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Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises

Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises
Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises

国科发火〔2008〕172号

关于印发《高新技术企业认定管理办法》的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市科技厅(局)、财政厅(局)、国家税务局、地方税务局:

根据《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》、《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》的有关规定,经国务院批准,现将《高新技术企业认定管理办法》及其附件《国家重点支持的高新技术领域》印发给你们,请遵照执行。

附件:高新技术企业认定管理办法

科技部财政部国家税务总局

二OO八年四月十四日

Administrative Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises (No. 172 [2008] of the Ministry of Science and Technology)

The science and technology departments (bureaus), finance departments (bureaus), offices of the State Administration of Taxation and local taxation bureaus of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning,

In accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China and Regulation on the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon approval of the State Council, the Administrative Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises and the annex, i.e. the High and New Tech Fields under the Key Support of the State, are hereby printed and distributed to you for your compliance.

Annex: Administrative Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises

Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance, State

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Administration of Taxation

April 14, 2008

Administrative Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises

高新技术企业认定管理办法

第一章总则

Chapter I General Provisions

第一条为扶持和鼓励高新技术企业的发展,根据《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》(以下称《企业所得税法》)、《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》(以下称《实施条例》)有关规定,特制定本办法。

Article 1

With a view to supporting and encouraging the development of high and new tech enterprises, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the EITL) and Regulation on the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the RIEITL).

第二条本办法所称的高新技术企业是指:在《国家重点支持的高新技术领域》(见附件)内,持续进行研究开发与技术成果转化,形成企业核心自主知识产权,并以此为基础开展经营活动,在中国境内(不包括港、澳、台地区)注册一年以上的居民企业。Article 2

The term “high and new tech enterprises” as mentioned in these Measures refers to the resident enterprises that have been registered for one year or longer within China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions), have incessantly devoted to the research and development as well as transformation of technological achievements, have formed their own independent core intellectual property rights and

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are carrying out business activities on this basis.

第三条高新技术企业认定管理工作应遵循突出企业主体、鼓励技术创新、实施动态管理、坚持公平公正的原则。

Article 3

The principles of focusing on the enterprise subjects, encouraging technological innovation, adopting dynamic administration and sticking to fairness and impartiality shall be observed in the administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises.

第四条依据本办法认定的高新技术企业,可依照《企业所得税法》及其《实施条例》、《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》(以下称《税收征管法》)及《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法实施细则》(以下称《实施细则》)等有关规定,申请享受税收优惠政策。Article 4

A high and new tech enterprise determined under these Measures may apply for enjoying the tax preferential policies in pursuance of the EITL, the RIEITL, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of Tax Collection (hereinafter referred to as the LATC) and the Detailed Rules on the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Administration of Tax Collection (hereinafter referred to as the DRILATC).

第五条科技部、财政部、税务总局负责指导、管理和监督全国高新技术企业认定工作。Article 5

The Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation shall be responsible for guiding, administering and supervising the determination of high and new tech enterprises throughout the country.

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第二章组织与实施

Chapter II Organization and Implementation

第六条科技部、财政部、税务总局组成全国高新技术企业认定管理工作领导小组(以下称“领导小组”),其主要职责为:

Article 6

The Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation shall form a leading group for the administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises throughout the country (hereinafter referred to as the leading group), whose main functions are

(一)确定全国高新技术企业认定管理工作方向,审议高新技术企业认定管理工作报告;

(1) to determine the direction of administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises throughout the country and deliberate the reports about administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises;

(二)协调、解决认定及相关政策落实中的重大问题;

(2) to coordinate and solve the significant problems arising during the determination course and during the implementation of relevant policies;(三)裁决高新技术企业认定事项中的重大争议,监督、检查各地区认定工作;(3) to arbitrate the significant disputes arising during the course of determination of high and new tech enterprises and supervise and inspect the determination work of all regions; and

(四)对高新技术企业认定工作出现重大问题的地区,提出整改意见。

(4) to put forward rectification opinions for regions in which significant problems arise during the course of determination of high and new tech enterprises.

第七条领导小组下设办公室。办公室设在科技部,其主要职责为:

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Article 7

An office shall be set up under the leading group. The office shall set up in the Ministry of Science and Technology and shall exercise the following functions:

(一)提交高新技术企业认定管理工作报告;

(1) To submit reports on the administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises;

(二)组织实施对高新技术企业认定管理工作的检查;

(2) To organize inspections on the administration of determination of high and new tech enterprises;

(三)负责高新技术企业认定工作的专家资格的备案管理;

(3) To administer the archival filing of qualifications of experts who take charge of the determination of high and new tech enterprises;

(四)建立并管理“高新技术企业认定管理工作网”;

(4) To establish and manage the “Website of Administration of Determination of High and New Enterprise”;

(五)领导小组交办的其他工作。

(5) Other tasks assigned by the leading group.

第八条各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市科技行政管理部门同本级财政、税务部门组成本地区高新技术企业认定管理机构(以下称“认定机构”),根据本办法开展下列工作:

Article 8

The science and technology administrative departments of each province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the Central Government or city under separate state planning shall, in collaboration with the finance and taxation departments at the same level, form an administrative authority for determination of high and new tech enterprises within this region (hereinafter referred to the determination

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authority), which shall conduct the following tasks under these Measures:

(一)负责本行政区域内的高新技术企业认定工作;

(1) To be responsible for the determination of high and new tech enterprises within its own administrative area;

(二)接受企业提出的高新技术企业资格复审;

(2) To re-examine the qualifications of high and new tech enterprises upon request of enterprises;

(三)负责对已认定企业进行监督检查,受理、核实并处理有关举报;

(3) To be responsible for the supervision and inspection of enterprises already determined as high and new tech enterprises, accept, verify and handle relevant tip-offs; and

(四)选择参与高新技术企业认定工作的专家并报领导小组办公室备案。

(4) To choose experts who are to participate in the determination of high and new tech enterprises and report them to the office under the leading group for archival purposes.

第九条企业取得高新技术企业资格后,应依照本办法第四条的规定到主管税务机关办理减税、免税手续。

Article 9 After an enterprises acquires the high and new tech enterprise qualifications, it shall, under Article 4 of these Measures, go through the tax reduction or exemption formalities in the competent taxation authority.

享受减税、免税优惠的高新技术企业,减税、免税条件发生变化的,应当自发生变化之日起15日内向主管税务机关报告;不再符合减税、免税条件的,应当依法履行纳税义务;未依法纳税的,主管税务机关应当予以追缴。同时,主管税务机关在执行税收优惠政策过程中,发现企业不具备高新技术企业资格的,应提请认定机构复核。复核期间,可暂停企业享受减免税优惠。

For a high and new tech enterprise enjoying such preferential treatment —6—

as tax reduction or exemption, if the conditions for tax reduction or exemption have changed, it shall report to the competent taxation authority within 15 days as of the date of change. If it no longer meets the tax reduction or exemption conditions, it shall perform the obligation to pay the taxes in pursuance of law. If it fails to pay the taxes, the competent taxation authority shall demand the payment of the taxes. At the same time, if the competent taxation authority finds that any enterprise is not a qualified high and new tech enterprise, it shall ask the determination authority to make a re-examination. During the period of re-examination, the enterprise may be suspended from enjoying the tax reduction or exemption treatment.

第三章条件与程序

Chapter III Conditions and Procedures

第十条高新技术企业认定须同时满足以下条件:

Article 10

The following conditions shall be simultaneously satisfied for an enterprise to be determined as a high and new tech enterprise:

(一)在中国境内(不含港、澳、台地区)注册的企业,近三年内通过自主研发、受让、受赠、并购等方式,或通过5年以上的独占许可方式,对其主要产品(服务)的核心技术拥有自主知识产权;

(1)The enterprise was registered within the territory of China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions) and has independent intellectual property of the core technologies in its key products (services) by way of independent research and development, acceptance of transfer, donation or merger during the recent three years or by way of exclusive licensing for five years or longer;

(二)产品(服务)属于《国家重点支持的高新技术领域》规定的范围;

(2)The products (services) are within the range as prescribed in the High

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and New Tech Fields under the Key Support of the State;

(三)具有大学专科以上学历的科技人员占企业当年职工总数的30%以上,其中研发人员占企业当年职工总数的10%以上;

(3)The scientific and technical personnel with an educational background of junior college or higher account for at least 30 % of the total number of employees of the enterprise, of whom the research and development personnel account for at least 10 % of the total number of employees of the enterprise;

(四)企业为获得科学技术(不包括人文、社会科学)新知识,创造性运用科学技术新知识,或实质性改进技术、产品(服务)而持续进行了研究开发活动,且近三个会计年度的研究开发费用总额占销售收入总额的比例符合如下要求:

(4)The enterprise has been incessantly carrying out research and development activities for the purpose of acquiring new knowledge of science and technology (excluding human culture and social science), for innovatively employing the new knowledge of science and technology or substantially improving the technologies or products (services), and the proportion between its total research and development expenditure during the recent 3 accounting years and its total sales revenue meets the following requirements:

1. 最近一年销售收入小于5,000万元的企业,比例不低于6%;

(a) If the sales revenue of the enterprise during the latest year is less than 50 million yuan, the proportion shall not be lower than 6%;

2. 最近一年销售收入在5,000万元至20,000万元的企业,比例不低于4%;

(b) If the sales revenue of the enterprise during the latest year is 50-200 million yuan, the proportion shall not be less than 4 %;

3. 最近一年销售收入在20,000万元以上的企业,比例不低于3%。

(c)If the sales revenue of the enterprise during the latest year is more than 200 million yuan, the proportion shall not be less than 3%.

其中,企业在中国境内发生的研究开发费用总额占全部研究开发费用总额的比例不低—8—

于60%。企业注册成立时间不足三年的,按实际经营年限计算;

If the proportion between the total research and development expenditure incurred within China and the total research and development expenditure is less than 60% and 3 years have not lapsed since the registration of the enterprise, the calculation shall be based on the actual number of years of business operation of the enterprise.

(五)高新技术产品(服务)收入占企业当年总收入的60%以上;

(5) The enterprise’s revenue from high and new tech products (services) accounts for at least 60% of its total revenue during the current year; and

(六)企业研究开发组织管理水平、科技成果转化能力、自主知识产权数量、销售与总资产成长性等指标符合《高新技术企业认定管理工作指引》(另行制定)的要求。

(6) The enterprise’s level of organization and management of research and development, capacity of transformation of scientific and technological achievements, number of independent intellectual property rights, growth in sales and total assets as well as other indicators meet the requirements in the Guidelines on the Administration of Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises (to be formulated separately).

第十一条高新技术企业认定的程序如下:

Article 11

The procedures for determination of a high and new tech enterprise:(一)企业自我评价及申请

企业登录“高新技术企业认定管理工作网”,对照本办法第十条规定条件,进行自我评价。认为符合认定条件的,企业可向认定机构提出认定申请。

(1) Self-evaluation and filing of an application

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The enterprise shall log onto the “Website of Administration of Determination of High and New Enterprise” and make a self-evaluation by referring to the conditions as prescribed in Article 10 of these Measures. If it considers that it meets the determination conditions, it may file a determination application with the determination authority.(二)提交下列申请材料

(2)Submission of the following application materials

1. 高新技术企业认定申请书;

(a)An application for determination of high and new tech enterprise

2. 企业营业执照副本、税务登记证(复印件);

(b)The duplicate of the enterprise’s business license and tax registration certificate (photocopies);

3. 知识产权证书(独占许可合同)、生产批文,新产品或新技术证明(查新)材料、产品质量检验报告、省级以上科技计划立项证明,以及其他相关证明材料;

(c)The intellectual property right certificate (exclusive licensing contract), approval document on production, certificate for new product or new technology, (novelty search) material, product quality inspection report, certificate for establishment of scientific and technological plan at the province level or higher, and other relevant certification materials;

4. 企业职工人数、学历结构以及研发人员占企业职工的比例说明;

(d)Descriptions about the number and education backgrounds of the employees, as well as the proportion between the research and development personnel and the total number of employees of the enterprise;

5. 经具有资质的中介机构鉴证的企业近三个会计年度研究开发费用情况表(实际年限不足三年的按实际经营年限),并附研究开发活动说明材料;

(e)The form of enterprise’s research and development expenditure during the recent three accounting years (or during the actual number of years of business operation of the enterprise if three years have not

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lapsed since the registration of the enterprise) certified by a qualified intermediary agency, which shall be accompanied by the materials describing the research and development activities;

6. 经具有资质的中介机构鉴证的企业近三个会计年度的财务报表(含资产负债表、损益表、现金流量表,实际年限不足三年的按实际经营年限)以及技术性收入的情况表。

(f)The financial statements (including balance sheets, statements of incomes and profits and cash flow statements) of the enterprise during the recent three accounting years (or of the actual number of years of business operation if three years have not lapsed since the registration of the enterprise) certified by a qualified intermediary agency as well as the form of technical income.

(二)合规性审查

(3)Compliance review

认定机构应建立高新技术企业认定评审专家库;依据企业的申请材料,抽取专家库内专家对申报企业进行审查,提出认定意见。

A determination authority shall establish an expert database for the review of determination of high and new tech enterprises. It shall, in light of the application materials of an enterprise, randomly select experts in the expert database to review the applicant enterprise so as to put forward determination opinions.

(三)认定、公示与备案

(4) Determination, announcement and archival filing

认定机构对企业进行认定。经认定的高新技术企业在“高新技术企业认定管理工作网”上公示15个工作日,没有异议的,报送领导小组办公室备案,在“高新技术企业认定管理工作网”上公告认定结果,并向企业颁发统一印制的“高新技术企业证书”。

The determination authority determines an enterprise as a high and new tech enterprise. It shall post an announcement of the high and new tech enterprise determined on the “Website of the Administration of

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Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises” for 15 working days. If no objection is made, it shall report it to the office under the leading group for archival purposes and announce the determination result on the Website of the Administration of Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises and issue to the enterprise a uniformly printed High and New Tech Enterprise Certificate.

第十二条高新技术企业资格自颁发证书之日起有效期为三年。企业应在期满前三个月内提出复审申请,不提出复审申请或复审不合格的,其高新技术企业资格到期自动失效。

Article 12

The high and new tech enterprise qualifications shall be valid for a period of three years as of the date of issuance of the certificate. An enterprise shall file a re-examination application 3 months prior to the expiration of the valid period. If it fails to file a re-examination application or fails to pass the re-examination, its high and new tech enterprise qualifications shall be automatically invalidated at the expiration of the valid period.

第十三条高新技术企业复审须提交近三年开展研究开发等技术创新活动的报告。

复审时应重点审查第十条(四)款,对符合条件的,按照第十一条(四)款进行公示与备案。

通过复审的高新技术企业资格有效期为三年。期满后,企业再次提出认定申请的,按本办法第十一条的规定办理。

Article 13

A report about the recent 3-year research and development activities and other technological innovation activities shall be submitted for the re-examination of a high and new tech enterprise.

The re-examination shall focus on Article 10 (4), if the relevant requirements are satisfied, an announcement shall be made and the archival filing shall be handled under Article 11 (4).

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If the enterprise passes the re-examination, its high and new tech enterprise qualifications shall be valid for a period of 3 years. After the expiration of the valid period, if the enterprise files a new application for determination, it shall comply with Article 11 of these Measures.

第十四条高新技术企业经营业务、生产技术活动等发生重大变化(如并购、重组、转业等)的,应在十五日内向认定管理机构报告;变化后不符合本办法规定条件的,应自当年起终止其高新技术企业资格;需要申请高新技术企业认定的,按本办法第十一条的规定办理。

高新技术企业更名的,由认定机构确认并经公示、备案后重新核发认定证书,编号与有效期不变。

Article 14 Where there is any significant change to the business operation, production and technical activity (such as merger, restructuring, change of business operation, etc.) of a high and new tech enterprise, the enterprise shall report it to the determination administrative authority within 15 days. If it no longer meets the conditions as described in these Measures after the change, its high and new tech enterprise qualifications shall be terminated as of the current year. If it is necessary to apply for the determination of high and new tech enterprise, it shall follow Article 11 of these Measures.

Where a high and new tech enterprise changes its name, it shall be issued a new determination certificate after confirmation, announcement and archival filing by the determination authority. Its serial number and valid period of the determination certificate shall remain unchanged.

第四章罚则Chapter IV Punishment Provisions

第十五条已认定的高新技术企业有下述情况之一的,应取消其资格:

Article 15 Where a high and new tech enterprise determined is under any

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of the following circumstances, its qualifications shall be cancelled:

(一)在申请认定过程中提供虚假信息的;

(1) Furnishing false information during the course of applying for determination;

(二)有偷、骗税等行为的;

(2) Evading tax or conducting tax fraudulent act;

(三)发生重大安全、质量事故的;

(3) Having any severe safety or quality accident; or

(四)有环境等违法、违规行为,受到有关部门处罚的。

被取消高新技术企业资格的企业,认定机构在5年内不再受理该企业的认定申请。(4) Having been punished by the relevant department due to its violation of laws and regulations on environment, etc.

For an enterprise whose high and new tech enterprise qualifications are cancelled, the determination authority will not accept its determination application within five years.

第十六条参与高新技术企业认定工作的各类机构和人员对所承担认定工作负有诚信以及合规义务,并对申报认定企业的有关资料信息负有保密义务。违反高新技术企业认定工作相关要求和纪律的,给予相应处理。

Article 16 Various institutions and persons participating in the determination of high and new tech enterprises shall bear the faithfulness and compliance obligations for the determination work and be obliged to keep confidential the relevant materials and information relevant to the enterprises applying for determination. If any of them violates the requirements and disciplines on the determination work of high and new tech enterprises, it/he shall be punished accordingly.

第五章附则Chapter V

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Supplementary Provisions

第十七条原《国家高新技术产业开发区外高新技术企业认定条件和办法》(国科发火字[1996]018号)、原《国家高新技术产业开发区高新技术企业认定条件和办法》(国科发火字[2000]324号),自本办法实施之日起停止执行。

Article 17

The implementation of the former Requirements and Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises without the National High and New Tech Industrial Development Zones (No. 018 [1996] of the Ministry of Science and Technology) and the former Requirements and Measures for the Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises within the National High and New Tech Industrial Development Zones (No.324 [2000] of the Ministry of Science and Technology) shall be stopped as of the date of implementation of these Measures.

第十八条本办法由科技部、财政部、税务总局负责解释。

Article 18

The power to interpret these Measures shall remain with the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation.

第十九条科技部、财政部、税务总局另行制定《高新技术企业认定管理工作指引》。Article 19

The Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation shall separately formulate Guidelines on the Administration of Determination of High and New Tech Enterprises.

第二十条本办法自2008年1月1日起实施。

Article 20

These Measures shall come into force as of January 1, 2008

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的、地、得的用法和区别

“的、地、得”的用法和区别 导入(进入美妙的世界啦~) “的、地、得”口诀儿歌 的地得,不一样,用法分别记心上, 左边白,右边勺,名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸,青青的草儿弯下腰, 清清的河水向东流,蓝蓝的天上白云飘, 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹,绿绿的树叶把头摇, 小小的鱼儿水中游,红红的太阳当空照, 左边土,右边也,地字站在动词前, 认真地做操不马虎,专心地上课不大意, 大声地朗读不害羞,从容地走路不着急, 痛快地玩耍来放松,用心地思考解难题, 勤奋地学习要积极,辛勤地劳动花力气, 左边两人双人得,形容词前要用得, 兔子兔子跑得快,乌龟乌龟爬得慢, 青青竹子长得快,参天大树长得慢, 清晨锻炼起得早,加班加点睡得晚, 欢乐时光过得快,考试题目出得难。 知识典例(注意咯,下面可是黄金部分!) 的、地、得 “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识,但在使用中也最容易发生混淆,再加上一段时间里,中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”,因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。

一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词,都起着连接作用;它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”,没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多,负担过重,而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材,一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看,“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确,特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中,如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等,更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用。 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”,但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字:在定语后面写作“的”,在状语后面写作“地”,在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处,就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记,一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物,说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为:形容词、名词(代词)+的+名词。如: ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色(主语)美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词,宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记,一般用在谓语(动词、形容词)前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作,说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为:形容词(副词)+地+动词(形容词)。如: ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词,谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词,谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记,一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样,结构形式一般为:动词(形容词)+得+副词。如: ⑤他们玩(动词,谓语)得真痛快(补语)。

of与for的用法以及区别

of与for的用法以及区别 for 表原因、目的 of 表从属关系 介词of的用法 (1)所有关系 this is a picture of a classroom (2)部分关系 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of water a bottle of milk what kind of football,American of soccer? (3)描写关系 a man of thirty 三十岁的人 a man of shanghai 上海人 (4)承受动作 the exploitation of man by man.人对人的剥削。 (5)同位关系 It was a cold spring morning in the city of London in England. (6)关于,对于 What do you think of Chinese food? 你觉得中国食品怎么样? 介词 for 的用法小结 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

to与for的用法和区别

to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如,食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说,例如对某人而言是重要的,就用for. for和to这两个介词,意义丰富,用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语? 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算,作最坏的准备。 2.对于 1.She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2.She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3.表示赞成同情,用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法? 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为,由于(常有较活译法) 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法,对于(某人),对…来说(多和形容词连用)用介词to,不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6.for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用,表示适宜,适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练,他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语,可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1.It would be best for you to write to him. 2.The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3.There was nowhere else for me to go. 4.He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.

“的、地、得”的用法和区别

的、地、得的用法和区别 的、地、得的用法和区别老班教育 一、的、地、得的基本概念 1、的、地、得的相同之处。 的、地、得是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词,都起着连接作用;它们在普通话中都读轻声de,没有语音上的区别。 2、的、地、得的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为的兼职过多,负担过重,而力主的、地、得严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材,一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看,的与地、得的分工日趋明确,特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中,如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等,更是将的与地、得分用。 的、地、得在普通话里都读轻声de,但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字:在定语后面写作的,在状语后面写作地,在补语前写作得。这样做的好处,就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、的、地、得的用法 (一)、用法 1、的——定语的标记,一般用在主语和宾语的前面。的前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制的后面的事物,说明的后面的事物怎么样。 结构形式一般为:形容词、名词(代词)+的+名词。如: 颐和园(名词)的湖光山色(主语)美不胜收。 她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词,宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记,一般用在谓语(动词、形容词)前面。地前面的词语一般用来形容地后面的动作,说明地后面的动作怎么样。 结构方式一般为:形容词(副词)+地+动词(形容词)。如: 她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词,谓语)了这件礼物。 天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词,谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记,一般用在谓语后面。得后面的词语一般用来补充说明得前面的动作怎么样。 结构形式一般为:动词(形容词)+得+副词。如: 他们玩(动词,谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 她红(形容词,谓语)得发紫(补语)。 (二)、例说 的,一般用在名词和形容词的后面,用在描述或限制人物、事物时,形容的词语与被形容的词语之间,表示一种描述的结果。如:漂亮的衣服、辽阔的土地、高大的山脉。结构一般为名词(代词或形容词)+的+名词。如,我的书、你的衣服、他的孩子,美丽的景色、动听的歌曲、灿烂的笑容。 地,用法简单些,用在描述或限制一种运动性质、状态时,形容的词语与被形容的词语之间。结构通常是形容词+地+动词。前面的词语一般用来形容后面的动作。一般地的后面只跟动词。比如高兴地跳、兴奋地叫喊、温和地说、飞快地跑;匆匆地离开;慢慢地移动......... 得,用在说明动作的情况或结果的程度时,说明的词语与被说明的词语之间,后面的词语一般用来补充和说明前面的情况。比如。跑得飞快、跳得很高、显得高雅、显得很壮、馋得直流口水、跑得快、飞得高、走得慢、红得很……得通常用在动词和形容词(动词之间)。

常用介词用法(for to with of)

For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多,但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一:表示相对,针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二:表示对比,比较 1:以-ior结尾的形容词,后接介词to表示比较,如:superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词,如equal,similar,equivalent,analogous A is similar to B in many ways.

(完整版)介词for用法归纳

介词for用法归纳 用法1:(表目的)为了。如: They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如: 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误:He went there for seeing his uncle. 正:He went there to see his uncle. 但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与for 连用表目的。如: He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2:(表利益)为,为了。如: What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等),当双宾语易位时,通常用for 来引出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者。如: She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用for: He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词for: 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误:They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正:They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注:advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告。如:advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响,而此处误加了介词for。类似地,汉语中的“为人民服务”,说成英语是serve the people,而不是serve for the people,“为某人的死报仇”,说成英语是avenge sb’s death,而不是avenge for sb’s death,等等。用法3:(表用途)用于,用来。如: Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4:为得到,为拿到,为取得。如: He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

的地得的用法和区分

《“的、地、得”的用法》语文微课教案 一、教学背景 在语言文字规范化大背景下,帮助学生解决应用“的地得”的疑惑与困难。 二、设计思路 针对学生对于“的地得”的误用与忽视展开教学,规范结构助词“的地得”的使用。按照“问题的提出、问题的分析、问题的解决”的思路展开教学,总结归纳优化的方式方法。 三、教学目标 1、知道“怎么样的什么、怎么样地干什么、干得怎么样”三种固定搭配。 2、掌握“的、地、得”的区别与联系。 3、运用小儿歌“动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来”的口诀帮助正确使用“的、地、得”。 四、教学重难点 1、知道“的、地、得”的区别。 2、在实际情境中正确运用“的、地、得”。 五、教学时间 8分钟微课堂 六、教学适用对象 义务教育九年制内的学生 七、教学准备

多媒体课件、录屏软件 八、教学设计与过程 开场白: 同学们好!今天我们一起来学习“的、地、得”的正确用法。首先我们来了解一下它们的区别。 1、相同之处:原来它们都是念轻声“de”,都是结构助词,起连接作用。 2、不同之处:在书面语中要写成三个不同的字,而且它们的搭配及用法也各不相同。 (1)怎么样的什么 (2)怎样样地干什么 (3)干得怎么样 下面我们就来学习一下它们的正确用法。 白勺“的”的结构是用“形容词或名词或代词+的+名词”来表示,而我们最常见,用得最多的还是“形容词+的+名词”的结构。 而土也“地”的用法可以用“形容词+地+动词”的结构来表示。 双人“得”是用“动词+得+形容词”的结构来表示 3、练习巩固 (1)形近区分 静静(的)河面静静(地)写字欢乐(的)山谷

欢乐(地)歌唱满意(地)点头满意(的)作品 (2)类别区分 1)跑(得)飞快飞快(地)跑 2)愉快(的)旅行旅行(得)愉快 3)强烈(的)渴望强烈(地)渴望 (3)综合杂糅 小雏鹰飞到大树的上方,高兴地喊起来:“我真的会飞啦!而且飞(得)很高呢!” 小结:能填对这个句子的你肯定就已经学会它们的用法了! 4、特殊情况 质疑:假如遇到特殊情况怎么办呢? 我从书包里拿出书交给她们,她们高兴得.围着我跳起舞来。(出自二年级上册《日记两则》) (1)质疑:为什么这里要使用“得”呢? (2)释疑:原来这里强调的是心情,动词在后,形容词在前,相当于后置,“得”修饰“跳舞”而非“围”。现在你明白了吧? 5、小结归纳: 怎么样,你们学会了吗?为了让同学们能够更快的记住它们的用法,老师送给大家一首口诀来帮助你们熟记三个“的”的正确使用方法:动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来。

of和for的用法

of 1....的,属于 One of the legs of the table is broken. 桌子的一条腿坏了。 Mr.Brown is a friend of mine. 布朗先生是我的朋友。 2.用...做成的;由...制成 The house is of stone. 这房子是石建的。 3.含有...的;装有...的 4....之中的;...的成员 Of all the students in this class,Tom is the best. 在这个班级中,汤姆是最优秀的。 5.(表示同位) He came to New York at the age of ten. 他在十岁时来到纽约。 6.(表示宾格关系) He gave a lecture on the use of solar energy. 他就太阳能的利用作了一场讲演。 7.(表示主格关系) We waited for the arrival of the next bus. 我们等待下一班汽车的到来。

I have the complete works of Shakespeare. 我有莎士比亚全集。 8.来自...的;出自 He was a graduate of the University of Hawaii. 他是夏威夷大学的毕业生。 9.因为 Her son died of hepatitis. 她儿子因患肝炎而死。 10.在...方面 My aunt is hard of hearing. 我姑妈耳朵有点聋。 11.【美】(时间)在...之前 12.(表示具有某种性质) It is a matter of importance. 这是一件重要的事。 For 1.为,为了 They fought for national independence. 他们为民族独立而战。 This letter is for you. 这是你的信。

双宾语 to for的用法

1.两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for:(1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes? 正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注:有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如:do sb a favour=do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm=do harm to sb 对某人有害

的地得的用法教案

“的、地、得”的用法教案 教学目标: 1.能通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 2.能在小组合作中正确掌握“的、地、得”的用法。 3.能正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学重点:通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 教学难点:正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学过程: 一、导入(板书课题:“的、地、得”的用法“的、地、得”) 这三个字认识吧!虽然它们都有一个相同的读音de,但用法却不一样,可不能把他们用错了。究竟他们的用法有什么不同,我们来听听他们的故事吧! 二、看微视频,学习“的、地、得”的用法区别。 三、小结: 1.孩子们,刚才看了视频知道他们是谁吗?(白勺的,土也地,双人得。) (1)白勺的是个杂货铺老板,她的店里都有什么?(彩色的毛巾美味的汉堡结实的帐篷舒适的儿童车捕捉风的网会唱歌的小树开个没完的花朵优美动听的歌曲飘来飘去的云……)还可能有什么? 你们一定会发现,白勺的的用法有什么特点?(后面是名词。)板书:名词 (2)土也地是个运动男孩,他喜欢?(悠闲地散步欢快地跳舞兴奋地跳跃开心地捕蝴蝶看图书踢球骑自行洗澡吃冰淇淋……)他还可能喜欢干什么呢?你发现了吗?土也地的用法特点?(后面是动词。)板书:动词 (3)双人得呢?她是个总喜欢评价别人的小妹妹。(球踢得真棒舞跳得精彩长得好高呀……) 她可能还怎么评价别人?(歌唱得动听饭吃得很饱人长得漂亮)你们会发现,双人得的前面通常都是——动词。板书:动词 2.小结:所以,他们的用法也很简单,区别就在这里。 (白勺的用在名词前面;土也地用在动词前面;双人得用在动词后面。)你明白了吗? 四、我来考考你们,看哪一组完成得又对又快! 1.菜鸟级练习 2.老鸟级练习 3.大虾级练习 五、总结

for和of的用法

for的用法: 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

for和to区别

1.表示各种“目的”,用for (1)What do you study English for 你为什么要学英语? (2)went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 (3)These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 (4)hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算,作最坏的准备。 2.“对于”用for (1)She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 (2)She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3.表示“赞成、同情”,用for (1)Are you for the idea or against it 你是支持还是反对这个想法? (2)He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 (3)I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4. 表示“因为,由于”(常有较活译法),用for (1)Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。

(2)France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法,“对于(某人),对…来说”,(多和形容词连用),用介词to,不用for. (1)He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 (2)To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 (3)They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6.和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用,表示“适宜,适合”,用for。(1)Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练,他们会胜任这项工作的。 (2)Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 (3)Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 (4)You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. 表示不定式逻辑上的主语,可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 (1)It would be best for you to write to him. (2) The simple thing is for him to resign at once.

英语形容词和of for 的用法

加入收藏夹 主题: 介词试题It’s + 形容词 + of sb. to do sth.和It’s + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 内容: It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 提交人:杨天若时间:1/23/2008 20:5:54 主题:for 与of 的辨别 内容:It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 答:选A 解析:该题考查的句型It’s + 形容词+ of sb. to do sth.和It’s +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 “It’s + 形容词+ to do sth.”中常用of或for引出不定式的行为者,究竟用of sb.还是用for sb.,取决于前面的形容词。 1) 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,如kind,good,nice,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等,用of sb. 例: It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我,真好。 It’s clever of you to work out the maths problem. 你真聪明,解出了这道数学题。 2) 若形容词仅仅是描述事物,不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价,用for sb.,这类形容词有difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous,(im)possible等。例: It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说,穿过繁忙的街道很危险。 It’s difficult for u s to finish the work. 对我们来说,完成这项工作很困难。 for 与of 的辨别方法: 用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for. 如: You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for.) 由此可知,该题的正确答案应该为A项。 提交人:f7_liyf 时间:1/24/2008 11:18:42

双宾语tofor的用法

1. 两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for: (1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes? 正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注:有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如: do sb a favou r do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harnn= do harm to sb 对某人有害

的 地 得 用法辨析

的、得、地的用法:动词前提土旁、动词后双人旁、一动不动白字旁 (一) 的地得,不一样,用法分别记心上, 左边白,右边勺,名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸,青青的草儿弯下腰, 清清的河水向东流,蓝蓝的天上白云飘, 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹,绿绿的树叶把头摇, 小小的鱼儿水中游,红红的太阳当空照, 左边土,右边也,地字站在动词前, 认真地做操不马虎,专心地上课不大意, 大声地朗读不害羞,从容地走路不着急, 痛快地玩耍来放松,用心地思考解难题, 勤奋地学习要积极,辛勤地劳动花力气, 左边两人就使得,形容词前要用得, 兔子兔子跑得快,乌龟乌龟爬得慢, 青青竹子长得快,参天大树长得慢, 清晨锻炼起得早,加班加点睡得晚, 欢乐时光过得快,考试题目出得难。 (二)“的、地、得”快板 的地得、的地得,用作助词都读de. 作文写话用不准,朗读往往会念错。 有趣的活动、绿的树,活动是事,树是物。 事物前面用的字,小朋友们都记着。 认真地想、快快地跑,想跑看摸是动作。 动作前面用地字,位置千万不要挪。 看得清,记得准,唱得好,飞得高。 动作后面用得字,补充说明要记牢。 (三)“的、地、得”用法简要口诀 名词前面“白勺”“的”, 动词前面“土也”“地”, 形容动后“双人”“得”, 当作助词都读“de”。 二、“的、地、得”用法小析 “的”后面跟的都是表示事物名称的词或词语,如:敬爱的总理、慈祥的老人、戴帽子的男孩、珍贵的教科书、鸟的天堂、伟大的祖国、有趣的情节、优雅的环境、可疑的情况、团结友爱的集体、他的妈妈、可爱的花儿、谁的橡皮、清清的河水...... “地”后面跟的都是表示动作的词或词语,如:高声地喊、愉快地唱、拼命地逃、疯狂地咒骂、严密地注视、一次又一次地握手、迅速地包围、沙沙地直响、斩钉截铁地说、从容不迫地申述、用力地踢、仔细地看、开心地笑笑......” “得”前面跟的多数是表示动作的词或词语,后面跟的都是形容事物状态的词或词语,表示怎么怎么样的,如:走得很快、踩得稀烂、疼得直叫唤、瘦得皮包骨头、红得发紫、气得双脚直跳、理解得十分深刻、乐得合不拢嘴、惊讶得目瞪口呆、大得很、扫得真干净、笑得多甜啊...... 三、“的、地、得”的用法补充说明:

to和for的用法有什么不同(一)

to和for的用法有什么不同(一) 一、引出间接宾语时的区别 两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for,具体应注意以下三种情况: 1. 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. 2. 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose, prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes?

正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 3. 有的动词由于用法和含义不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如: do sb a favor=do a favor for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm=do harm to sb 对某人有害 在有的情况下,可能既不用for 也不用to,而用其他的介词。如: play sb a trick=play a trick on sb 作弄某人 请比较: play sb some folk songs=play some folk songs for sb 给某人演奏民歌 有时同一个动词,由于用法不同,所搭配的介词也可能不同,如leave sbsth 这一结构,若表示一般意义的为某人留下某物,则用介词for 引出间接宾语,即说leave sth for sb;若表示某人死后遗留下某物,则用介词to 引出间接宾语,即说leave sth to sb。如: Would you like to leave him a message? / Would you like to leave a message for him? 你要不要给他留个话? Her father left her a large fortune. / Her father left a large fortune to her. 她父亲死后给她留下了一大笔财产。 二、表示目标或方向的区别 两者均可表示目标、目的地、方向等,此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。如: 1. 在come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return 等动词之后通常用介词to 表示目标或目的地。如: He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 They walked to a river. 他们走到一条河边。

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