贸易英语复习资料

《经贸知识英语》复习资料

Lesson 1

1. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of

goods and services produced in one country with those produced

in another.

2. International specialization: one country producing more of

a commodity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to

other countries.

3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a

country is less efficient than another in the production of

both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in

producing both commodities, there is still a basis for

mutually beneficial trade.

4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage

比较利益：comparative advantage

5. rich in advantage over point on across borders

6.Translation:

(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely

self- sufficient.

(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

With the development of manufacturing and technology, there

arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international

specialization.

(3) 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。

According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade

partners can benefit from trade.

(4) 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。

Comparative advantage is not a static concept; a country may

develop a particular comparative advantage through its own

actions.

(5) 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。

The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone

of modern thinking on international trade.

Lesson 2

1. Economies of scale: that is, the cost advantages of

large-scale production.

2. Tariff barriers: are the most common form of trade

restriction.

3. A tariff: is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses

the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with

the area of a country.

4. A customs union: a customs area extending beyond national

boundaries to include two or more independent nations is

called a customs union.

5. Import duties: are tariffs levied on goods entering an

area.

6. Export duties: are taxes levied on goods leaving an area.

7. Drawback: refers to duties paid on imported goods that are

refunded if the goods are reexported.

8. Most -favored -nation (MFN) treatment: refers to a tariff

treatment under which a country is required to extend to all

signatories any tariff concessions granted to any

participating country.

9. Quotas or quantitative restrictions: are the most common

form of non-tariff barriers. A quota limits the imports or

exports of a commodity during a given period of time.

10. 需求结构：patterns of demand 生产能力：production capabilities

消费爱好：consumption preference 规模经济：economies of scale

成本优势：cost advantage 大规模生产：large-scale production

关税和配额：tariffs and quotas 外汇：foreign exchange

革新或款式：innovation or style 移民汇款：immigrant remittance

11. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on

take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to

engage in

12.Translation:

(1) 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。

The cost of product will decrease with the expansion of

production scale.

(2) 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。

In reality, complete specialization may never take place even

though it is economically advantageous.

(3) 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。

Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form

of non-tariff barriers.

(4) 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。

The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the

invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.

(5) 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。

The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex,

often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.

Lesson 3

1. Consignment transaction: this means the exporter has to

send his goods abroad and will not get payment until the goods

are sold. If not sold, the goods can be shipped back.

2. The draft: also referred to as the bill of exchange, is an

unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of

money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.

3. Sight draft: calls for immediate payment on presentation to

the drawee.

4. Usance draft: is payable at a later date, e.g.30, 45,60 or

90 days after sight or date.

5. Documentary draft: the draft is accompanied by the relevant

documents such as the bill of lading, the invoice, the

insurance policy etc.

6. Documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be

released to the importer until payment is effected.

7. D/P at sight: requires immediate payment by the importer to

get hold of the documents.

8. D/P after sight: gives the importer a certain period after

presentation of the documents, but documents are not released

to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.

9. Documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed

over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of

exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will not be made until

a later date. D/A is always after sight.

10.外汇管制：foreign exchange control 预付现金：cash in advance

记帐贸易：open account 破产：go bankrupt

11.add up to (amount to) have/gain control over part with (分手)

enter into on demand (立即) hand over to (交给)

push the sale(促销) tie up money（占压资金）make/effect payment

open/issue/establish L/C with bank in one"s favor (以谁为受益人)

12. Translation:

(1) 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。

In international trade, both the exporter and importer face

risks as there is always the possibility that the other party

may fail to fulfil the contract.

(2) 为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。

Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with

different situations in international trade.

(3) 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命

令。

A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of

the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.

(4) 即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。

Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment

by the importer to get hold of the documents.

(5) 就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。

So far as the exporter"s interest is concerned D/P at sight is

more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable

than D/A.

Lesson 4

1. The letter of credit: is a letter issued by a bank at the

request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon

presentation of the relevant documents.

2. The confirming bank: the bank that adds its confirmation to

the credit is called the confirming bank which is undertaken

either by the advising bank or another prime bank.

3. Negotiating bank: if a bank, either nominated by the

opening bank or at its own choice, buys the exporter"s draft

submitted to it under a credit, it is called a negotiating

bank.

4. 支付方法：method of payment 发货：dispatch the goods

条款：terms and conditions 保兑信用证：confirmed letter of credit

分批可转船：partial shipments or transshipment运载船支：carrying vessel

统一惯例：the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits

5. match…with (与…一致) at the request of be concerned with (关心)

(1) 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。

In international trade it is almost impossible to match

payment with the physical delivery of the goods.

(2) 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。

The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security

to both the seller and the buyer.

(3) 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。

Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th

century and had substantial development after the First World

War.

(4) 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。

Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he

does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may

sometimes require confirmed letter of credit.

(5) 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。

Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and

stipulations.

Lesson 5

1. Clean draft: draft not accompanied with shipping documents,

for payment are clean credit.

2. Documentary credit: credits that require shipping documents

to be presented together with the draft.

3. Irrevocable credits: are those that cannot be amended or

revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.

4. Revocable credit: the credit is a revocable one if such

commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting

with the beneficiary.

5. Confirmed credit: if a credit is confirmed by a bank other

than the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit.

6. Sight credit: is one by which payment can be made upon

presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the

beneficiary to the bank, a sight credit calls for a sight

draft.

7. Usance credit: is one by which payment cannot be made until

a specific date or a specific time after the date or after

sight, this type of credit requires a usance draft.

8. Transferable credit: if a credit can be transferred by the

original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a

transferable credit.

9. Non-draft credit: there is a modern tendency for payment to

be made by presentation of the documents without the formality

of drawing and presenting a draft.

10. Revolving credit: if a credit stipulated that its amount

can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the

credit being made.

11. Accompany with/by consult with(和…协商)

(1) 信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。

Letters of credit are classified into different types

according to their function, form, and mechanism.

(2) 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。

Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade

settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in

commodity trade.

(3) 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。

In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly

upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.

(4) 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天，60天甚至可长达180天。

A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the

usance varies from 30,60, to as long as 180 days.

(5)

如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的称作第二受益人。

A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be

transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more

parties. The original beneficiary is called the first

beneficiary, and the party (or parties) the credit is

transferred to is called the second beneficiary.

(6) 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。

The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of

payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting

parties should make their best choice according to the

specific conditions.

Lesson 6

1. Contract: is an agreement which sets forth binding

obligations of the relevant parties. It is enforceable by law,

and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual

obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

2. Firm offer: is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.

In making a firm offer, mention should be made of the time of

shipment and the mode of payment desired n addition to an

exact description of the goods including the quantity,

quality, specifications, packing, etc. The validity period is

indispensable to a firm offer.

3. 业务范围：business line 不可抗力：force majeur

合同正文：contract proper 通常作法：usual practice

4. make compensation give rise to disputes (引起争执)

binding upon send/make/mail an offer (发盘) in relation to (关于)

set up (结构)

5. Translation:

(1) 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。

A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to

fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to

make compensation.

(2) 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。

Oral business negotiations refer to face-to -face discussions

or those conducted through international truck calls.

(3) 买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘

的人无约束力。

Inquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the

goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.

(4) 有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。

The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that

remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted

or rejected.

(5) 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。

A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be

invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.

Lesson 7

1. Commercial invoice: generally called "the invoice" for

short, this document is the general description of the quality

and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It

constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be

prepared.

2. The Bill of Lading: is one of the most important documents

and has three major functionsJ It serves as a cargo receipt

signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper or consignor;

J It constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier

and the consignor; J It is a document of title to the goods,

and the legal holder of the bill of lading is the owner of the

goods it covers.

3. Clean bill of lading: is one which states that the goods

have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is

meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks

concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.

4. An on board bill of lading: indicates that the shipment has

been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port

of destination.

5. Straight bill of lading: is made out so that only the named

consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the

bill.

6. 重量单: weight list/note/memo 合法持有人: legal holder

抬头作成"凭指定"：make out "to order" 唛头: shipping marks

发货港：port of shipment 修饰性的话: qualifying remarks

空运单：airway bill 保险单: insurance policy

保险证书: insurance certificate 海关发票: customs invoice

投保金额和险别: the amount insured and the risks covered

领事发票:consular invoice/ visa 装船通知: shipping advice

6. have difficulties in doing comply with (符合) by no

means(决不能)

stipulate for (规定要求……) be bound to(有义务做……)

bound for (车、船开往某地之意)

7. Translation:

(1) 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。

It is very important to use correct documents in international

trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking

delivery of the goods.

(2) 商业发票，一般称"发票"，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。

The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a

general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and

total value of the goods.

(3) 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。

It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks

they are exposed to in the course of transportation.

(4) 已装船提单表明货物已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。

An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been

actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the

port of destination.

(5) 清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。

A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods

have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which

means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing

and the outer appearance of the goods.

Lesson 8

1. 国际贸易术语解释通则：INCOTERMS: international rules for the

interpretation of trade terms

2. 国际商会: ICC: International Chamber of Commerce

3. 电子数据交换: EDI: Electronic Data Interchange

4. 滚装滚卸的: roll on -roll off traffic 近海: short-sea

结关: customs clearance 至关重要: of vital importance

自始至终: all the way 摆开: setting out

可转让装运单据: negotiable transport document

到…程度: to…degree

5. FOB: (Free on Board) 船面交货价,即"起运港船上交货价"

CFR: (Cost and Freight) 兼付运费货价,即"成本加运费价"

CIF: (Cost, Insurance, Freight) 兼付运费保险费货价,即"成本加运费加保险费价"

6. be compatible with (与…一致) for the sake of (为…的利益)

7.Translation:

(1) 包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。

Packing should be made according to the requirement of

transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the

particular type of packing required for transportation the

goods safely to destination.

(2)

在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。

In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the

inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless

otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the

charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.

(3) 进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据的将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。

The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are

being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which

are very convenient for use.

(4) 在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。

Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and

the seller are grouped under 10 headings.

(5) 1990年的贸易术语能够适应日益广泛使用的电子数据交换。

The 1990 version of Incoterms can meet the requirement of the

increasing use of electronic data interchange.

Lesson 9

1. Transportation: is defined as the movement of freight and

passengers from one location to another. In a formal sense,

freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of

commodities and advancement of business.

2. There types of carrier ownership are legal forms of

transportation:

(1) common carriers, (2) contract carriers, (3) private

carriers.

3. 经济增长：economic growth 产品自然领域：natural product provinces

节约成本：cost economies 中间产品：intermediate products

生产方式：production approach 产成品：finished products

4. play roles in (起…作用) consist of implication for

5. Translation:

(1) 毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。

There is no doubt that a society without an advanced

transportation system remains primitive.

(2) 这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。

The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and

capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and

disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck,

pipeline and air.

(3) 过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。

The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business

firms to provide their own transportation capability.

(4) 作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更消闲。

As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than

we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.

(5)

最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。

Another factor that has thrust transportation into the

limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of

just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production

approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of

production inputs.

Lesson10

1. Insurance: is a social device in which a group of

individuals and business enterprises transfer risk and

provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all

members who transferred risk.

2. 对外贸易：overseas trade 时滞：time lag 索赔：claim compensation

3. carry /bear/ run the risks (承担风险) in association with

(与…联合)

refer to + n take…share of (占…份额) aim at doing (旨在做…)

place upon (放在…) be exposed to (暴露)

fill/ supply/ stop/ close/ bridge the gap (填补空白)

4. Translation:

(1) 保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。

Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the

individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the

uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.

(2) 即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。

Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to

pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather

than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.

(3) 对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费用也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。

In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to

loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is

substantially higher than that for a house or a car.

(4) 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可能腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。

The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds

for investment in the production of other items.

(5) 因此，货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。

Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the

burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the

underwriters.

Lesson11

1. Insurable interest: holds that no one may insure anything

unless he has an interest in it, which means that if the thing

insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its

preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or lost the

assured will be adversely affected.

2. Indemnity: holds that a contract of insurance is one which

restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position

as he was in before the loss occurred.

3. Contribution: is a sub-principle which is associated with

indemnity. It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure

twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both

insurers.

4. 价格条件：terms of sale 崭新的：brand-new 占用的资金：the capital tied up

货运代理行：freight forwarder 平安险：F.P.A.(Free Particular Average)

水渍险: W.A./ W.P.A.(With Particular Average)

5. take out (制定) take over(接管) insure sth with sb (通过…投保)

pay up for (承担) be substituted for(取代…) be entitled

to+n/doing(有权力)

draw up / make out (开出保险单)

6.Translation:

(1) 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。

An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support

it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be

entertained.

(2) 尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同无效。

Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the

underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.

(3) 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。

A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has

suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the

loss occurred.

(4) 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商

定的百分比，如10%。

The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost

plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage,

say 10%.

(5) 如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司不予赔偿。

The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk

covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.

Lesson 12

1. Barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is

completed in a short period of time.

2. Counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a

transferable obligation through separate but linked contract

to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from

the importer or importing country.

3. Buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment

to take back in the future part of the output produced by

these goods as full or partial payment.

4. 对销贸易：counter trade 中央计划经济国家：centrally planned economies

进出口合同：cross-border contracts 政策目标：policy objectives

竞争性贬值：competitive devaluations 金融市场：financial market

清算系统：clearing system 实际头寸: net positions

补偿贸易：compensation trade 贸易信贷往来账户：trade credit accounts

欧洲支付联盟：（EPU）European Payment Union

石油输出国组织：(OPEC) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries

5. be associated with collapse in trade flows(贸易往来)

be subject to(以…为准) 记账单位：unit of account

6. Translation:

1、由于反向贸易经济常是在欠发达国家和计划经济国家之间进行的，它一般是与这些国家的政策目标相互联系的。

As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies

and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with

policy objectives in these countries.

2、实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。

Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of

assorted kinds of goods and services.

3、回购贸易和反向贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比反向贸易要延续更长一段时间。

Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually

stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase

deal.

4、在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。

In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.

5、尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.

初一英语期末考试试题以及答案--人教版

初一英语期末考试试题以及答案--人教版 笔试部分（100分） Ⅰ. 单项选择。(15分) ( )1. Lucy and Lily _____ China next week. A. is visit B. are visiting C. visit D. visits ( )2. —How do you go to work? —I usually go to work _____. A. by a car B. in a car C. on a car D. by cars ( )3. —Must I finish my homework now? —No, you _____. A. may not B. mustn’t C. can’t D. needn’t ( )4. They each _____ a CD in their bags. A. have B. has C. is D. are ( )5. It is a good time _____. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang ( )6. Find the answer _____ the question, please. A. of B. with C. to D. for ( )7. —_____ do you go for a picnic? —Once a month. A. How long B. How many times C. How often D. How many time ( )8. —_____ will you stay in America? —About two months. A. How many B. How often C. How long D. How ( )9. She’s good at _____. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads ( )10. —Mum, I’ m going to Ann’ s party this evening. —_____. A. Why not B. Have a good time C. Come back early D. Good idea ( )11. —I’m going to Hawaii with my aunt this month for my holiday. —_____! A. Have a good time B. Best wishes to them C. Thand you very much D. It’s OK ( )12. —Excuse me, which is the way to the post office? —Sorry. I’m new here. —_____. A. Not at all B. Bad luck C. Thank you all the same D. Thank you ( )13. —Would you like to go for a picnic with us? —_____, but I’m too busy. A. No, I can’t B. I’d like C. Yes, I’d love to D. Why not ( )14. Leo likes _____, but he doesn’t like _____ now. A. hike; hiking B. hikes; hiking

小学英语工作总结

小学英语工作总结 ——WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改—— 眨眼之间，一个学期过去了，总的来说，我在这个学校已经工作了四年多了，由当初的的不成熟到现在的成熟，的的确确有了很多的改变，也有很多的感触，现将本学期的工作总结如下： 一、政治思想方面：我认真学习新的教育理论，及时更新教育理念，积极参加继续教育与校本培训。在学习的过程中自己也积累了不少别人的经验，也了解到新的教育形式不允许我们在课堂上重复讲书，我们必须具有先进的教育观念，才能适应教育的发展。所以我不但注重集体的政治理论学习，还注意从书本中汲取营养，认真学习仔细体会新形势下怎样做一名好教师。 二、教育教学方面：要提高教学质量，关键是上好课。为了上好课，我做了下面的工作： 1、课前准备：备好课。备课不仅仅是备教材，备教学步骤，真正的是要备到学生，想学生所想，他们喜欢什么样的课，什么样的课才吸引他们，上课过程中学生遇到类似的情况会有怎么样的反应，而教师又要根据学生的反应作出相对应的反应。 2、认真钻研教材，对教材的基本思想、基本概念，每句话、每个字都弄清楚，了解教材的结构，重点与难点，那样就避免了以往要学生掌握过多内容，产生畏难情绪的缺点，同时掌握知识的逻辑，新旧知识的联系，知道让学生学好当前知识，要从哪方面下手，应补充哪些资料，怎样才能教好。

3、了解学生原有的知识技能的质量，他们的兴趣、需要、方法、习惯，学习新知识可能会有哪些困难，采取相应的预防措施。二年级学生刚接触英语不久，对学习英语有极大的兴趣，因此课堂气氛一定要活跃，以吸引他们的注意力;五年级学生已经学习了两年英语，他们对学习英语有持续的兴趣，渴望学到更多的英语知识，因此在备课是应该注重对语法的讲解。 4、考虑教法，解决如何把已掌握的教材传授给学生，包括如何组织教材、如何安排每节课的活动。 5、课堂上的情况。我注重组织好课堂教学，关注全体学生，注意信息反馈，调动学生的有意注意，使其保持相对稳定性，同时，激发学生的情感，使他们产生愉悦的心境，创造良好的课堂气氛，课堂语言简洁明了，克服了以前重复的毛病，课堂提问面向全体学生，注意引发学生学英语的兴趣，课堂上游戏，歌曲结合，布置好家庭作业，让学生回家读读英语，说说英语。 6、要提高教学质量，还要做好课后辅导工作，小学生爱动、好玩，缺乏自控能力，常在学习上不能按时完成作业，有的学生回家不肯读书，复习，针对这种问题，就要抓好学生的思想教育，并使这一工作惯彻到对学生的学习指导中去，还要做好对学生学习的辅导和帮助工作，尤其在后进生的转化上，对后进生努力做到从友善开始，比如，握握他的手，摸摸他的头，或帮助整理衣服。从赞美着手，所有的人都渴望得到别人的理解和尊重，所以，和差生交谈时，对他的处境、想法表示深刻的理解和尊重。

自考英语二复习资料汇总总结

重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者 请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school __organized_____ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _organizational_ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _organization_________. 4). He is the ____organizer______ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简

Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is simple_____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while __simplified__ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, becau se it is __simply_____ a question of procedure. 4). The _simplification_____ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论；argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事；argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不

大学英语综合教程4复习资料

词汇 1. Throughout history, many people have attempted to find the __A___ secret to success, but relatively few have actually done it. a. elusive b. evasive c. illusory d. eloquent 2. It was hard for Cynthia to remain uninvolved with the controversy since she is such a __C___ part of the company. a. visibility b. risible c. visible d. visibly 3. "Officer Clarke, in the best interest of the case, please consider absolutely everything to be at your __B___." a. dispose b. disposal c. disposing d. disposed 4. The mountain climbers demonstrated a(n) __D___ feat of selflessness when they turned around to help an injured stranger. a. advantageous b. gorgeous c. outrageous d. courageous 5. Many movie stars are notorious for wearing excessive amounts of expensive __A___. a. jewellery b. jewels c. jewelers d. jewelling 6. Her novel successfully __C___ an entire generation of young women to believe they could be whatever they wanted. a. emboldened b. embittered c. empowered d. embroidered 7. I'm not really a __B___ of pop culture trends, so can you explain that reference to me? a. flower b. follower c. fellow d. fallowing 8. We just moved into town so we're still a little __D___. a. unsettling b. settlers c. settled d. unsettled 9. The movie is fantastic, but you'll need to __B___ your disbelief toward the end. a. upend b. suspend c. depend d. misspend 10. Don't __A___ Jack's determination to do whatever it takes to win. a. underestimate b. overestimate c. estimate d. misestimate 11. As judge, I __A___ over this courtroom and have the final say on all matters. a. preside b. reside c. presume d. resume 12. Please stay back! This is a __C___ area! a. constricted b. districted c. restricted d. unrestricted

初一英语期末考试试题以及答案人教版

笔试部分（100分） Ⅰ. 单项选择。(15分) ( )1. Lucy and Lily _____ China next week. A. is visit B. are visiting C. visit D. visits ( )2. —How do you go to work? —I usually go to work _____. A. by a car B. in a car C. on a car D. by cars ( )3. —Must I finish my homework now? —No, you _____. A. may not B. mustn’t C. can’t D. needn’t ( )4. They each _____ a CD in their bags. A. have B. has C. is D. are ( )5. It is a good time _____. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang ( )6. Find the answer _____ the question, please. A. of B. with C. to D. for ( )7. —_____ do you go for a picnic? —Once a month. A. How long B. How many times C. How often D. How many time ( )8. —_____ will you stay in America? —About two months. A. How many B. How often C. How long D. How ( )9. She’s good at _____. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads ( )10. —Mum, I’ m going to Ann’ s party this evening. —_____. A. Why not B. Have a good time C. Come back early D. Good idea ( )11. —I’m going to Hawaii with my aunt this month for my holiday. —_____! A. Have a good time B. Best wishes to them C. Thand you very much D. It’s OK ( )12. —Excuse me, which is the way to the post office? —Sorry. I’m new here. —_____. A. Not at all B. Bad luck C. Thank you all the same D. Thank you ( )13. —Would you like to go for a picnic with us? —_____, but I’m too busy. A. No, I can’t B. I’d like C. Yes, I’d love to D. Why not ( )14. Leo likes _____, but he doesn’t like _____ now. A. hike; hiking B. hikes; hiking C. hiking; to hike D. hiking; hiking ( )15. The flowers smell _____. A. well B. badly C. good D. much well Ⅱ. 完形填空。（15分） One day there was an argument (争论) between the wind and the sun. “ I’m much 1 than you, ”said the wind.“No, I don’t agree with you!”said the sun. While they were arguing, they saw a man 2 along the road. He is wearing a heavy coat. The sun said to the wind, “Now, let 3 see who can make the man take 4 his coat. Then we will know who is stronger.” First the wind tried. It began to blow very hard. It blew 5 hard that the man pulled (拉)his coat around him. The wind was 6 with the man. Then it said to the sun，“Now, it’s your 7 . ” The sun started to 8 on the man. Soon it got very 9 ! The man took off his coat. The argument was over. We know the 10 was stronger now. （）1.A. strong? B. strongly C. stronger

小学英语学科工作总结

小学英语学科工作总结 一、常规工作，扎实完成各项工作。 1.一学期教研员走遍全区30所学校，听课近200节，组织承办了两次市级研讨活动，12次区级研讨会和集备活动。研讨中以研读教材为重点，以“如何落实目标”为核心开展了一系列专题研讨活动，注重研讨实效性，以提高全区英语课堂教学效率。将跟踪联系学校作为本学年提高教学质量的一项重要措施，结合学校实际情况，多次参与、指导了宁二、燕儿岛、莱芜等学校的校本教研活动。组织区六年级总复习研讨，明确复习方向并邀请区七年级教师参与研讨，扎实落实初小衔接工作。 2.命题工作：本学期进行了各年级期中、期末命题、随机质检、毕业考试以及初一新生分班考试命题，均能做到确保质量，高效完成。 二、圆满完成教体局、教育研究指导中心的专题工作。 1.教师素养提升活动：举行了小学英语教师“教师素养提升”口语技能展示活动。并组织了全员教师素养测试，全区200余位小学在职英语教师参与了此次活动。掀起了全区小学英语教师大练基本功的热潮。 2.生活化素材搜集工作：给学校提供了案例的撰写模式，此模式与以往备课的不同点在于对课文的背景、教学内容、学情分析和设计理念等方面结合生活情境作了详尽的分析，在重点目标的落实中更加突出了设计意图，针对语言的拓展与运用进行相关的教学反思，案例

最后要求提供与学习内容有关的文化背景介绍，为今后的教学提供更为真实有效的素材。在案例征集活动中，各校教师积极参与，共有17所学校的教师上交了生活化案例54篇，针对这些案例结合下发的模板要求，教研员都分别给予了评价。 三、培训练兵，完善梯队建设，取得佳绩。 1.本年度组织、参加、承办了区、市、省各级优质课比赛，选拔出4位教师参加市级优质课比赛，4位老师全部通过市优质课理论测试，进入上课比赛，即均取得了市优质课一、二等奖的好成绩。 2.承办省小学英语优质课比赛。4月25日至30日，市教研室委托我区承办了省优质课比赛。比赛的筹备，包括场地的准备、选手的抽签程序、上课学生的组织、省领导及评委的作息、食宿等安排一直有条不紊。我区周到、细致、得体的组织工作给来自全省的评委及教师们留下深刻印象。市实验小学、嘉峪关学校严密、忙而不乱的组织工作以及学生们在课堂上积极踊跃的参与教学活动的状态，标准、流利的语音语调和用英语表达思想的表现，展现了良好的学习风貌，体现了我区较高的小学英语教学水平。 同时，我区两位选手参加了省小学英语优质课比赛。山东省小学英语优质课比赛每两年举行一次，是全省最高水平的教学大赛，选手均为各地、市英语优质课比赛中选拔出的最优秀的选手。本届比赛由青岛市教研室承办，赛场分别设在市实验小学和嘉峪关学校。来自全省的50名选手分两个场地，采用现场抽课、36小时备课后直接上课的形式参赛。我区两位选手以较高的专业素质、大方得体的教态、娴

综合英语二复习资料

综合英语2词型转换 １. Many foreign words and phrases have enriched the English language. (rich) ２. They were the most notable pioneers in translation. (note) ３. There is an overhead fan in his room. (head) ４. Some advertisements are misleading. (lead) ５. We should adopt effective measure to preserve the eyesight of the adolescents. (effect) 6. She was paying a big price for her stupidity. (stupid) 7. His performance in the sports meet was not good. (perform) 8. He was wounded in the brutal war. (brute) 9. They are busy with preparing for the evening gathering. (gather) 10. The animals grew restlessly as if in anticipation of an earthquake. (rest) 11. I think the tendency to give children many toys and clothes is quite common in American families. (tend) 12. The children will feel unloved if they don’t have the same playthings their friends have. (love) 13. It is unreasonable for children to ask their parents for too many things. (reason) 14. You can judge his feeling from his facial expressions. (face) 15. He left the house without my awareness. (aware) 16. Hughie thought the model should have a percentage. (percent) 17. Now he was unemployed and stayed at home. (employ) 18. He was a man with great wealth. (wealthy) 19. In the relationship with others, you will notice some annoying habits. (annoy) 20. For some people, it may take several days to readjust, depending on the length of time they were away. (adjust) 21. The plan was set up to give expert advice to first time house buyers. (advise)

(完整版)初一英语期末试卷人教版

初一英语期末试卷人教版（新目标） Ⅰ. 词语运用。（共5小题，每小题1分，计5分） 根据下列句子的意思及所给的汉语提示，写出空缺处单词，固定短语或固定搭配的正确形式。 1. There are lots of (叶子) near the lake. 2. Penguins need a new (游泳)pool. 3. She is (感兴趣) in Beijing Opera. 4. My pen pal (居住在) Australia. 5. I (去睡觉) at eleven last night. Ⅱ. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。（共5小题，每小题1分，计5分） 6. He put down his book and (see) the boy. 7. Do you enjoy (work) in the city? 8. Helping others can make us (feel) very happy. 9. Don’t talk, the baby (sleep) now. 10. Let’s(help) the girl with her lessons. Ⅲ. 单项选择。（共20小题，每小题1分，计20分） 11. Who’s the young woman the sunglasses? A. in B. has C. wear D. with 12. Listen! Can you hear her in her room? A. sing B. sings C. singing D. is singing 13. —does your uncle do? —A reporter. A. Why B. What C. Where D. How 14. We want the pandas first. A. see B. sees C. to see D. seeing 15. Mall is a good place things. A. buy B. to buy C. buys D. bought 16. The children have homework to do every day. A. many too B. too many C. much too D. too much 17. —What did you do yesterday? —We had great fun in the park. A. plays B. played C. playing D. to play 18. He any classes last week. A. doesn’t have B. didn’t have C. isn’t have D. wasn’t have 19. I’d like to go shopping with you, I’m too busy today. A. but B. and C. so D. or 20. Ann asked us to stop and listen to her. A. talk B. talks C. to talk D. talking 21. The teachers often tell their students their pen in class. A. not to play B. not to play with C. to play D. to play with 22. We have for you as a reporter. A. a work B. works C. jobs D. a job 23. the windows before you leave the classroom. A. To close B. Closing C. Closed D. Close 24. I sit Maria Jim. A. from; to B. between; and C. in; and D. next; to 25. My mother had a little this morning.

小学英语学科工作总结

小学英语学科工作总结 本学期是我担任小学三年级英语教学工作。根据小学英语教学的实际情况，踏着新一轮课程改革的浪潮，以活动为载体，扎实有效地开展了本学期的英语教学工作，在本学期的教学中，我严格遵循教学五环节，课前认真备课，做到既备教材，又备学生，因材施教，努力实施课堂改革，积极探索小学英语快乐课堂，小学阶段英语教学的目的是：激发学生学习英语的兴趣，培养学生学习英语的积极性，使他们树立学习英语的自信心，同时培养学生一定的语感和良好的语音、语调基础，为进一步学习打下基础。在英语课堂教学中，怎样创设良好的学习氛围、激发学生的兴趣是搞好小学英语教学的重要一环。结合本学期教学实践总结教学情况如下： 一、政治思想方面：我认真学习新的教育理论，及时更新教育理念，积极参加继续教育与校本培训。在学习的过程中自己也积累了不少经验，也了解到新的教育形式不允许我们在课堂上重复讲书，我们必须具有先进的教育观念，才能适应教育的发展。所以我不但注重集体的政治理论学习，还注意从书本中汲取营养，认真学习仔细体会新形势下怎样做一名好教师。 二、认真备课，以活动为载体，面向全体授课，师生共同发展。 教学中，备课是一个必不可少，十分重要的环节，备学生，又要备教法。备课不充分或者备得不好，会严重影响课堂气氛和积极性，曾有一位老同事说：“备课备不好，倒不如不上课，否则就是白费心机。”因此，每天我都花费大量的时间在备课之上，认认真真钻研教材和教法，不满意就不收工。虽然辛苦，但事实证明是值得的。学校方面，为了切实抓好课堂教学，本学期多次组织集团教师开展同课异构活动，教师利用定期的开课日，由集团统一安排时间。开课的这一天，所有英语教师都准时参加，而且集团的领导也参加这项活动，这些说明学校领导对英语这一学科的重视。上完课后，学校领导及各位教师共同评课，共同探讨如何上好英语课。每一次活动都能使各位教师学到新的东西，并激励着自己在平时的教学中认真认真实践，不断探索。

小学英语复习资料汇总

小学英语复习资料汇总 第一部分 一、大写字母的运用 1.句首第一个字母大写。 2.人名、国名、节日名、语言名、组织名等专有名词的首字母大写。 3.星期、月份的首字母大写。 4.特指的学校、政府、党派、委员会或涉及具体人名的称呼或职位，首字母大写。 5.某些特殊词汇、缩略词、标志语、特殊用语等，首字母大写或全大写。 6.句中要强调的部分通常全大写。 7.诗的每一行首字母要大写。 二、与字母发音相同的单词 如：Bb-bee, Cc-see/sea, Rr-are, Tt-tea, Ii-I/eye, Oo-oh, Uu-you, Yy-why. 三、缩略形式 如：I’m = I am, you’re = you are, she’s = she is/she has, won’t=will not, can’t =can not, isn’t=is not, let's = let us. 四、同音异形词 如：to/too/two, their/there, right/write,

pair/pear, four/for, know/no, sun/son. 五、反义词 如：day-night, come-go, yes-no, up-down, big-small. short-longtall, fat-thin, low-high, slow-fast, 六、名词复数的变化规则 1.一般情况下，直接加s， 如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds. 2.以s，x，sh，ch 结尾，加es， 如：bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches. 3.以辅音字母加y 结尾，变y 为i, 再加es，如：family-families, hobby-hobbies. 4.以f 或fe 结尾，变f 或fe 为v, 再加es，

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料

《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料 I. Use of English(20%)—交际英语，共10道选择题，每题2分，共20 分。 II.Reading Comprehension (40%)—阅读理解，4篇文章，共20道选择题，每题2分，共40分。 III.Vocabulary and Structure(30%)—词汇与语法，共30道选择题，每题1分，共30分。 IV.Cloze Test (10%)—完形填空，共10道选择题，每题1分，共10分 I. Use of English (10×2) Directions:In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. —Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the railway station? —____________ A. No, I couldn’t. B. Sorry, I don’t know. I’m new here. C. I couldn’t tell you. D. You can’t ask me. 2. — What day is today? — _____________. A. Today is March 24. B. Today is not bad. C. Today is sunny D. Today is Saturday 3. —How do you do? Glad to see you. — _________________________ A. How are you? Me too. B. How do you do? Glad to meet you. C. I am fine, thank you. And you? D. Nice, how are you? 4. —I’m sorry. Bob’s not in his office. — _________ A. Can you take a message for me? B. Are you sure for that? C. Would you like to leave a message? D. Can you phone me?

初一英语期末测试卷及答案

初一英语第二学期期末测试卷(1) （满分：100分时间：90分钟） 一、单项选择(每小题1分,共15分) ( )1. My favourite T-shirt _______me about 100 yuan A uses B. costs C. spends D. pays ( )2. - When did you start to go to school? -_______. A. Two months B. In two months C. After two months D. Two months ago ( )3. -_______do you take your dog for a walk every day, Li Lei? -Once a day. A. How often B. How many times C. How long D. How much ( )4. I didn't have _______to say, so I said _______. A. something; anything B. anything; something C. anything; nothing D. nothing; anything ( )5. Jack's bag is different _______mine. A to B. with C. from D. for ( )6. _______interesting the information is! A. Howa B. What an C. How D. What ( )7. Simon hears his neighbour _______ for help on the street. A. calls B. call C. to called D. calling ( )8. _______ you afraid of _______late for school? A. Are; being B. Are; be C. Do; being D. Do; be ( )9. When the house is on fire, the firemen let people_______ the fire. A. keep away from B. keeping away from C. go into D. to keep away from ( )10.An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and ______ with______ lessons. A me; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. I; our ( )11. Jack enjoys _______basketball but he wants _______football after school. A. to play; playing B. to play; to play C. playing; playing D. playing; to play ( )12. April is ill _______. Let's _______ her this afternoon. A. in the hospital; go to see B. in hospital; go and see C. in hospital; to go and to see

小学英语工作总结

小学英语工作总结 篇一：小学英语工作总结 时光荏苒如白驹过隙有时感觉它快得让人窒息。不知不觉一个学期即将画上句号，又该提笔写上“本学期的教学工作总结”了。 本学期我在小学六年级英语教学工作中自始至终以认真、严谨的治学态度，勤恳、坚持不懈的精神从事教学工作。不知不觉我在英语教育的岗位上已经7个年头了。我深刻地体会到了做一名英语老师的艰辛和快乐我喜欢孩子，喜欢每一个学生，但不是所有的时候喜欢所有的学生。我热爱工作，但不是所有的时候热爱所有的工作。当一天的老师是容易的，但是每天都当好老师是难的。想起书中的话语：做最好的老师，首先要做最好的自己，做最好的自我。“做最好的老师”是一种平和的心态，也是一种激情的行动；是平凡的细节，也是辉煌的人生。我平时在教学过程中，会根据学生的特点采取不同的教学方法，取得了一点成绩。下面就以下几个方面进行总结 一，激发学生学习兴趣。 英语是一门外语，对学生而言，既生疏又困难，尤其是在流动性比较大的民办学校，要教好英语，就要让学生喜爱英语，让他们对英语产生兴趣。因此，我经常结合所教的

内容，讲一些日常生活的事例，或浅而易懂的故事，这样既能扩大学生的视野，又能集中学生精神，使他们觉得课堂气氛不那么单调、枯燥。同时兴趣来自这个年龄段孩子的好奇心，勇敢来自于希望和鼓励。没有赏识，没有成功，也人教版新目标初二下英语同步辅导（一）初中二年级下un...初中二年级下Un...2 就没有了自信，没有了希望。调动学生学习的积极性、主动性，提高课堂的教学质量，按时完成教学任务。 二，英语听、说、读、写方面的情况，英语是语言。一种需要让学生多读，多讲，多练的语言，所以，抓晨读是必要的，两两对话，四人一小组临时结合锻炼，利用身边的任何一次机会尽量提高学生的读，听能力。注重以学生为主体、教师为导的教学方法，充分调动学生的学习积极性。学生有疑难和不懂读的地方，我总是不厌其烦地讲解、分析、带读，力争让他们学了就懂，懂了会用。同时需要理论武装自己，需要不断为自己充电，利用课余时间学习一些教学理论，新课程标准，理念，有针对性地应用于教学活动当中，积极参加各种教研活动。 总之，我们不是最优秀的老师，但是我们可以做到孩子们最喜欢的老师。一个鼓励的眼神，一种肯定的体态语言，一次耐心的个别辅导，一句赞扬的话语都将成为一个受孩子

专业英语复习资料小结

bar graph n.条形图 equalization n.均衡化;均等 image contrast n.图像对比度 addition n.加 subtraction n.减 lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降 time-lapsed (时间上)相继的 matrix n.矩阵 motion n.运动, 动作v.运动 dimension n.维数 convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线 blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊, sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的 locate v.定位, 位于 spectra n.范围, 光谱 spectrum n.光谱, 频谱 phase spectrum相位频谱 magnitude spectrum幅度频谱 facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印 lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像 DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换 run-length encoding行程编码 Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码 Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别 Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素 Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图 Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器 electronic component 电子器件 data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断 power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账 embedded system 嵌入式系统 radio frequency 射频 schematic原理图 capture记录,输入 building block模块,构件 EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化 HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言 Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）