包装机毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
包装机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
附录
Modern packaging
1. Changing Needs and New Roles
Looking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are bought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.
The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a1980s bumper sticker, “born to shop”. We consume goods today at rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.
In the second half of the 20th century, the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the major purchase motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketers aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product itself——anything that would make a shopper’s hand reach for their product rather than the competitor’s. In some instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.
Globally, the trend toward urbanization continues. Providing increased tonnages of high-quality food to massive city complexes at affordable prices is a problem that continues to challenge packagers. A new concern is the removal of the debris generated by a consumer society and the impact that these consumption rates have on the planer’s
ecology.
The makeup, needs, styles, perceptions and wishes of the consuming public are always changing. The packaging professional must be aware of and keep up with these changes or be lost to history.
2. Packaging and the modern Industrial Society
The importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life. A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.
The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant part involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least till the next growing season, have a longer life. Stalks and leaves separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.
In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and seasonally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvested during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging, we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each.
It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from then, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole, canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant——is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.
Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be wasted. By-products of the processed-food industry form the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly milled and treated, can be fed back
to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane form sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.
The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging. A product’s cost is directly related to production volume. A facility building 10000 bicycles per year for local sale could not make bicycles as cheaply as a 3-million-unit-a-year plant intended to capture the national facility. Both would fail in competition against a 100-million-unit world marker facility. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distribution packaging, is a key part of the system.
Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the safe packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself.
3. World Packaging
This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind’s global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today.
Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000years ago.
Packagers from the more-developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.
The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30t so
variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.
The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for overpackaging, and certainly overpackaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world’s cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95% of family income.
It is simplistic to say that the less-developed countries do not have adequate land to raise enough food, although in some few instances this is true. United Nations’s studies have shown that many countries in which hunger exists actually raise enough food for their population. However, without adequate means of preservation, protection and transportation, up to 50% of the food raised never survives for human consumption. Food goes beyond its natural biological life, spoils, is lost, is infested with insects or eaten by rodents, gets wet in the rain, leaks away or goes uneaten for numerous reasons, all of which sound packaging principles can prevent. Furthermore, in a poor economy that can afford no waste, no industries recover secondary value from food by-products.
The United Nations maintains staff whose purpose is to increase packaging level and sophistication in less-developed countries. Packaging is perceived to be a weapon against world hunger.
现代包装
⒈包装发展的必要性与发展前景
回首往昔，包装的变化发展历程是显而易见的。这些产品的包装影响了人们对产品的消费和购买方式，从而可见消费和包装的关系是很紧密的。谁也不能确定明天的社会需要会是一种什么场景，然而，包装专业人员们必须始终把注意力转向包装行业，因为这是将来市场的需要。
在大众包装行业推动包装工业革命继续运作的今天，消费者市场的继续增长。“商店丛生”可能是80世纪以来对包装进入一新阶段的最好的描述。人们今天的消费商品率大于自1935年以来的4到5倍。这些货物的大部分是否有存在的必要，关乎着我们可以称之为的“美好生活”。
在20世纪下半年，包装被赋予一个全新的角色，即为消费者提供了主要购买动机，这种魅力货物本身，从而使货物的扩散如此之高。架子上的10个同类产品，即这些产品拥有类似的性能和质量，唯一的胜出方法便是产品的包装。营销旨在使购物者亲身接触产品来体现其生活方式，情感价值观念，潜意识的图像，其功能和优势超出基本产品本身任何东西，而不是竞争对手。在某些情况下，软包装已成为产品，偶尔的包装已成为娱乐。
在全球范围内，城市化的趋势仍在继续，需要以大规模的城市综合体可承受的价格来提供更多高品质食品，进而继续挑战包装是一个问题。消费者市场和这些消费率对生态环境的影响，使人们产生了一种新的值得关注的包装观念。
市民在化妆，需求，风格，观念和消费的意愿在不断地变化。专业的包装必须了解和跟上这些变化及历史的进程。
⒉包装和现代工业社会
当食品包装部门接受检查时，现代工业社会包装的重要性是最明显的。有机食品是性质上特征之一是会拥有动物或植物的来源。例如，总的来说，有机物是有一个有限的自然生物的生活。在以后的生活中减少了肉类可能是不适于人类消费的观念。有些动物性蛋白质产品，如海鲜，可在数小时内恶化。
自然保质期以植物为基础的食品取决于植物的种子和植物的一部分参与。水果果肉的部分往往寿命很短，而种子的部分，它从性质上说已生存至少到下一个生长季节，保质期会更长些。茎叶分离的活体植物保质期通常是短暂的。
除了有一个有限的天然保质期，大多数食物是有其特殊地理和季节性要求的。因此，土豆和苹果生长在少数北美地区和收获期间短成熟期。如果世界上没有包
装，我们将不能收集储存喜欢的食物，而仅限于享受每个食物其自然寿命。
遍布全国各地的人们整年能够被提供新鲜的土豆，苹果，或来自天然产品的再加工产品是通过适当的贮存、包装和运输技术来实现的。在任何时间，任何地点整个马铃薯，罐头，粉状的，片状的，切断的，冷冻的情况下，这种能力提供了巨大的社会自由和流动。不像不发达的社会地区，我们选择在哪里生活已不被受到限制，因为我们已不再生活在为粮食生产的能力的问题所困扰领域。粮食生产包装更加专业化和高效率的增长。作物和畜牧业被转移到生产最经济的区域，没有考虑眼前市场。最重要的是，我们自由的自然周期是典型的社会依赖于自然区域的粮食生产周期。
中央处理允许恢复值从通常会在被浪费中的物质中产生。副产品的加工来自于食品工业基础的其他子行业。鸡毛富含高蛋白，妥善处理，可以反馈给下一代的鸡只。蔬菜废物可以作为牛或猪的食物。经过压榨的蔗渣、废糖甘蔗，是纤维造纸的重要原材料。提炼鱼鳞中的一种物质可以作为油漆和指甲油的添加剂。
制造经济耐用品也取决于良好的包装。产品的成本直接关系到产量。一个设施单位每年为当地出售10000自行车。一厂3亿台自行车作为廉价销售，工厂打算捕捉国家设施。双方将在世界标志设施竞争中失败的100万美元。但是，对于一个国家或国际自行车生产要取得成功，这就必须可能是在其他地区有一种办法让产品到达市场。再次，在这种情况下，完善的包装是系统部分的关键。
一些行业若没有一个国际市场就不可能存在。例如，加拿大是一个制造照射设备的较大制造商，但加拿大市场不可能支持这样的制造能力。但是，通过对世界各地的出售，成立一个制造工厂成为可行。除了照射机械和仪器仪表需要包装，对具有安全要求的辐射设备和运输的放射性同位素的出售进行包装成为一个对自我的挑战。
⒊世界包装
本次讨论中已提到了原始包装和包装的演变职能。然而，在如今的社会条件下，几乎每一个阶段人类的包装业全球性进展都是不断发展的。因此，在一个高度发达的国家将对选择包装封装类型感到烦恼。他们要高价买进以吸引目标买家及大方消费的图形的由营销集团开发的图像。在欠发达国家，消费者很高兴能吃到食物，不管食物是否进行封装。在极端的情况下，正如他们二千年前的消费观，消费者将自己手工包装或消耗粮食现货。
包装较发达国家有时很难与欠发达的国家进行货物往来。原因很简单，他们各自的包装是完全不同的使他们相互之间很难达成共识。同样，发展中国家试图出售商品，而北美市场无法理解我们专注于包装和图形。
包装在大米销售市场上起到不同的作用，完全是因为它被使用的意义不同。在北美市场，消费者可能面临来自五个不同的公司提供的30t大米这样的变化。
如果所有的大米是好的，在品质上都没有处于劣势，请问卖家如何创造一个特别收消费者偏爱的大米？消费者会怎么进行区分？因此，包装在这一进程中起着很大的作用。
封装密集的发达国家有时会出现包装过度现象，经调查包装过度确实存在。然而，北美还享有世界上最便宜的食品，只需要大约11至14 ％的可支配收入。欧洲食品成本约20 ％的可支配收入，以及在较不发达国家的粮食可采取95 ％的家庭收入。
简单地说，在一些少数情况下，欠发达的国家没有足够的土地来筹集足够的食物是真实存在的。联合国的研究表明，许多国家针对他们的人口现状及实际筹到的食物的确存在饥饿现象。然而，没有足够的手段，维护，保护和运输，高达50 ％的粮食从来没有保存下来供人食用。食品超出其自然生物的生命，破坏，丢失，受昆虫或被老鼠吃了，在雨中被淋湿，泄漏，或不适宜再食用等众多原因，为了避免这些现象要有良好的包装原则。此外，在贫穷的经济条件下，拥有包装能保证没有浪费。
联合国工作人员维持着包装行为，其目的是在欠发达国家提高包装水平和包装的复杂程度。包装对世界饥饿人群也用重要的意义。