留学生医学英语第2学期笔记1

?nasal passage

?鼻腔

?normal range

?正常范围

?cardiac muscle cell

?心肌细胞

?blood-forming cell

?造血细胞

?cell replication

?细胞复制

Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar)

2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

2）医学语词构成方法例解

1）gastr（o）: 胃，肠

gastroenteritis [g?str?uent?'raitis] n.[医]肠胃炎

gastr + enter + itis

︱︱︱

胃肠炎症

gastralgia [g?s‘tr?ld?i?] n.[医]胃痛

gastritis [g?s‘traitis] n.[医]胃炎

gastroscope [‘g?str?sk?up] n.[医]胃窥镜(用以检查胃内部情形)

Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar)

2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

2）医学语词构成方法例解

2)fibr: 纤维

fibrin ['faibrin] n.[生化](血)纤维蛋白

fibr + in

︱︱

纤维蛋白化学名词后缀

fibrositis [faibr?u‘saitis] n.[医]纤维组织炎

fibroma [fai‘br?um?] n.纤维瘤

fibrosis [fai'br?usis] n.[生]纤维症, 纤维化

英语思维表达训练：

治疗肢端肥大症的目标是：迅速使生长激素水平正常化，以预防或扭转疾病进程；预防和扭转肿瘤对蝶鞍周围结构的压力效应；保持和恢复正常垂体功能。

英语思维表达训练：

The goals of treatment in acromegaly are the rapid normalization of GH to prevent or reverse progression of the disorder; prevention or reversal of the pressure effects of the tumor on structures surrounding the sella turcica; and preservation or restoration of normal pituitary function.

治疗肢端肥大症的目标是：迅速使生长激素水平正常化，以预防或扭转疾病进程；预防和扭转肿瘤对蝶鞍周围结构的压力效应；保持和恢复正常垂体功能。

Unit 11 Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

para1 Cancer Cell

pathogenesis [p?W?’d?enisis] n.[医]发病机制

*life-sustaining process 生命周期

*cell division 细胞分裂

*genetic code 〈生〉遗传密码

*cell reproduction 细胞复制

*regulation [regju’lei F?n] n. 调节

mutant [‘mju:t?nt] n.突变，变异

*malformed [‘m?l’f R:md] adj. 畸形的

Unit 11 Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

para2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

*arise from 源自

preexist [‘pri:ig’zist] v.先于….存在

*preexisting cells已有细胞

*genetic patterns (遗传模式)

Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

*基因表达的调控(Control of Gene Expression

*protein synthesis蛋白质合成

*gene action基因作用

*regulator gene调节基因

*repressor阻遏因子

*操纵基因operator gene

*structural gene - 【生】结构基因

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

This orderly regulation of induction and repression of cell activity may be lost with mutation of the regulatory genes.

调节基因如果发生突变，就无法有序地对细胞活动的诱导与抑制进行调节。

induction [in’d Q k FE n] n.感应, 诱导

repression [ri‘pre FE n] n. 抑制

*chromosome [‘kr?um?s?um] n.[生物]染色体

Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

malignant [m?’lign?nt] adj.恶性的

translocate [tr?nsl?u’keit] 改变...的位置

*deoxyribonucleic [di:’R ksiraib?u’nju:kli:ik]

脱氧核糖核的

*lymphoma [lim’f?um?] n.[医]淋巴瘤

*急性非淋巴细胞白血病（acute nonlymphocytic leukemia，ANLL）

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

impair v.削弱

proto-oncogene原致癌基因

*oncogene [‘R nk?d?i:n] n. 致癌基因

*neoplastic growth 致瘤性生长

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

Now apparently these root causes of damaged DNA and the impaired ability of the cell to repair it are joined by the recently discovered cellular genes called proto-oncogenes, which in their developed form of oncogenes cause neoplastic growth.

DNA受损，细胞自我修复能力低下，再加上，最近发现了称为原致癌基因的细胞基因，这种细胞基因在其形成致癌基因的过程中会引起致瘤性生长，这些因素显然是基本原因。

Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

*proliferation [pr?ulif?’rei F?n] n.增殖, 分芽繁殖

*counterbalance n. 平衡,平衡力

*growth-promoting proto-oncogenes促生长原癌基因

*growth-restraining tumor suppressor gene 抑制生长瘤抑制基因

Week 10: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

2）医学语词构成方法例解

3)cid: 切，杀

bactericide [b?k`ti?risaid] n.杀菌剂

bacteri +cid

︱︱︱

细菌杀

insecticide [in‘sektisaid] n.杀虫剂

microbicide [mai`kr?ubisaid]n.杀微生物剂

homicide ['h R misaid] n.杀人

Week 10: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

2）医学语词构成方法例解

4)circ: 圆、环

circulation [s?:kju'lei F?n] n.（血液）循环

circ + late + ion

︱︱︱

圆持，作名词后缀

（-u-为联接词）

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.2 Principles of Cancer Pathogenesis

*cancer tumor 肿瘤

connective tissue结缔组织

*sarcoma [sa:’k?um?]n.[医]肉瘤

*上皮组织epithelial tissue

*carcinoma [ka:si’n?um?]n.[医]癌瘤

*invasiveness 侵蚀

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

mutation突变

cell nucleus细胞核

carcinogen [ka:’sin?d??n] n.致癌物质

对于个人习惯来讲，抽烟可以接触到大量的化学致癌物质。

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

The greatest exposure to such agents that comes by individual choice is in cigarette smoking. *food additive食品添加剂

carcinogen [ka:’sin E d VE n]n.致癌物质saccharine [‘sak?rain]n.<美>糖精

*potent [‘p?ut?nt] adj. 强力的，烈性的（药等）

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

breakage [‘breikid V] n.破坏, 破损

dormant [‘d R:m?nt] adj.睡眠状态的, 隐匿的

*dormant virus=slow virus潜伏病毒，慢病毒

ionize [‘ai?naiz] vt.使离子化vi.电离

radio active material放射性材料

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

*atomic exhaust 核排放

*atomic waste 核废物

*bronzed-god look 古铜色的外表

take a toll 致死

afflict [E‘flikt] vt.使痛苦, 折磨

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

*basal cell carcinoma基底细胞癌

*lethal [‘li:W?l] adj.致命的n.致死因子

*lethal dose n. 致命剂量

melanoma [mei?’n?um?] n.[医](恶性)黑素瘤,(良性)胎记瘤Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

*pigment [‘pigm?nt] n.[生]色素, 颜料

melanin [‘mei?nin] n.[生化]黑色素

*oncogenic virus致癌病毒, 致肿瘤病毒

latitude n.纬度

mortality rate 死亡率

*oncogene n. 致癌基因

*vertebrate cell动物细胞

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

cancerous adj.癌的

encase vt.装入, 包住

*ribonucleic acid [raib?nju:’kli:ik][生化]核糖核酸(略作RNA) *parasite [‘p?r?sait] n.寄生虫（物）

Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

Cancer Pathogenesis

Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

*epidemiology [epidi:mi’R l?d?i] n. 流行病学

enigma [i’nigm?]n.谜, 不可思议的东西

heredity [hi’rediti]n.遗传

six-fold adj.六倍的

endemic [en’demik]n.地方病

*intrigue [in’tri:g] vt.引起...的兴趣

*colon n. 〈解〉结肠

etiology n.[医]病因学, 病源论

*case-control study对照研究

?

?fulminant hepatitis

?暴发性肝炎

?bile duct obstruction

?胆管阻塞

?uric acid .

?[生化]尿酸

?maximum dose

?最大剂量

?initial dose

?首次量

?(1048)

?

?

?

Week 9: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) ? 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

?2）医学语词构成方法例解

?5) tox: 毒

?toxaemia [t R k'si:mi?] n. [医] 毒血症

?tox + aem + ia

?︱︱︱

?毒血表疾病

?toxicide *‘t R ksisaid] n. 解毒药[剂], 消毒剂

?antitoxin ['?nti't R ksin] n.抗毒素

?endotoxin [end?u't R ksin] n. 内毒素

?neurotoxic [nju?r?u't R ksik] adj. 毒害神经的

?

?

Week 9: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) ? 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

?2）医学语词构成方法例解

?6) ur: 尿

?uraemia [ju?‘ri:mi?] n. [医] 血尿症

?ur + aem + ia

?︱︱︱

?尿血表疾病

?urology [ju?'r R l?d?i] n. [医] 泌尿学

?urinate *‘ju?rineit] vi. 排尿

?anuria [?'nju?ri?] n. [医] 无尿症

?glucosuria [glu:k?us'ju?ri?] n. [医] 糖尿病

?

?

?英语思维表达训练：

?心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation )（简称CPR）是一种急救措施,通过实施人工呼吸(artificial respiration)和胸外心脏按摩(cardiac massage)恢复病人的呼吸和循环。心肺复苏已经在医务人员和大众百姓中广为传播。

?

?英语思维表达训练：

?Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) , an emergency procedure used to resume breath and circulation by exerting artificial respiration and external cardiac massage, is widely spread and taught among health care workers and the public.

?Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

?Cancer Pathogenesis

?Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

?*stress factors应激因素;紧张因素;胁迫因子

?*malignancy[m?`lign?nsi]n.恶意，恶性疾病

?*healer n.医治者, , 治病术士, 治疗物

?tenet *‘ti:net+n.原则

?*trauma * *‘tr R:m?]n.[医] 外伤, 损伤

?loss of a central relationship失去亲人

?correlation n.相互关系, 相关(性)

?physiology n.生理学

?thymus *‘W aim?s] n.胸腺adj.胸腺的

?Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

?Cancer Pathogenesis

?Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

?hormonal[h R:`m E un E l] adj.荷尔蒙的, 激素的

?mediate *‘mi:diit+v. 调停, 作为引起...的媒介

?*hypothalamus [haip?u’W?l?m?s] n.[解剖]视丘下部

?*pituitary n.[解]垂体

?*adrenal cortex肾上腺皮质

?cascade *k?s’keid+n.小瀑布, 喷流vi.成瀑布落下,大量倾泻

?vulnerable adj. 易受...的攻击

?Week 6: Unit 11

Reading A

?Cancer Pathogenesis

?Para.3 Causes of Cancer Cell Development

?integrity *in‘tegriti+ n. 完整, 完整性

?

?专业语块

?听力课堂

?课文赏析

?英汉对比

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?Celiac Sprue

?口炎性腹泻

?（或译：腹型斯泼拉）

?

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?celiac *‘si:li?k+ adj.*解剖]腹的, 腹腔的

?sprue [spru:] n. [医]口炎性腹泻

?*diarrhea [dai?’ri?] n.痢疾,腹泻

?*distend *dis’tend+ v.(使)扩大, (使)扩张

?*distended abdomens腹胀

?*The abdomen distend 腹部胀大。

?*clinical condition临床表现

?*malabsorption *m?l?b’s R:p F?n]

?n.[医](营养)吸收障碍, 吸收不良

?

?

?药理作用

?Pharmacological Actions

?临床药理

?Clinical Parmacology

?体外试验

?in vitro experiments

?（in vitro 在试管中，在生物体外

?molecular formular

?分子式

?(1010)

?

?英语思维表达训练：

?中风（也称为“脑中风（brain attack ）”或“脑血管意外（cerebral vascular accident）”，是发达国家中致死和严重致残的一大罪魁祸首.中风是由于缺氧而导致的脑细胞突然死亡，主要发生于老年人。

?As one of the leading causes of death and severe disability in developed countries, the stroke, also called ‘brain attack’ or ‘cerebral vascular accident’, is the sudden death of brain cells due to oxygen deprivation, which mainly attack the aged population. ?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?foul [faul] adj.污秽的, 恶臭的

?*stool [stu:l] n.凳子, 大便

?*multiple stool排便量多

?*foamy stool大便有泡沫

?*脂肪便greasy stools

?*inadequate absorption 吸收不全

?*metabolic defect代谢缺损

?*pediatrician [pi:di?’tri F?n] n.儿科医师

?cereal *‘si?ri?l] n.谷类食品, 谷类

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?rye [rai] n.裸麦, 黑麦

?gliadin *‘glai?din] n.[生化]麦胶蛋白

?gluten *‘glu:t?n] n.麸质，谷蛋白

?peroral [p?’R:r?l] adj.经口的，口周围的

?*biopsy *‘bai R psi] n.[医]活组织检查, 活组织切片检查?suction *‘s∧k F?n] n.吸入，抽吸

?guillotine *‘gil?ti:n] n. (切纸的)闸刀，环状刀

?*microscopic study显微镜下观察

?

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?*celiac disease乳糜泻

?*nontropical sprue非热带型卡他性腹泻

?*enteropathy [ent?’r R p?W i] n.肠病n.[医]肠下垂

?*gluten-sensitive enteropathy麦质敏感性肠病

?*electron micrograph电子显微镜检查，电子显微照片?*eroded mucosal surface受侵蚀粘膜表面

?*villi *‘vilai+*解][植]绒毛

?*sparse [spa:s] adj.稀少的, 稀疏的

?

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?*erosion *i’r?u??n] n.腐蚀, 侵蚀

?*primary host defect基本缺损

?*under study正在研究之中

?*genetic base遗传基础

?atrophy *‘?tr?fi] n.[医]萎缩, 萎缩症

?*pathologic [p?W?’l R d?ik] adj.病理的

?*lesion *‘li:??n] n.损害, 身体上的伤害

?glutamine *‘glu:t?mi:n] n.谷氨酸盐

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?steatorrhea 脂肪痢

?*secondary manifestation继发性表现

?*primary biochemical reaction原发性生化反应

?*celiac crisis粥样泻危象

?acidosis *?si’d?usis] n.酸液过多症, 酸中毒症

?*watery stool水样泻

?copious *‘k?upj?s]adj.很多的, 大量的

?*copious vomiting严重呕吐

?*ingest *in’d?est] vt.摄取

?deficiency states 缺乏状态

?

?respiratory distress

?窘迫

?myocardial ischemia

?心肌缺血

?strong inheritance pattern

?遗传倾向明显

?viral vector

?病毒载体

?

Week 10: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) ? 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

?2）医学语词构成方法例解

?7)crani(o): 头颅、头盖

?cranioscopy [ kreini'R sk?pi] n.[医]颅检查术

?cranio + scop + y

?︱︱︱

?头盖看名词后缀

?craniometer *‘kreini’R mit?]n. 测颅器

?craniotomy [krei ni‘R t?mi] n.[医] 穿颅术

?cranium *‘kreinj?m] n.头盖, 头盖骨

?hemicrania [hemi'kreini?] n.偏头痛

?

Week 10: Morphological Analysis of Medical English Words (lecture/seminar) ? 2.1.4 医学语词形态学研究

?2）医学语词构成方法例解

?8)cyt(o): 细胞

?hemocyte *‘hi:m?sait] n. 血球, 血细胞

?hemo + cyte

?︱︱

?血细胞

?cytology *sai‘t R l?d?i] n.[生]细胞学

?cytochemistry ['sait?u'kemistri] n.细胞化学

?cytochrome ['sait?ukr?um] n.[生化]细胞色素

?

?医学汉英翻译指导：

?This search for genetic damage and the explanation of how that damage affects biochemical function in the cell are key lines of current research holding much promise for further unfolding the mysteries of cancer.

?当前研究重心是寻找基因损伤，并且解释这种损伤影响到细胞生化功能的方式。这方面的研究有望进一步揭示癌症的秘密。

?

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?steatorrhea 脂肪痢

?*anemia [?’ni:mi?]n.贫血, 贫血症

?ric kets *‘rikits+n.*医]软骨病, 佝偻病, 驼背

?grossly*‘gr??sli]adv.非常地

?*subcutaneous *‘s∧bkju(:)’teini?s]adj.[解] 皮下的, 皮下用的

?buttock *‘b∧t?k] n. 臀部

?flatten vi.变得扁平

?wrinkle *‘ri?kl+n.皱纹vt.使起皱纹

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?fold [f?uld]vt.折叠；n.折痕

?take on = show

?emaciate *i’mei F ieit]vt. 使消瘦

?apathetic [?p?’W etik] adj.缺乏兴趣的, 情感淡漠的

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?fretful *‘fretful+ adj.烦燥的, 焦躁的

?*dietary manegement饮食控制

?celiac sprue[医]口炎性腹泻

?gluten 麦质

?be present in 存在于

?oat [?ut]n.[植]燕麦, 麦片粥

?barley *‘ba:li+n.大麦

?corn [k R:n] n.<美>玉米

?substitute 替代的

?cereal *‘si?ri?l]n.谷类植物；谷物

?Week 10: Unit 12

Reading B

?thickener 增稠剂

?filler 填充剂

?recipe *‘resipi+ n.处方

?*dietary compliance饮食要求

?processed food 加工过的食品

?*ethnic foods民族食品

?*kit [kit]

?clinical status临床表现

?pathologic conditions 病理状态

?refractory *ri’fr?kt?ri] adj.难控制的

?parenteral不经肠的

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading 13B

?gonorrhea [g R n?’ri:?] n.[医]淋病

?*法定传染病reportable diseases

?Neisseria gonorrhoeae 奈瑟氏菌属

?患者主要是15-24岁的年轻人

?with the heaviest concentration among young adults(15 to 44 years) ?*antibiotic-resistant strains耐抗生素菌株

?*pyogenic [pai?`d?enik] adj.[医] 化脓的

?*pus [p∧s] n.脓, 脓汁

?diplococcus [dipl?u`k R k?s] n.[生物] 双球菌

?*gram-negative diplococcus革兰氏阴性双球菌

?evoke *i’v?uk] vt.唤起, 引起

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?purulent *‘pju?rul?nt] adj.脓的, 含脓的

?*exudate *‘eksjudeit+ n.流出物, 分泌液

?*natural host 天然宿主

?*mucus *‘mju:k?s] n.粘液, 胶

?*epithelia *epi’W i:li?] n.[生]上皮细胞(epithclium的复数形式) ?*portal *‘p R:t?l] n.入口

?*genitourinary [d?enit?u’ju?rin?ri] adj.泌尿生殖器的?oropharynx [?ur?’f?ri N ks] n.[解]口咽部

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?anorectum [ein?’rekt?m] 肛门直肠(部)

?heterosexual [het?r?u’seksju?l] adj. 异性恋的

?homosexual[h?um?u’seksju?l] adj.同性恋的

?n.同性恋

?intercourse n.性交

?autoinoculation *‘R:t?uin R kju’lei F?n] n.[医]自体接种(指注射自体菌苗或疾病从身体的一部分扩散到另一部分)

?conjunctiva [k R nd?∧N k’taiv?] n.(眼球)结膜

?neonate *‘ni:?neit] n.(尤指出生不满一个月的)婴儿

?birth canal 产道

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?birth canal产道

?gonorrhea conjunctivity 淋病性结膜炎

?amniotic adj.[解]羊膜的,有羊膜的

?*premature delivery n.[医]早产

?premature rupture 提早破裂

?membrane n.（羊）膜

?*infant morbidity婴儿发病率

?*mortality [m R:’t?liti+ n.死亡率

?*genital gonorrhea生殖器淋病

?*sexual abuse性虐待

?anterior urethra尿道前部

?*accessory *?k’ses?ri] n.附件

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?*urethral gland尿道腺

?*Bartholin‘s glands前庭大腺，巴氏腺

?*Skene’s glands 女性尿道旁腺

?*cervix *‘s?:viks] n.[解] 子宫颈

?*genital tract生殖道

?*prostate *‘pr R steit] adj.前列腺的n.前列腺

?epididymis *epi’didimis+ n.*解]附睾, 副睾

?fallopian [f?’loupi?n]输卵管

?pharyngitis *f?rin’d?aitis] n.[医]咽炎

?oral-genital contact 口交

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?*bloodstream n. 血流

?*dissemi nate *di’semineit+ v.散布

?*disseminated gonococcal infection散在性淋球菌感染?sequelae *si’kw:l?]后遗症, 结局

?*bacteremic adj.菌血症的

?*joint spaces关节腔

?*heart valves 心脏瓣膜

?*meninges *mi’nind?i:z] n.[解]脑膜, 髓膜

?*unwittingly adv.不知情地, 无意地

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?*bloody discharge带血排出物

?prostate *‘pr R steit] adj.前列腺的n.前列腺?epididymis *epi’didimis+ n.*解]附睾, 副睾?periurethral [periju?’ri:W r?l]adj.尿道周的

?*periurethral glands尿道周腺

?*rectal infection直肠感染

?dysuria *dis’ju?ri?] n.[医] 排尿困难

?dyspareunia [disp?’ru:ni?] n. 性交疼痛症

?*pelvic pain 骨盆疼痛

?*tenderness触痛

?*unusual vaginal bleeding阴道异常出血

?proctitis [pr R k’taitis+ n.*医]直肠炎

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?menses*‘mensi:z+n.*生理]月经, 行经

?*intracellular [intr?’seljul?] adj.细胞内的

?*diplococcus [dipl?u`k R k?s] n.[生物] 双球菌

?*menstrual *‘menstru?l] adj.[生理]月经的

?*uterus *‘ju:t?r?s] n.[解]子宫

?salpingitis *s?lpin’d?aitis] n.[医]输卵管炎

?sterility *ste’riliti+ n. 不育

?Gram stain革兰氏染色法

?*Gram culture革兰氏培养

?*endocervix子宫颈内膜

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?oropharynx [?ur?’f?ri N ks] n.[解]口咽

?urethra n.[解]尿道

?plate [pleit] vt.涂于片上

?anal *‘ein E l] adj.肛门的

?anal canal肛道

?*Thayer-Martin media泰-马二氏琼脂

?*N. Gonorrhoeae淋病奈瑟氏菌

?*fastidious *f?s’tidi?s] adj. 苛求的, (微生物等)需要复杂营养的

?*fastidious organism苛求菌

?optimal *‘R ptim?l] adj.最佳的, 最理想的

?*transport vt.送检，递送

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?*immunoassay [imjun?u’?sei+ n.免疫测定

?*enzyme immunoassay酶标免疫测定法

?*gonococcal antigen淋球菌抗体=gonozyme

?*DNA probe=DNA探针

?*urethral swab尿道试子

?*swab [sw R b] n.拖把, 药签vt.拭抹, 擦洗

?*be cost effective在费用上比较合算

?*high risk populations 高危人群

?syphilis *‘sifilis+ n.*医]梅毒

?chlamydia [kl?`midi?] n. [微]衣原体

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?screen [skri:n] vt筛检

?*prenatal visit产前检查

?high-risk populations高危人群

?*have repeat cultures 作重复性培养

?*trimester *trai’mest?] n.三月期

?conjunctiva [k R nd?∧N k’taiv?] n.(眼球)结膜

?probenecid [pr?’ben?sid] n.[药]丙磺舒,羧苯磺丙胺( 一种作用于肾管功能的药物) ?*renal excretion肾脏排泄

?tetracycline [tetr?’saiklin] n.[微]四环素

?ceftriaxone*sef’trai?z?un]头孢曲松纳

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?refrain *ri’frein+ vi.节制, 避免, 制止

?*concomitant [k?n’k R mit?nt] adj.伴随的

?n.伴随物，伴发率

?*gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease 淋球菌盆腔炎性疾病

?CDC疾控预防中心

?*combination regimen联合疗法

?regimen *‘red?imen] n.摄生法

?*single dose一次性注射/剂量

?ceftriaxone*sef’trai?z?un]头孢曲松纳

?Week 12: Unit 13

Reading B

?doxycycline [d R ksi’saiklin+ n.*微]强力霉素

?spectinomycin [spektinE5maisin]n.[微]奇放线菌素,壮观霉素,奇霉素(用作抗淋病药) ?doxycycline [d R ksi’saiklin+ n.*微]强力霉素

?erythromycin *I’ri W r?u’maisin+ n.<美>红霉素

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?sheer [F i?] adj. 绝对的, 彻底的

?*intelligent decision making智能决策

?*clear-headed头脑清楚的，清醒的

?outweigh *aut’wei+ v.在重量(或价值等)上超过*deliberation [dilib?’rei F?n] n.熟思, 考虑

?profile n.概况，简介

?eg company profile公司概况

?chemical *‘kemik?l] adj.化学的n.化学制品, 化学药品

?simplistic *sim’plistik+ adj.过分单纯化的

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?acetylsalicylic acid乙酰水杨酸, 阿司匹林

?trivia *‘trivj?] n.琐事

?OTC（over-the-counter）. (药等)不需医师处方而卖的；店面交易的受点,受体部位?*receptor site 受点,受体部位

?analgesic *?n?l’d?i:sik] adj.止痛的

?*chemotherapy [kem?u’W er?pi] n.化学疗法

?*intestine *in’testin+ n.*解, 动]肠

?*malignant [m?’lign?nt] adj.恶性的

?nausea *‘n R:sj?] n.反胃, 恶心

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?*psychoactive [saik?u’?kt iv] adj.作用于精神的,影响(或改变)心理状态的

?*psychoactive drugs精神性药物

?*marijuana *m?ri’hwa:n?] n.[植]大麻

?giddy *‘gidi+ adj.眼花缭乱的, 头晕的

?encompass *in’k∧mp?s] v.包围, 环绕

?*wild color强烈的颜色

?* adverse reaction 有害反应，逆反应

?*itching *‘it F i N] adj. 痒的

?*watery eyes水汪汪的眼睛

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?*runny nose流鼻涕

?discoloration [disk∧l?`rei F?n] n.变色, 污点

?hives [haivz] n.麻疹, 假膜性喉头炎

?anaphylactic [?n?fi’l?ktik+ adj.过敏的

?*anaphylactic shock过敏性休克

?*respiratory failure呼吸衰弱，呼吸衰竭

?*cardiac arrest 心搏[动]停止

?arrest n. 停止

?synergism *‘sin?d?izm] n.神人协力合作说, 合作?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?antagonism *?n’t?g?niz?m] n.对抗(状态), 对抗性?*inhibition *inhi’bi F?n] n.禁止, 压抑

?*potentiation [p?ten F i’ei F?n](作用)增强

?*synergistic interaction 协同作用

?*depressant *di’pres?nt] adj.有镇静作用的

?n.镇静剂

?barbiturat e *ba:’bitju?rit] n.[化]巴比妥酸盐

?*brain center大脑中枢

?*vital function. 生命活动

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?*in question - 讨论中的;考虑中的

?antacid *?nt’?sid+ adj.中和酸性的n.抗酸剂

?*intolerance *in’t R l?r?ns] n [医](对食物,药物等)不耐性?*cross-tolerance交叉耐药

?*route of administration给药途径

?inunction *I’n∧N k F?n] n.涂油, 涂擦

?suppository [s?’p R zit?ri] n.[药]栓剂

?*digestive juice消化液

?corrosive[k?’r?usiv] adj. 腐蚀性的

?

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?*ingest *in’d?est]vt.摄取, 咽下, 吸收

?hypodermic [haip?u’d?:mik]adj.皮下的, 皮下注射用的?*syringe *‘sirind?]n.注射器

?*intravenous [intr?’vi:n?s] adj.静脉内的

?*intramuscular [intr?’m∧skjul?] adj.肌肉的

?*anesthetic *?nis’W etik] n.麻醉剂, 麻药

?nostril *‘n R stril] n.鼻孔

?*alveoli 气泡

?*sac [s?k] n. 〈生〉囊；液囊

?Week 13: Unit 14

Reading A

?*metabolize [m?’t?b?laiz] v.产生代谢变化

?*adhesive patch橡皮膏，粘合剂

?alleviate [?’li:vieit+ vt.使(痛苦等)易于忍受, 减轻?*nauseate *‘n R:sieit] vi.作呕vt. 使恶心, 使作呕?*anus *‘ein?s]n.肛门

?sphincter *‘sfi N kt?]n.[解]括约肌

?vagina n [解]阴道

?

补充：

1.febr

2.dorm

3.dent

4.chromat

5.angi

6.ox

大学英语第2册Unit10 笔记整理

UNIT 10 Notes on the Text Pompeii: an ancient Italian city on the Bay of Naples, which was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Author: Robert Silverberg Structure: Pt.1 Brief Account Pt.2 Detailed Description Language Highlight 1/Nothing lives inPompeii except crickets and beetles and lizards… 1)不断使用连词and以达到语气强调的效果 2) beetle: The Beetles 披头士/ The Beetle 甲壳虫汽车 2/It died suddenly, in a terrible rain of fire and ash. = fire and ash fell like rain. 这里a rain of的使用就如同a storm of 属于metaohor 3/The tragedy struck on… v. a)突击；攻击 Police fear that the killer may strike again.警方担心杀人犯可能再次下手。 b)(不用于进行时) (想法或念头)突然想到；一下子想起；猛地意识到 An awful thought has just struck me.刚才我脑子里突然闪过一个可怕的念头。 c) 给（某人以…）印象；让（某人）觉得 How does the idea strike you?你觉得这个主意怎么样？ d) 擦，划（火柴）；击出（火星） to strike a match on a wall在墙上擦火柴 e) 开采出；钻探到 They had struck oil!他们开采出了石油！ f) 行进；加劲走 We left the road and struck off across the fields.我们下了公路，穿过旷野往前走。 g) strike fear, etc. into sb/sb's heart(formal)使某人感到恐惧等 strike gold打开成功（或财富）之门；踏上通往成功（或财富）之路 He has struck gold with his latest novel.他凭借最新的一部小说叩开了成功之门。 strike a pose/an attitude摆出某种姿态 strike a blow for/against/at sth维护（或损害）某种信念或原则等 He felt that they had struck a blow for democracy.他感觉他们维护了民主制度。 strike a bargain/deal达成（对双方都有利的）协议 h) strike out独立出去；自立谋生/(AmE,informal)失败；砸锅 I knew it was time I struck out on my own.我知道我该独立谋生了。 The movie struck out and didn't win a single Oscar.那部影片砸锅了，奥斯卡奖一项都没得着。

高级英语pub talk and the king's english中英笔记

L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being． Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书） intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例：Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得；应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.

新东方英语阅读笔记

一．考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走） 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二，通读全文，抓住中心。 1. 通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项， 选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由 二．阅读理解的解题技巧 1. 例证题： ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。（╳） 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2. 指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不 会离得太远）。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法 ①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ②确定该词汇的词性 ③从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适 ④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案 注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。 b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。 c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。 d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点（比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语 义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义）、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组（动词词组）的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组（动词词组）。 ▲隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题

大学英语综合教程2第一单元笔记

II. Text Analysis An essay is usually made up of three parts: a beginning where the topic is introduced; the body part where the topic is elaborated on, and a conclusion. Besides stating the topic directly, there are many other ways to introduce a theme. In this text, an anecdote or an incident is used. The author of Text A, Unit 6, Book 1 (What Animals Really Think) introduces his topic by posing a question: "Do animals all have thoughts, what we call consciousness?" Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 (How to Make Sense out of Science) begins by quoting newspaper headlines: "New Drugs Kill Cancer Devastation by El Nino -- a Warning 6:30 p.m. October 26, 2028: Could This Be the Deadline for the Apocalypse?" Text B of this unit, Children and Money, begins with an imagined argument between a child and his parent over the control of pocket money. Discover other forms of introduction as you read on. However, the more important point is that you should learn to vary your own writing by adopting various types of topic introduction. Without a conclusion, an essay lacks a sense of completeness. A conclusion may be a restatement of the main points previously mentioned, a proposed solution, a quotation from some book or person, a prediction of future developments, a suggestion for further study, etc. Text B, Unit 3, Book 1 ends by giving a simile, comparing scientific research to mountain climbing, "a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead." In this text, Howard Gardner makes a suggestion in the form of a question. III. Cultural Notes 1. Education in the West: There is no common agreement in the West concerning the best method of education. A variety of views can be found among parents, teachers and students. Indeed, it might be argued that it is this very existence of contending points of view that is characteristic of Western education. This can be seen as far back as in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates,who encouraged his students to question everything, even their most fundamental beliefs. Yet even then there was no general agreement that this was the best way to teach. Socrates, after all, was condemned to death by his fellow citizens for corrupting the morals of the young by his way of teaching. Many later periods of Western history were no more tolerant of encouraging students to challenge traditional beliefs: Darwin's theory of evolution, for example, was for a time banned from schools in some American states on the grounds of religious belief. Much of the current debate over education surrounds the extent to which learning should be teacher-based or student-based.Which of the two should decide what should be learned, how it should be learned, and when it should be learned? Comparing Western and Asian methods of learning it is generally true that Western methods are more student-centered, expecting students to discover things for

高级英语 Face to face with Hurricane Camille中英笔记

Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风 约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem，by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径 例：Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling．让我们不要争吵，商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”

雅思 全套新东方ielts笔记 最新新东方听力笔记 ★【汉魅】

最新新东方听力笔记 概述： 一．雅思听力基本情况 可做任何标记。 分数段：12-18：4分19-24：5分25-30：6分 31-35：7分 36-38：8分39-40：9分根据难易要乘系数 二．两个误区 听懂核心词汇，掌握拼写。 极少考理解，多考记录信息点，所听即所得。 三．两个基本范围 1． survival english （社会生活，人际交往等） 2． academic english （学术类，教育类，热点话题） 四．问题 1．利用停顿时间抢读后面题目 2．直接书写答案 3．区分考试安排者声音，根据指导做题 4．手眼耳并用，听看写一体 五．雅思听力四大特点 1. 国际口音：（英、美、澳）（英音50%，澳20%，美20%，其他10%） 不利：习惯美音，不习惯英音，必须熟悉英音； 有利：新口音（大西洋口音，适于中国人）；动词短语不是考试重点（掌握一般程度：第一个意思即可），去掉了很多地域性的方言。 2. 四段叙述：1、3section是对话，2、4section是陈述，一般来说难度递增。 不利：a.不知道听力磁带和题目间如何建立关系——采用顺序原则(85%)：答案顺序和问题顺序一致。 b.无法集中注意力（听力中不包含问题，无法对大脑产生刺激）——改变听力学习习惯，练习时应聚精会神，忌跑神和恐慌。 有利：不是每句话都要听懂，应试图听懂每一句包含答案的句子（先看题，再猜答案，然后做题） 3. 边听边做： 不利：a.阅读量大——要求快速阅读（技巧+能力）——速读 b.写量大——要求手眼耳并用（加强听写能力，掌握四级单词听写） 有利：a.不考推理、总结、归纳题，主要考查细节，所听即所得。 4. 题型多样：10种题型 不利：不熟悉题型 有利：难度较低 六、听力应试策略 短期目标：1.紧扣9套题，十种题型，十种场景。 2.记补充的单词和地名。四级词汇(大学英语四级速听速记)。 3.精听六盘磁带。 中期目标：1.短期任务。 2.再做一点题。听力强化最新指南，雅思听力课外强化教程，英语中级听力（关于hotel/resta urant，news不听）。 3.背单词。 长期目标：1.加强发音以及听音的训练。 2.再做一些题目。

新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记2培训资料

Unit 2 Section A Environmental Protection Throughout the World Ⅰ.A b s t r a c t Environmental awareness takes second place to economic development in most nations of the world. As damage to our environment increases, however, some nations are developing programs to protect their natural resources. The passage describes some of these national programs Canada has closed the area to cod fishing and set strict limits on catches of other species. Brazil promises it will protect the region’s native people. Eastern European countries and other nations, including the United States, have set up special funds for environmental clean-ups and improving the region's power plants. The government of Indonesia has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 20 years ago to 49 percent today.Ⅱ.C u l t u r e N o t e s 1. Islam is a religion and social way of life based on the teachings of Muhammad as preserved in the Koran(《可兰经》) and the Sunna (伊斯兰教规)。It is centered in Mecca(麦加)，and includes the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba(建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂)。 2. Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world’s oceans, divided into the North Pacific and the South Pacific. It extends from the western America to eastern Asia and Australia. It separated America from Asia and Australia. Its length is 15,000 km. Its width from Panama to Malaya is 19,000 km. With its coasts it makes up a great volcanic area. III. Analysis of each part Part one(para.1): Introduction

高级英语lesson2 marrakech课堂笔记

Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across （break ones way）the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh （mankind人类）as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated（无差别的）brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? （三个疑问句）They rise out of the earth（出生贫寒，metaphor），they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy（not even）underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。

新东方唐静翻译笔记整理版

新东方唐静翻译笔记整理版 转载自:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/361891933.html,/viewthread.php?tid=129509 考研翻译：a. 弄清什么是翻译（理论、教学、实践）/（translation、interpretation、交传、simultaneously interpretation）b. 怎么做翻译 1. 考研翻译中英汉语语言特点 1）形合与意合2）繁复与简短 3）被动与主动少用被字4）抽象与具体根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来解释具体 Evolution:进化find 发现(成果、结果) tension:缓解中东的紧张（形势、局面）must(必去的地方/景点)past(过去的情况、现象、景象) 2. 考研翻译的题型、题型特点、考试内容和评分标准 1）考研翻译的题型 2）考研翻译的题型特点划线句子是长难句，一般35词 3）考研翻译的考试内容 （1）考察专有名词（人名、地名、国家名称、术语98年big bang 大爆炸理论常识性）、词组（inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论operational research expert运筹学专家）多义词（school学派life生命生活熟词生义set:集合offend:排污超标）生词（2）考察一般性翻译技巧：a)词义选择：分析词根词缀multimedia determinism(决定论)、分析上下文、根据汉语习惯搭配来翻译、寻找汉语同义词翻译aspect问题elegant 完善的，完美的 b)词序调整：中英文词序不对等 c)词性转换：介词换动词，名词换动词（emphasis） d)生词法 (3)考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法：定语状语宾语主语表语同位语并列比较倒装插入强调被动否定形式主语there be 4）考研翻译的评分标准：分段给分微观评分综合扣分 3. 考研翻译解题中的常见问题（只可意会不可言传、表达不清）和应对策略 理解的关键在于理解英语的语法结构；表达的关键在于用汉语习惯来调整和翻译4. 考研翻译的步骤、标准和方法(严复：信、达、雅) 标准：准确、通顺、完整 步骤：通读全句，准确理解 分析成分，划分意群 选择词义，贴切表达 适当调整，书写译文 One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind（心理状态）, feelings, traits of character(性格特征), human nature, and so on.一个困难在于几乎所有（全部）所谓的行为科学——一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部根据心理状态、情感、性格特征、人性等来寻找行为的根源——to: According to—— Trace to: find the original thing according to sth. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the

新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记

Unit 1 Section A Time-Conscious Americans Ⅰ. Abstract This passage shows the way of Americans regarding time。Americans are famous for their time-consciousness. His/her belief is that no one stands still. No moving ahead means falling behind. This results in a country that people of it devote themselves into researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is the most important thing for Americans lives. On one hand, Americans try their best to save up time by different ways. They are in hurry to get their destination, push the others in order to finish their shopping quickly. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in America. People make full use of modern ways to communicate with each other efficiently. On the other hand, people miss the relaxed way of living. They like the opening exchanges of a business call. They miss the ritual interaction that is suitable for a welcoming cup of tea or coffee. The people coming from different cultures have different ideas from those of American.Ⅱ. Culture Notes 1. The Definition of Culture Culture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the

大学英语(新视野)unit2笔记学生版

UNIT 2 I Phrases 1.sad to say令人遗憾的是/不幸的是: 令人遗憾的是，他没能抵制住金钱的诱惑，参与了非法勾当。 fail to resist the temptation / lend oneself to sth. / illegal business 2.to revolt against 反抗: 在中国文化里，犯上作乱被视为大逆不道。in the Chinese culture / be regarded as worst offence / revolt against authority 3.to trip up绊倒;（使）出错; 暴露: 就像纸里包不住火，你干的坏事终将会暴露。find no way to do sth. / wrap oneself in paper / one’s wrong doing / in time / trip oneself up 4.all the same 尽管如此: 他的一生充满坎坷，但他从未失去追求更好生活的勇气。be full of frustrations / never lose one’s courage to do sth. / seek a better life 5.to come down in the world 落魄，潦倒；失势:落魄时易丧志，腾达后会忘形。be liable to do sth. / get dejected / be apt to do sth. / get swollen-headed 6.to have the urge / a deep need to do sth. 有一种要做······的欲望: 当心情不好时，她总是有一种购物的欲望。in bad mood / go shopping 7.to find one’s way into 到达；进入: 他这样一个小人物，是怎样进入董事会的？a nobody / the board of directors 8.to lose one’s faith in sb./sth. 对······失去信心:作为一个雄心勃勃的年轻人，他从未对自己的未来失去过信心。an ambitious young person 9.to walk into the sunset with sb. 与某人共同走进夕阳之中/与某人白头偕老: 这对老夫妇即将迎来金婚纪念日，他们履行了与对方白头偕老的承诺。expect / golden anniversary / fulfill the promise 10.to find in sb. a …发现某人是一个······: 在一起共事几个月，我们发现他是一个电脑天才。work together / computer genius II Structures 1.Di ckens might have created Charlie Chaplin’s childhood. But only Charlie Chaplin could have created the great comic character of “the Tramp”, the little man in rags who gave his creator permanent fame.狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事，但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。 Sb./Sth. else might do / have done ... But only sb./sth. can do / could have done ... 别的人/物或许会做······，但只有某人/物才会做······用于强调“某人／物的特殊性”。 谈到择偶，别人或许会给些建议，但只有你自己才能做出最终决定。 2.But if he’d been able to speak with an educated accent in those early short comedies, it’s doubtful if he would have achieved world fame.但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了。 If sb. had done sth., it is doubtful if sb. would have done sth. else. 如果某人······，那么他/她是否会······就难说了。用于表述“对过去事实的假设及结果的怀疑”。 假如他当初没有听从劝告，那么他是否会拥有如此高的地位就难说了。 3.He was an immensely talented man, determined to a degree unusual even in the ranks of Hollywood stars.他是一个才能非凡的人，他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。Sb. be …, adj./p.p. to a degree unusual eve n in the ranks/world/family of … 某人是个······人/处于······境界，其······的程度之大甚至在······中也是十分罕见的。用于表述“某人的出众之处”。 她是一个志向远大的女性，其雄心之大甚至在男人中也十分少见。 4.His huge fame gave him the freedom—and, more importantly, the money—to be his own master. 他的巨大名声为他带来了自由，更重要的是带来了财富，他因此得以成为自己的主人。Sth. give / bring sb. sth.—and, more importantly, sth. else—to do/ be …某事为某人带来了······，更重要的是带来了······，他/她因