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2007北京林业大学基础英语样题

Part I. Reading: Read the following passages and answer the questions that f ollow. (50 points)

☆Passage 1. On the Turning Away

[1] AMERICA is, both proverbially【如谚语所说的，众所周知的】and in reality, a nation of immigrants. That is particularly true of its scientific community which has, since the second world war, attracted and relied on foreign talent to help create the world's most fo rmidable research machine. Since the country's economic and military might depend in lar ge measure on the success of that machine, anything which diminishes this flow of talent is likely to be bad for America. And a study released on May 4th by the National Scie nce Foundation (NSF) suggests that delays in the processing of visas since September 11t

h 2001 are having just that effect.

[2] According to the report, in 2001 the number of visas issued to fo reign students fell by 20% from the previous year, with further falls since then. The State Department【美国国务院】 does not track scienc e students separately from those in other disciplines, so it is impos sible to work out the precise【adj精确的，准确的n精确】 size of the decline in their numbers. However, the report concludes that “limits to entry imposed by US national security restrictions” are contribut ing to a declining inflow【流入，流入物】 of science talent.

[3] Other surveys, such as one of more than 530 American universities conducted in Febr uary by a consortium【社团，协会，联盟，（美）大学联盟协定】of five large educational groups, point to similar conclusions. According to this survey, 60% of the research unive rsities in America reported a decline in applications by foreign graduate students between 2003 and 2004. Nine of the institutions ranked in the top 25 nationally reported declines of over 30%. Another report, by the General Accounting Office【审计院】, a congressiona l investigative【研究的，好研究的】agency, took a random sample of visa applications by science students and scientists between April and June 2003, and found that the average time required to get a visa, for those applications sent to Washington, DC, for a security review,was 67 days. And according to a statement released in late April by NAFSA, an international association that promotes student exchanges between America and the rest of the world, almost all applications in the sciences are sent to Washington, DC, for such a review.

[4] These security reviews are one reason for the delays. Perhaps they are necessary. How ever, the outdated【adj过时的，不流行的】and incompatible【adj.性质相反的, 矛盾的, 不调和的】computer systems of the various government agencies involved mean that they tak e far longer than they should in the vast majority of cases where there is no cause for concern.

[5] The second reason for the delays is that virtually【事实上，实质上】all applicants fo r non-immigrant visas are now required to attend an interview at an American consulate 【领事馆】, overwhelming consular【领事的】staff with short interviews of dubious【可疑的, 不确定的】value. Indeed, the most pronounced delays in visa processing—and the m ost pronounced decline in applications—has occurred for Chinese students.This suggests t

he delays are not directly related to concerns about terrorism.

[6] Things may be improving. According to Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state f or consular affairs, visa-processing times have dropped significantly over the past few mon ths. Ms Harty says that consular officials have been instructed to send students to the hea d of the queue, and officials from the State Department and the Department of Homeland Security are working closely with scientific bodies to improve things. The National Aca demies of Sciences and Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, for example, are opera ting a website intended to expedite【v.加速, 派出adj.畅通的, 迅速的】the processing of v isas that have been held up【举起, 支撑, 继续下去, 阻挡, 拦截】. Those with a grievanc e【委屈, 冤情, 不平】挣钱多，美国can register it on this site, and the institutes will then take their complaints up with the government.

[7] Despite all the hassle【激战】, of course, America remains the pre-eminent【卓越的，优秀的=preeminent】place in the world to do scientific research,and that is unlikely to change quickly. Nevertheless, the country might help its chances of remaining top[胜利者，夺魁者，主要人物] dog if it applied some of its technical know-how【<口> 实际知识, 技术秘诀, 诀窍】to the task of processing visas more efficiently.

1. How do you understand the word “proverbially”in para. 1?

2. Why does the author say that the American scientific community has “attracted and re lied on foreign talent”since World War II?

3. What effect is “that effect”in the last sentence of para. 1?

4. Explain “the decline in their numbers” in para. 2.

5. What is the meaning of “consortium”in para. 3?

6. What is the result of the falling of the number of visas issued to foreign students?

7. Why are all applications in the sciences sent to Washington, DC and why do they caus

e delay?

8. Why does the author say that “the delays are not directly related to concerns about te rrorism”?

9. Explain: “consular officials have been instructed to send students to the head of the q ueue”.

10. Explain: “Nevertheless, the country might help its chances of remaining top dog if it applied some of its technical know-how to the task of processing visas more efficiently.”

Passage 2. …

Passage 3. …

Part II. Translation. (60 points)

1. Translate the following into Chinese.

In recent years intellectual property has received a lot more attention because ideas and in novations have become the most important resource, replacing land, energy and raw materi

als. As much as three-quarters of the value of publicly traded companies in America com es from intangible assets, up from around 40% in the early 1980s. “The economic produc t of the United States”, says Alan Greenspan, the chairman of America's Federal Reserve, has become “predominantly conceptual”. Intellectual property forms part of those conce ptual assets.

In information technology and telecoms in particular, the role of intellectual property h as changed radically. What used to be the preserve of corporate lawyers and engineers in R&D labs has been speedily embraced by the boardroom. “Intellectual-asset management”now figures as a strategic business issue. In America alone, technology licensing revenue accounts for an estimated $45 billion annually; worldwide, the figure is around $100 billi on and growing fast.

Technology firms are seeking more patents, expanding their scope, licensing more, litig ating more and overhauling their business models around intellectual property. Yet paradoxi cally, as some companies batten down the hatches, other firms have found ways of makin g money by opening up their treasure-chest of innovation and sharing it with others. The rise of open-source software is just one example. And a new breed of companies has app eared on the periphery of today's tech firms, acting as intellectual-property intermediaries a nd creating a market for ideas.

2. Translate the following into English.

张辰两年前研究生毕业，凭借实力和机遇，在经过无数轮的竞争后，进入了一家世界排名500强的国际公司。一年内，张辰从一名普通职员做到了项目经理，工资翻了几番。不过最近他向家人宣布：“我又升职了，但是打算圣诞节后辞职。”这让张辰的家人大吃一惊，“没有什么不顺心的，只是觉得工作不会再带给我满足感了。”

截至2005年三季度，全国劳动力市场供求状况显示，我国15岁至29岁的青年总体失业率达到了9％，远远高于4.5％的城镇平均登记失业率。而在此之中，类似张辰这样，选择主动失业的占到了一半以上。

Part III. Writing. (40 points)

It is said that “the development which destroys environment eventually destroy s development itself”. How do you understand this statement? You are to write a composition of 300 words on this topic.

Development and Environment

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions will result in a loss of marks.

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