语法复习十四:非谓语动词(三)——过去分词(三)过去分词:
1、过去分词的基本用法:过去分词只有一种形式,也没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者,如:
(1)作定语:过去分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词,就是该分词的逻辑主语,如:The stolen car was found by the police last week.
(2)作表语:过去分词作表语时,表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如:The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。注:过去分词作表语时,和动词的被动语态结构相似,但两者表达的意义不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
(3)作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语,如:When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注:动词have后的复合宾语中,宾语补足语如为过去分词,常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找别人)把我的自行车给修了。
(4)作状语:过去分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语,是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确,常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as 等连词,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是该结构的逻辑主语,是give的逻辑宾语。)
独立主格:上述-ing和过去分词的用法中,-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语,但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语,这种独立的主语,一般为名词或代词,位于其前之前,和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用,而-ing和过去分词作用的形式,则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词,则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定,如:The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注:The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去,如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替,如:She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.
2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别:
(1)语态不同:-ing形式表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说;the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。
(2)时间关系不同:现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往是已经完成的动作,如:The changing world正在发生的世界;the changed world已经起了变化的世界。
练习、非谓语动词(三)
1. There is no question of _____ able to finish it himself.
A. Tom was
B. Tom's being
C. Tom's be
D. Tom is
2. The new shopping center _____ now will be put into use by the end of this year.
A. built
B. be built
C. being built
D. to be built
3. "Have you had supper?" "Not yet. The meal_____."
A. are being cooked
B. is being cooked
C. is cooked
D. are cooked
4. "I'm glad ______ you here in the hotel." "It's my great pleasure to have you ______ us."
A. meeting, to
B. to have met, with
C. having met, among
D. to meet, of
5. I'm afraid I can't make myself _____ in English.
A. understanding
B. understand
C. to be understood
D. understood
6. Although in a hurry, Wilson ______.
A. couldn't stop walking
B. couldn't help the stranger
C. stopped to help the stranger
D. didn't answer the stranger
7. Janet is easy _____.
A. for getting along with
B. by getting along with
C. to get along with
D. got along with
8. Don't forget ______ the light when you leave.
A. turn off
B. to turn off
C. turning off
D. turned off
9. The mother is very glad; her baby is beginning ______.
A. understanding what she means
B. to understand that she meant
C. to understand what she means
D. noticing what she means ,
10. I think this story is _____ .
A. worth being read
B. worth reading
C. worth to read
D. worth of reading
11. This scientist is a man ______ praise.
A. worth to
B. worthy to be
C. worthy of
D. worth
12. I don't want ______ any more trouble, you see?
A. there being
B. it to be
C. it being
D. there to be
13. When she returned home, she found the window open and something ______.
A. stealing
B. missed
C. stolen
D. to steal
14. Strictly _____, it isn't worth the price you are asking.
A. to speak
B. speaking
C. speak
D. spoken
15. Time ______, they'll come here to watch us ______ football.
A. permitted, playing
B. permitted, to play
C. permitting, play
D. permitting, to play
16. The man was seen _____ into the courtyard.
A, stealing B. stolen C. be stealing D. had stolen
17. Bob should love _____ to the party tomorrow evening.
A. taking
B. to be taken
C. to take
D. being taken
18. Tom had no choice but _____ the classroom with his classmates.
A. to clean
B. clean
C. cleaning
D. cleans
19. Mr. Brown said that his car needed
A. to be repaired
B. being repaired
C. be repairing
D. to repair
20. The old man didn't know whether to sell the car or____ .
A. being kept for later use
B. kept for later use
C. to keep it for later use
D. to be kept it for later use
21. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard in the next classroom.
A. being opened and closed
B. opened and closed
C. having been opened and closed
D. to be opened and closed
22. I remember _____ someone ____ the umbrella away.
A. to see, take
B. having seen, to take
C. to see, to take
D. having seen, take
23. She was noticed ______ the shop.
A. to enter
B. enter
C. having entered
D. entered
24. I couldn't help _____ when I heard the joke.
A. being laughed
B. laughing
C. to be laughing
D. to laugh
25._____, she burst into tears.
A. Deeply moved
B. Deeply moving
C. As she deeply moved
D. As she was deeply moving
26. The problem requires ______.
A. studying with great care
B. to study carefully
C. to be studied without carelessness
D. taking great care of studying it
27. _____ carelessly, the boy made mistakes here and there. .
A. being written
B. Wrote
C. Write
D. Writing
28. He would rather ______ his parents with their housework than _____ out to play games.
A. to help, to go
B. help, go
C. help, to go
D. to help, go
29. The boy had his leg _____ while ____ football.
A. broken, playing
B. break, play
C. broken, played
D. broke, was playing
30. Having finished the work,_____. A. it was almost six o'clock
B. a postman came and delivered the evening paper and some letters
C. supper had been already prepared
D. we had a rest and then had supper
31. He is ill. He has kept_____.
A. coughing all along
B. to cough at night
C. cough since yesterday
D. being coughed day and night
32. It is no use ____ without _____.
A. to talk, doing
B. taking, being done
C. talking, doing
D. being talked, being to do
33. "I usually go there by boat." "Why not _____ by train for a change?"
A. try going
B. to try going
C. trying to go
D. to try and go
34._____, she felt quite shy at the party.
A. As she a stranger
B. Being a stranger
C. According to a stranger
D. She like a stranger
35. Every morning he gets up early and practises ______ and then _____ to school.
A. to read English, go
B. reading English, going
C. reading English, goes
D. of reading English, goes
36. While _____ football on tin playground, I found 'my keys ______.
A. playing, lost ,
B. play, losing
C. played, being lost
D. having played, lost
37. ____ the same mistakes again made his parents very angry.
A. His having made
B. He has made
C. He had making
D. Him making
38. Dick made it ______ to all his friends.
A. to know
B. known
C. know
D. knowing
39. Anna spends one hour a day _____ spoken English.
A. practise
B. to practise
C. on practising
D. in practising
40. No one was surprised at _____ the examination.
A. he passing
B. his pass
C. him pass
D. his passing
41. Although swimming is his favourite sport, yet he doesn't like _____ today.
A. to swim
B. swimming
C. swim
D. to have swim
42. She sat at the desk and set about _____ a letter to her friend.
A. to write
B. writing
C. write
D. written
43. This soup is cold; it needs _____.
A. to heat
B. to be heated
C. being hot
D. heated
44. I went ______a balloon but I didn't see anyone _____ balloons.
A. to buy, to sell
B. to buy, selling
C. buying, selling
D. buying, to sell
45. Anna is often heard ______songs in her room.
A. sung
B. singing
C. sing
D. to sing
46. The more you practise ______ English, the better your _____ English will be.
A. to speak, speaking
B. speaking, spoken
C. spoken, spoken
D. spoken, speaking
语法复习十二:非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式 动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书 it 所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。 (3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid,
pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street. (5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don’t think it right to do it that way. (6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. (7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:①目的状语:Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词+ 动词不定式,表示“足能…”的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4、疑问词+ 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5、动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:It’s wrong of you not to attend the meeting. 6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.
非谓语动词(不定式、动名词) 【考点概述】 非谓语动词的本意是不能做谓语的词性,但是它具有谓语动词的性质。非谓语动词是英语中特有的,在汉语中没有此概念。所以在掌握此语法是比较困难的,在平时的备考之中应注意多多练习。 【考点释义】 考点一:不定式 (1)构成:to+动词原形(do)如: I like to swim. 注意:不定式有省“to”的不定式和不省“to”的不定式两类,但多数以不省“to”的不定式为主。如:I heard him (to)sing. 我听到他在唱歌。 (2)句法功能: 1. 作主语 在英语中为了避免头重脚轻,当不定式作主语时有时主语太长时我们用形式主语“it”来作“形式主语”,将真正主语移植动词不定时之后。形式主语也就是我们所说的“不定式的复合结构”。其构成为“It +be +(for/of sb) to do sth. 如: ① It is very important ( us) to study English. = To study English is very important for us. 学英语对我们来说是很重要的 ② It is very kind ( you) to help me. = To help me is very kind of you. 你帮助我太好了。 【易错警示】我们在区别“of”和“for”的方法如下: 当介词“of”或“for”后面接的代词与前面形容词之间能否构成主谓逻辑关系就决定是用介词“of”或“for”。如果能够成主谓逻辑关系时我们使用介词“of”,反之则用介词“for”。例如上述两个例子。 ①It is very important (for us) to study English. Us is very important.(不成立) 由于不能构成主谓关系,所以用介词“for”。 ②It is very kind (of you) to help me. You are very kind. (成立) 由于构成主谓关系,所以用介词“of”。 2. 作宾语 当动词不定式作宾语是表示的是一种打算、希望、命令等。如: ① I want to read English magazines every day. 我每天想读英语杂志。(表想,希望) ② I determine to go for a long holiday. 我决定去度一个长假。(表打算,决定)【归纳】常接不定式作宾语的动词有如下: want determine decide hope plan except would like 等。 3. 作宾补 当动词不定时作宾补即宾语补足语时宾补与宾语之间就会构成主谓的逻辑关系,宾补成立的条件唯此一条。 接不定式作宾补的动词有:“advice”、“ask”、“force”、“persuade”、
最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1.Students surf the internet _______ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A.found B.finding C.having found D.to find 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此处表示目的用不定式,指上网的目的。故选D。 2.Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house. A.lead B.leading C.led D.to lead 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意:看那边!有一条长长的蜿蜒小路通向那所房子。分析句式可知,这是个there be 句型,因此,此处用非谓语动词,path与lead是主动关系,因此用现在分词,故选B。 3.______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies. A.Having exposed B.Being exposed C.To expose D.Exposed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查动名词。句意:暴露于核辐射中甚至很短时间都会影响人体的基因。分析句子成分发现even for a short time是插入语,may influence是谓语,前面的部分应该是主语,be exposed to“暴露于”,要用动名词Being exposed to。故B选项正确。 4.The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A.starting B.being started C.to start D.to be started 【答案】A 【解析】 选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系,故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时,常表示动作尚未发生,故排除C项,此处用现在分词作后置定语,表示主动。 第四步:根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的
一、选择题 1.—It’s too hot. Would you mind my________ the window? — ________, please do it now. A.to open; OK B.opening; Certainly not C.opening; Of course D.to open; Good idea 2.—________is the boy using his mobile phone________? —________for information. A.Why; / ; Search B.Why; for; To search C.What; for; Searching D.What; for; To search 3.—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A.managing; seeing B.to manage; seeing C.managing; being seen D.managed; to see 4.Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone. A.swim B.to swim C.swimming D.swam 5.When he saw the photo, he couldn’t stop ________ her stay in London. A.think of B.to think of C.thought of D.thinking of 6.Let’s go to that shop________some school things. A.buying B.to buy C.bought 7.My mom wants________a new Jacket________me. A.to buy;to B.to buy: for C.buy; for 8.We should do what we can _________ animals in danger. A.save B.to save C.saving D.saved 9.I used to . But now I get used to doing everything. I’m successful at last. A.give up; keeping B.giving up; keeping C.giving up; keep D.give up; keep 10._____ the environment is important for human beings. A.Take care of B.Taking care of C.Took care of D.Take the care of 11.Would you mind _________ in class? A.no talking B.not talking C.no talk D.not talk 12.The journey made them ________very tired. A.to feel B.feeling C.feel 13.—Do you prefer basketball with me? 一No,I’d rather at home and watch TV. A.play;stay B.to play;to stay
非谓语动词 在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词) 不定式 一、不定式的作用 1、作主语不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如: Ittookus two hoursto finish the job. It is impossible for usto get there on time. It is very kind ofyou to help us. 注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 (2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is…to…的句型。试比较:Itis tonegate my ownidea to believe him.(错) To believe himis to negatemyown idea .(对) (3)It is+ adj.of /for sb. todosth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用for. 2、作宾语 (1)动词+不定式。如: He managedto escape fromthe fire. I find it hard to getalongwithhim.(it 作形式宾语) 注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want,try, hope, wish,need, forget,know,promise, ref
use, help, decide,begin,start,learn,agree,choose, get等 (2)动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如: I don’tknow what to do next/ howtodo it next. I can’tdecide whentogo there. 注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式 宾语。如:I findit necessary tolearn a foreign language. 3、作宾语补足语 (1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如: He warnedmeto becareful. I want you to speak toTom. Whatmakes you think so?(不带to的不定式) 注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise,invite,allo w,help,wish,warn, expect, prefer,encourage (2)表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+to be 的不定式结构。如: We consider Tom to be one of the best students in ourclass. The bookis believed to be useful.(被动语态) (3) There +不定式。如: We didn’texpect there tobe so manypeople there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意:(1)有些动词需用as短语作补语,像regard, think, believe,take,consider。如: We regardTom asour bestteacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Marytook himasher father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 (2)在动词feel(一感),hear,listen to(二听),have,let, make(三让),notice,see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如: Theysaw theboy fall off thetree. The boywasseen to fall off thetree. (3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to. I often help him(to)clean the room. I helpedhim (to) find histhings. 4、作定语 不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如: I havea lot of workto do.(动宾关系) Heis looking for a roomto livein.(动状关系) He isthe firstpersonto think of the idea.(主谓关系) Hehas got achance to goabroad.(同位关系) 注意:1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如: Doyou haveanything elseto say? 2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如: I need a pen to write with .(I willwirte withthe pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字) I have a littlebaby to lookafter.(I must look afterthe little baby )(我有一个婴儿要照看)
一、选择题 1.We should do everything we can________the endangered birds. A.protect B.protecting C.to protect D.protected 2.—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A.managing; seeing B.to manage; seeing C.managing; being seen D.managed; to see 3.When he saw the photo, he couldn’t stop ________ her stay in London. A.think of B.to think of C.thought of D.thinking of 4.Let’s go to that shop________some school things. A.buying B.to buy C.bought 5.She couldn’t help ________ when she heard the death of her grandmother. A.cry B.to cry C.crying D.to crying 6.Dan shows an interest in musical instruments and is often heard _____ the guitar. A.play B.played C.playing D.to play 7.Would you mind _________ in class? A.no talking B.not talking C.no talk D.not talk 8.The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A.feel , to keep B.to feel, keep C.feel, keep D.to feel ,to keep 9.We should try our best to prevent the air pollution________. A.from living a better life B.to live a better life C.live a better life D.lives a better life 10.I saw a little boy ________on the road. A.lie B.lying C.lied 11.—What about_____________? —That’s a good idea, A.go shopping B.going shop C.going shopping D.go to shop 12.—It’s too hot. Would you mind my________ the window? — ________, please do it now. A.to open; OK B.opening; Certainly not C.opening; Of course D.to open; Good idea 13.If you really don’t know _______ at the party, you can come to me. A.who will you talk with B.who to talk C.who to talk to D.who you will talk 14.(2016·老河口期考)—What did the guard say to you just now? —He warned us_______any farther. There's danger ahead. A.didn't walk B.not to walk C.walk D.to walk 15.Thanks for ________ me with my English.
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(动名词) 敬告: 以下内容,不参加高考等有语法题(语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等)考试的应用类学员无须深究,知道该语法结构的存在,及其充当的句子成分和功能即可,应多花时间练习听说读写,否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析,基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样?规则的情况下与动词过去式相同,当然有不规则的情况;过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语,不可能充当主语、宾语; 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式,只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语;它与宾语是被动关系,或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语;充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构;表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成,或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语,它与主句主语是被动关系,或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系; 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间,多用于条件和原因状语;(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
非谓语动词 非谓语动词(一)——动词不定式 动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词。 (一)动词不定式:动词不定式由―to+ 动词原形‖构成,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。 2、动词不定式的基本用法:动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如: (1)作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other. (2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up… 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。 (3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street. (5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don’t think it right to do it that way. (6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. (7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:①目的状语:Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词+ 动词不定式,表示―足能…‖的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for
一、选择题 1.—Let's think about _______ A Bite of China tonight? —That sounds good! A.watch B.watching C.to watch D.watches 2.—Do you prefer basketball with me? 一No,I’d rather at home and watch TV. A.play;stay B.to play;to stay C.play;to stay D.to play;stay 3.If you really don’t know _______ at the party, you can come to me. A.who will you talk with B.who to talk C.who to talk to D.who you will talk 4.—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A.managing; seeing B.to manage; seeing C.managing; being seen D.managed; to see 5.Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone. A.swim B.to swim C.swimming D.swam 6.—It’s time _____ lunch. —OK. Let’s _____. A.for; go B.for; going C.to; going D.to; go 7.— Mr. Wang, I have trouble __________ the text. — Remember __________ it three times at least. A.to understand;reading B.understanding;to read C.understanding;reading D.to understand;to read 8.Dan shows an interest in musical instruments and is often heard _____ the guitar. A.play B.played C.playing D.to play 9.The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A.feel , to keep B.to feel, keep C.feel, keep D.to feel ,to keep 10.It usually takes him half an hour ________ the homework. A.finish B.finishing C.to finish 11.The journey made them ________very tired. A.to feel B.feeling C.feel 12.I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map.
高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】【专题要点】 非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下: 1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语; 2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语; 3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词; 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语,且意义不同的动词或短语; 5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别; 6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别; 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别; 8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语; 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式; 10.独立主格结构在句中作状语; 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。 【教法指引】 非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词,是高中英语学习的难点,也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点,教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当,尤其是对以下要点的复习: 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别; 2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式; 3.非谓语动词完成式的用法; 4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语; 5.非谓语动词用作目的状语; 6.非谓语动词用作结果状语; 7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语;
8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题; 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题; 10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构; 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习,教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。
非谓语动词 1(湖南省湘潭市外国语学校2010届高三第二次月考)Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them ____ from colonial days. A. was dated B. is dated C. is dating D. dating 2(浙江省金华一中2010届高三9月月考)Do I have to take all this medicine? It _______ so terrible. A. tastes B. is tasting C. is tasted D. has tasted 3(重庆市合川太和中学2010届高三第二次月考)___________ in the countryside made Mr. Wilson very hardworking when he was still young. A. Bringing up B. Being brought up C. Having brought up D. Brought up 4(广西柳州市第一中学2010届高三第一次模拟考试)A good knowledge of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______English literature. A.be studied B.study C.studied D.studying 5(江西省吉安一中2010届高三上学期第二次月考)April 12, 1846, was chosen as the day when all should be ready to start. We left _______with a group of 45 wagons. A. to travel B. travelled C. travelling D. travel 6(江西省师大附中2010届高三10月月考)This is an illness that can result in total blindness if ____. A. leaving untreated B. left untreated C. leaving to be untreated D. left untreating 7(山东省枣庄市第五中学2010届高三9月调研考试)——Would you like to help me clean my house now? ——Sorry, I can’t help _________ your house because I’m busy repairing mw bike? A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned 8(河南省睢县高级中学2010届高三第一次月考)The comments the expert made ______ stock-market bothered him greatly, ______ him not fall asleep all night. A. be concerned, which made B. concerned, making C. concerning, making D. to be concerning, made 9(湖南省岳阳市一中2010届高三第二次月考)______as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A. Being published B. Publishing C. Published D. To be published 10(山东省郓城一中2010届高三第一次诊断检测)Even today I still remember the great fun we had _____ games on the beach in those happy days. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 11(四川省绵阳南山中学2010届高三10月月考)The man lay under a tree eating something, and seeing a dog running to him, ______ up in no time. A. to stand B. stood C. standing D. would stand 12(浙江省温州市十校联合体2010届高三上学期期初联考)The tall waterfalls and green mountains are a splendid sight when ______ from the valley bottom. A. viewing B. viewing them C. viewed D. view 13(安徽省安庆市示范高中2010届高三四校联考)I won’t go to his birthday without _______. A. inviting B. being inviting C. invited D. to be invited 14(江西省南昌二中2010届高三上学期第二次月考)Charlie stood on the top of the mountain,