局合理、顺畅，与观赏内容联结度高，兴奋感强。路面特色突出，或航道水体清澈。 （4）区内应使用清洁能源的交通工具。 2、游览 (1)门票设计制作精美，有突出特色，背面有游览简图，有咨询、投诉、紧急救援电话。 （2）游客中心位置合理，规模适度，设施齐全，功能体现充分。咨询服务人员配备齐全，业务熟练，服务热情。 （3）各种引导标识(包括导游全景图、导览图、标识牌、景物介绍牌等)造型特色突出，艺术感和文化气息浓厚，能烘托总体环境。标识牌和景物介绍牌设
置合理。 （4）公众信息资料(如研究论著、科普读物、综合画册、音像制品、导游图和导游材料等)特色突出，品种齐全，内容丰富、文字优美，制作精美，适时更新。 （5）导游员持证上岗，人数及语种能满足游客需要。普通话达标率100%。导游员均应具大专以上文化程度，其中本科以上不少于30%。设语音导游。 （6）导游词科学、准确、有文采。导游服务具有针对性，强调个性化，服务质量达到GB/T15971-1995中4.5.3和第5章要求。 （7）游客公共休息设施布局合理，数量充足，设计精美，特色突出，有艺术感和文化气息。 （8）公共信息图形符号符合GB/T 10001的规定，设置合理，图形规范，与景观协调，有文化特色，视觉效果精美，维护保养好。 （9)为特殊人群(老年人、儿童、残疾人等)配备旅游工具、用品，提供特殊服务。 3、旅游安全 （1）认真执行公安、交通、劳动、质量监督、旅游等有关部门制定和颁布的安全法规，建立完善的安全保卫制度，工作全面落实。 （2）消防、防盗、救护等设备齐全、完好、有效，交通、机电、游览、娱乐等设备完好，运行正常，无安全隐患。游乐园达到GB/T 16767规定的安全和服务标准。危险地段标志明显，防护设施齐备、有效、特殊地段有专人看守。 （3）建立紧急救援机制，设立医务室，并配备专职医务人员.设有突发事件处理预案，应急处理能力强，事故处理及时、妥当，档案记录准确、齐全。
国内外不锈钢材质对照表
国内外不锈钢材质对照表 GB JIS AISI/SATM UNS代号DIN17006 DIN17007 0Cr18Ni9 (0Cr19Ni9) SUS 304 304 S30400 X5CrNi18-10 1.4301 0Cr19Ni10 (00Cr19Ni10) SUS 304L 304L S30403 X2CrNi19-11 1.4306 0Cr25Ni20 SUS 304S 304S S31008 X12CrNi25-21 1.4845 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS 316 316 S31600 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X5CrNiMo17-13-3 1.4401 1.4436 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 SUS 316L 316L S31603 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4404 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS 317 317 S31700 X2CrNiMo17-13-3 1.4439 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 (00Cr17Ni14Mo3) SUS 317L 317L S3703 X2CrNiMo18-16-4 1.4438 (1Cr18Ni9Ti) X12CrNi18-9 1.4878 0Cr18Ni10Ti SUS 321 321 S32100 X6CrNiTi18-10 1.4541 0Cr18Ni11Nb SUS 347 347 S34700 X6CrNiNb18-10 1.4550 不锈钢材质 不锈钢材质，有着接近镜面的光亮度，触感硬朗冰冷，属于比较前卫的装饰材料，符合金属时代的酷感审美。不锈钢材质通常按基体组织分为： 1、铁素体不锈钢。含铬12％～30％。其耐蚀性、韧性和可焊性随含铬量的增加而提高，耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优于其他种类不锈
2017新生入学接待方案
2017级新生入学接待方案 为切实做好我校2017级新生入学报到接待工作，特制定此方案。 一、指导思想 以科学发展观为指导，充分体现“以人为本”和“一切为学生服务”的理念。迎新工作是我校一年一度的大事，是我校整体形象的集中展示，各部门务必高度重视，充分认识做好迎新工作的重要意义，要统筹安排，周密谋划，分工协作，各司其职，各负其责，认真组织实施好此方案。全校上下要通力合作，使迎新工作“周密、安全、顺畅、热情、隆重”开展。 二、工作原则 文明迎新、热情周到、亲情服务、优质高效、安全有序。 三、组织领导 新生8月26-27号报到，8月28号开始军训。 为保证迎新期间各项工作协调高效有序开展，学校成立迎新工作领导小组，加强迎接2017级新生工作的指挥和领导。 组长：杨宏 成员：财务处、宣传统战部、学生工作部、办公室、团委、招生就业处、教务处、保卫处、图书馆、后勤管理处、现代教育技 术中心主任及各学院党总支书记 新生接待大厅总负责人：李明。 新生报到地点：学校体育馆。 四、工作分工 （一）学生工作部 1.负责接待大厅位置安排，在大厅设台的有：报到咨询处（学工部）、财务处、绿色通道、招生就业处，8月26日-27日全天摆台。 2.制做《黑河学院新生“绿色通道”入学申请审批表》，负责“绿色通道”和困难学生问题咨询，安排新生参加“学平险”工作。 3.公寓管理中心负责测算新生报到数和寝室空出床位数，制定并向各学院公布2017级新生（2773人，含专升本、三校生、民族预科学生）寝室分配方案，根据最后报到情况随时微调。 4.负责协助厂家分发行李及备品，在4号学生公寓楼（待定）设行李收费处，可在入驻公寓楼领取行李。 5.8月26日-27日安排工作餐，统计各学院、职能部门接新生工作人员数量、发放餐券工作。
2017级新生报到工作方案
工程与建筑学院2017年迎新工作方案 2017年新生入学时间为9月9日、10日，为做好我院迎新工作，根据学校部署安排和我院学生实际，特制定工作方案如下： 一、工作人员 1.组长：石速耀 副组长：王霄云、刘建中 2. 注册报到组： 工程造价专业1组：马杰（组长）、付晨、曹改荣、骆琨 工程造价专业2组：杨传光（组长）、吴萍、张丹、高雅妮 建筑工程技术组：帅焕丽（组长）、杨静、张斯雨、史怡飞 建筑设备工程技术、工程材料、工业机器人组：赵亚楠（组长）、李梅竹、黄世宝、王矫卫 汽车检测与维修技术专业组：卢航（组长）、程江昆、刘盼 建筑装饰工程技术、建设工程监理专业组：刘琰珮（组长）、金婉宁、刘焕政 3.综合保障组： 咨询接待组：顾宁（组长）、强宇明、陈刚、李小慧、卫江 数据统计、协调小组：邓永锋（组长）、郭江蕾、付晨 校园引导小组：齐勇（组长）、王璐、马春明、李科、袁丙帅、雷彪、 维持秩序小组：张斯雨（组长）、程江昆、黄世宝、杜康。 设备小组：齐勇（组长）、付晨、黄世宝、史怡飞、程江昆、王矫卫、雷彪、骆琨、李科、马春明、刘焕政 二、迎新准备工作 1．更新学院网页相关栏目内容；与宣传部统计、报送迎新工作标识牌、工作牌、引导牌；与设计公司联系制作2017级各班班牌；
撰写新闻报道稿件；组织学生更换教室主题墙报。（刘琰珮、邓永锋负责） 2.落实学校新老生一对一联系沟通制度，具体包括：确立学生志愿者名单并对其进行培训；划分志愿者与2017级新生电话联系名单，督促老生与新生电话联系，及时记录和反馈电话联系结果。（帅焕丽、马杰、卢航、邓永锋负责） 3.建立并管理2017级新生总群、2017级各班班级群；打印各班班级群二维码；分配宿舍、查看宿舍实施情况。（帅焕丽、马杰负责） 4.准备迎新所需各类资料。打印《注册登记表》、《入住通知单》、《宿舍安排表》、各班考勤表，准备纸箱、纸笔等办公用品；领取档案袋、印章等资料。（郭江蕾负责） 5.确定2017级辅导员。帅焕丽担任建筑工程技术、建筑装饰工程技术、建设工程监理、汽车检测与维修技术四个专业4个班级辅导员；马杰担任工程造价、建筑设备工程技术、材料工程技术、工业机器人技术四个专业5个班级辅导员。 三、迎新工作任务 1.注册报到组 新生资格审查核，查看身份证与注册登记表中信息是否一致，查看是否本人；收取并保管学籍档案、团档资料，做好相应记录；留存学生和家长常用电话，提醒新生加入班级群；分配宿舍（2017级新生宿舍分配统一由帅焕丽和马杰负责）；收回《流程表》，完成注册。 2. 综合保障组 数据统计小组：做好统计新生报到人数统计，并按时向教务处报送相关数据；做好考勤工作；做好工作组之间、系部与各部门之间的沟通协调工作；及时处理突发情况。 校园引导小组：引导新生及家长至迎新生报到处；帮助学生运送被褥等行李等。
不锈钢材质标准
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别好,可在苛刻的条件下使用;加工硬化性优(无磁性). 应用在：海水里用设备、化工、染料、造纸、草酸、肥料等生产设备;照像、食品工业、沿海地区设施、绳索、CD杆、螺栓、螺母. 316L不锈钢国标00Cr17Ni14Mo2 国标00Cr17Ni14Mo2,作为316钢种的低C系列,除与316钢的有相同的特性外,其抗晶界腐蚀性优于316；另外增加了钼元素,可以显著提高其耐晶间腐蚀、氧化物应力腐蚀的能力,以及减少焊接时的热裂倾向性.还有良好的耐氯化物腐蚀的性能.应用在：常用于纯水、蒸馏水、药品、酱、醋等卫生要求高、介质腐蚀性能强的场合，316钢的特别用途中对抗晶界腐蚀有特别要求的产品。 310S 是美国对不锈钢的一种标法，在国内的标号是（2520）0Cr25Ni20，是一种奥氏体不锈钢，310S 中的S是指该不锈钢的特殊用途。 0Cr25Ni20（310S）特性 --高温耐氧化性,高温强度。用途 --排气管Bellows,微波炉Heater,Tube,高温炉胆,火化炉等要求耐热性的钢种,高热/高温接触部件 200系不锈钢腐蚀 2009-11-18 8:55:21 调查发现，中国大陆市场生产、流通、使用的所谓“200系不锈钢”很少有符合国内国际权威标准的，以下是抽样检测结果： 检测结果1：国内市场“201”名义销售的产品与有关产品的对比
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几个人入住，是不是有空调，是不是有热水器，是不是有茶水房等等。其实我们的宿舍绝对可以算得上是现代化的宿舍，你看到每幢楼房上的成片的太阳能了吗，是的这些太阳能完全可以保证在你一天忙碌的学习之后能够洗上一把舒坦的淋浴。宿舍里有可以摇动的电扇基本可以照顾到宿舍的各个角落。在一楼都有刷卡式的茶水房。宿舍还有许多人性化设计，在你们入住以后可以充分享受他们带来的方便和快捷。 刚刚入园的同学肯定对一切都充满好奇和期盼。大学里会有很多的社团，比如通讯社，文学社等等。您可以选择积极参与，也可以选择保持观望的态度。您可以选择一个或者两个社团，关键是，这个社团能激发您的兴趣和潜能发挥您的才智，这样才是理智的选择，不要因为好奇每一样都想试试，最后肯定会顾及不了，所以要根据自己的实际情况，合理的选择社团。 新生们在开学的不长的一段时间里要进行军训，军训是每一个新生入校之前的一门必修课，有人认为军训太苦没有必要， 俗话说：“没有规矩，不成方圆”。遵规守纪是成为一名优秀的大 学生的基础。铁的纪律塑造过硬的连队，规范和纪律提高人的思想道德水平，改善人的言行举止。有了纪律的约束，我们就会放弃像吸烟这样的不良行为;有了行为规范的指导，我们就会拥有维护国家荣誉，响应国家号召，关心国家大事这样高尚情操。 刚开学的日子生活似乎不紧不慢，没有太多压力的假象会和艰苦十几年寒窗枯的几千个日日夜夜形成鲜明的对比，有一些人开始不知所措，整天不务正业会使你感觉到大学的无聊，是的对于刚刚入学的新生有这样的感觉是正常的，不