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2016ACA学习资料.pdf

january 2014 vital vital january 2014

A thorough understanding of the changes in the Finance Act 2013 is essential to passing your tax exams

hen it comes to exams, trainee chartered accountants tend to make the same mistake. They

assume that accountancy exams are similar to university exams - and that they can be passed with a dollop of effort and a modicum of original thought.

What many fail to realise is that the level of commitment and the necessity of acquiring such a wide range of practical knowledge will have a huge impact on their lifestyle. With that in mind, the purpose of this article is not to tell you how to pass an exam, but how to avoid failing it. Admittedly this can seem like a fine distinction. But while there are many ways in which to pass exams, there is only one method that has consistently proven to be successful in avoiding failure.

The key is an understanding of revision efficiency. Efficiency can be defined as

minimising the quantity of inputs for a given output. The output, in this case, is achieving first-time passes. Although the quantity of inputs does vary between students

depending on overtime commitments (and the propensity to visit the gym/pub/insert your own vice), the good news is that the quantity of inputs, above a certain threshold, is not the key determinant of success. Consistently successful students have learned (usually for themselves, often by a process of trial and error) that the real key to exam success is in the quality of revision inputs. They know that different types of revision input produce different returns. Put simply, they have worked out that they get the best return on their investment of time if they develop a revision technique that is more intense.

Instead of spending hours reading and summarising notes, and turning them into mnemonics, they use every available minute testing themselves with as many past papers and practice questions as they can lay their hands on. Crucially, under conditions that resemble as closely as possible those in the exam room.

This is a technique upon which Kumon, a literacy and numeracy study programme developed in Japan, has built a global business. More than 4.5 million students around the world take a timed daily test in maths or English. Through constant

repetition and self-challenge, they learn both the syllabus and familiarity with exam

technique until it becomes second-nature. We may philosophise about the distinction between acquiring knowledge to pass an

exam and the joy of learning for its own sake, but, until examiners truly find a way to

distinguish between the two, you won’t fail

an exam by repetitive practice. There are also some important collateral benefits derived from investing time in sitting as many past papers as you can under exam conditions. One of the hardest aspects of revising is judging whether you are putting your scarcest resource (time) to best use. Once you decide to focus exclusively on practising past papers, you will never again question how you are using your time. Because, logically, there can be no more efficient use of your time than committing yourself to sit for three hours without

interruption to complete a past paper as if you were in the exam hall, then spending an hour marking it and prioritising areas for self-improvement. Finally, your confidence in this efficiency will increase as you observe others using their time less efficiently.

So how should one put this into practice? First, get hold of as many past papers and sample papers as you possibly can. You can download these from the exam resources area of your dashboard at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/351034530.html,/dashboard.Start sitting past papers under exam

conditions as soon as you can, but certainly no later than a few months before the actual exams. Be as self-critical as possible when marking your papers. Then actively seek out help with those areas where you have identified a need to improve.

If you have followed this advice, when the day of the exam comes you can be supremely confident that you have used your time in the most efficient manner possible. You won’t waste any time thinking whether you did

enough work. You certainly won’t be nervous about how to tackle the questions. You can walk out of that exam hall knowing that you haven’t failed. And, best of all, you will know the reason why .

study TAx ExAMS

Be as self critical as possible when marking your papers. Then actively seek out help with areas where you have identified you need to improve

o you’ve passed a tax exam in 2013 and you are preparing to move onto a

higher-level exam this year. To help you succeed, Matt Dyson of First Intuition summarises some of the main changes in the Finance Act 2013 – and in particular, those changes that are likely to have caught the examiner’s eye.

Overseas aspects

HMRC has been teasing us for years with proposed changes to these rules. So now they have finally been implemented, watch out. These rules are highly likely to be tested in the Tax Compliance, Business Planning: Taxation and Advanced Stage/Level

examinations. In particular, make sure you are aware of the new legislation that replaces the old residency tests. See the ICAEW learning materials for more detail.

enterprise ManageMent incentive (eMi) scheMe

Good news for those with EMI shares – they are more likely to be eligible for entrepreneurs’ relief. The ownership period (at least one year) runs from the date of grant, not exercise. In addition, there is no 5% ownership requirement.

iht spOuse exeMptiOn

You may be aware that, where a UK-domiciled spouse makes a transfer to a non-UK domiciled spouse, there has been a historic limit on the intra-spouse exemption of ￡55,000. This has increased to ￡325,000 to match the nil rate band. There is a new election available for the non-domiciled spouse to elect to be

UK domiciled for IHT (not IT or CGT) so that the limit no longer applies. But this means the person concerned is liable to IHT on worldwide assets and

so will need careful consideration.

cash basis fOr sMall businesses

An unincorporated business with a turnover below the VAT registration limit can calculate taxable profits on a cash, rather than accruals, basis. Even capital expenditure is

deductible. Cash deficits (ie, losses) are carried forward against future cash surpluses (ie, profits).

fixed rate deductiOn fOr expenses

All unincorporated businesses can take advantage of these. In a similar way to the well-known business mileage limits, there are now statutory limits for using part of a home for business purposes, or for working from home.

disincOrpOratiOn relief

Students have been talking about this in their answers for years – but it didn’t exist until now. Where an incorporated business is

transferred to its shareholder(s), assets are now transferred at the lower of cost (or TWDV in the case of goodwill) and MV. This helps alleviate the problem of “double taxation,” that occurs on the distribution of assets.

r&d

Large companies can now choose a new relief called above-the-line R&D relief instead of the 30%

enhanced relief. Under this regime the company deducts R&D costs as normal but then adds a 10% credit to their profits (above the line) and deducts the same 10% credit from their tax liability (below the line). For a 23% company the net impact is an overall 7.7% saving (23% of 10% minus 10%). This compares favourably to the 6.9% saving for the enhanced relief (23% of 30%). Confused? See your learning materials for an example.

alsO…

Don’t forget to review your rates and allowances. Look out for a new top rate of IT; reduced main rate of CT; and new CO2 car limits. For information on ACA courses offered by First Intuition visit https://www.wendangku.net/doc/351034530.html,/icaew

Happy new (tax) year

Mark Shelton is an Associate of Kaplan

Hawksmere specialising in Business Partnering. For further information contact mark.shelton@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/351034530.html,

元素周期表高清

元素周期表元素周期表是1869年俄国科学家门捷列夫(Dmitri Mendeleev)首创的，后来又经过多名科学家多年的修订才形成当代的周期表。元素周期表中共有118种元素。每一种元素都有一个编号，大小恰好等于该元素原子的核内电子数目，这个编号称为原子序数。原子的核外电子排布和性质有明显的规律性，科学家们是按原子序数递增排列，将电子层数相同的元素放在同一行，将最外层电子数相同的元素放在同一列。元素周期表有7个周期，16个族。每一个横行叫作一个周期，每一个纵行叫作一个族。这7个周期又可分成短周期（1、2、3）、长周期（4、5、6）和不完全周期（7）。共有16个族，又分为7个主族（ⅠA-ⅦA），7个副族（ⅠB-ⅦB），一个第ⅧB族，一个零族。元素在周期表中的位置不仅反映了元素的原子结构，也显示了元

素性质的递变规律和元素之间的内在联系。同一周期内，从左到右，元素核外电子层数相同，最外层电子数依次递增，原子半径递减（零族元素除外）。失电子能力逐渐减弱，获电子能力逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱，非金属性逐渐增强。元素的最高正氧化数从左到右递增（没有正价的除外），最低负氧化数从左到右递增（第一周期除外，第二周期的O、F元素除外）。同一族中，由上而下，最外层电子数相同，核外电子层数逐渐增多，原子序数递增，元素金属性递增，非金属性递减。元素周期表的意义重大，科学家正是用此来寻找新型元素及化合物。 ●排列规则：化学元素周期表是根据原子序数从小至大排序的，化学元素列表大体呈长方形，某些元素周期表中留有空格，使特性相近的元素归在同一族中，如碱金属元素，碱土金属，卤族元素，稀有气体等，这是周期表中形成的元素分区，且分有七主族，七副族，VIII族，0族 ●元素性质口诀：我是氢，我最轻，火箭靠我运卫星;我是氦，我无赖，得失电子我最菜; 我是锂，密度低，遇水遇酸把泡起;我是铍，耍赖皮，虽是金属难电离; 我是硼，电子穷，我和本族大不同;我是碳，反应慢，既能成链又成环;