外文翻译

工业设计背景下的小组头脑风暴：各因素的抑制作用和证据

摘要：

在一系列程序设计中，头脑风暴可以使组织生产效力最大化。这项研究考察了两个主要因素：生产损失和所有权的问题在头脑风暴中对成绩的影响。这个实验研究从6个不同的大学找出115个小组。以同一标准对数据进行了分析。结果表明：模块化生产跟头脑风暴的成绩呈负相关关系；反之，评价恐惧跟头脑风暴的成绩呈正相关关系。所用权问题对最终的成绩也是这个关系。这个结果是在工业设计环境下对教育工作者和研究院的潜在吸引。

关键词：

工业设计；头脑风暴；生产损失；所有权问题；组级别分析

1．前言

工业设计是致力于给创造和发展概念提供服务以及为使用者和制造商说明的这样一个领域（美国的工业设计社会IDSA，2004）。就工业设计而言，常常被用于囊括工程学和美学进行交互的生产设计（埃克伯格，2005)，但是工业设计更加侧重于使用者的需求(鲁森伯格 &埃克斯, 1995)。因此，工业设计者同那些处理事情直接涉及到工程学的人不一样，他们会给工程师传送一种理念(汉娜，2004)。比如，亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔发明了电话，而亨利·德弗雷斯作为一个工业设计师，他是一个负责给电话提供现代模式的人（汉娜， 2004)。因此，在工业设计的领域里，创造力是非常需要的，它在提出一个理念和方法中扮演了很重要的角色 (塔克拉，科诺恩&蒙特罗，2006) 。在马来西亚的工业设计领域里，拉赫曼（2005）透露了马来西亚设计师们更偏爱在一个充满活力的团队中能有一个坚定的态度，比如在组织中用精简清楚的知识进行头脑风暴的训练。

在一些组织性的设置中，团体创造力的本质不能够被去除(鲍罗斯，勒罗，帕特曼，莱格特&罗兰, 1996; 鲍罗斯, 2000)。因为组织得使用团体创造力去克服一些困难或者是发明一个新的产品(鲍罗斯&布朗, 2007)。团体创造力的水平可以通过经历头脑风暴提高。例如，在IDEO，凯利(2001)已经强调了创超力在设计公司里面不是偶然或者神秘的，它是非常常见的，幸运地是它是可以被获得的。而且，头脑风暴对于创造性思考是一个非常著名的工具(伊萨克森，1998)。所以，一些小的团体一直为许多从事于创造性解决问题以及富有想象力任务的领域里的从业者提供一个良好的结果。

马来西亚的设计者以一个有坚定态度的抽满活力的团体而出名，比如在组织中用精简清楚的知识进行头脑风暴的训练(拉赫曼, 2005)。他说：“管理实践就像隐喻和类比的运用，如果设计者想要对显性学问做出贡献，那么选择跟专家和设计经理能量以及头脑风暴一起工作是非常有利的”(拉赫曼， 2005 )。而且，头脑风暴是一项更注重活跃思考的能力。不过，上述被讨论的文献大多数都是缺乏目的的工业设计背景。虽然拉赫曼(2005)已经强调了要在头脑风暴技术里去获得新的理念，但是这里没有发现经验证据去支持拉赫曼关于头脑风暴的的观点(2005)，尤其在马来西亚的工业设计教育里。此外，在个体和群体表现中总结出完美结果的调查研究中中还缺少群体水平的分析。因此，本研究的目的是检测在群体水平下，运用头脑风暴的过程中对成绩的影响。

2.文献综述和各种假设的发展

2.1头脑风暴

头脑风暴是一系列被设计好用于减少生产损失和将从事与理念生产的团体创造力最大化的规程。一个名叫奥斯本的广告设计经理使头脑风暴变得比较容易理解。头脑风暴主要涉及到应用这个工具去增加组织的创造力(奥斯本，1963)。头脑风暴也被认定成为多种工具的技术产生想法的技巧(伊萨克森，1998)。相较于单独生产工作，人们运用头脑风暴可以产生更多的想法(奥斯本，1963)。头脑风暴的研究开始于泰勒、贝里和布洛克 (1958)对奥斯本在他非常具有影响力的书中提出运用想象力进行验证，证明头脑风暴的有效性。自从泰勒等人的研究之后，进一步的研究极大地增加，诸如布沙尔和哈雷（1970），迪尔和施特罗伯（1987），巴基和皮森诺特（2001），奈斯塔德、范·菲恩娜、施特罗伯和劳德维嘉克斯（2004），奈斯塔德、施特罗伯和劳德维嘉克斯（2006）之类。大多数关于头脑风暴的研究都强调了团体过程。

2.2团体过程

在头脑风暴中，团体过程对组织性能起着至关重要的作用，通过在小组中各个个体之间的相互作用在头脑风暴的过程中引进更多的要素，从而达到提高性能的目的。换句话说，它也被称作过程收益（丹尼斯和威廉，2003）。同时，由于采取行动而削弱了性能的因素被称为生产损失（丹尼斯和威廉，2003）或生产损失（迪尔和斯特罗伯，1987）。在生产损失中，生产阻碍被认为是小组交互中的竞说时间（迪尔和施特罗伯，1987）。而巴基和皮森诺特则认为平价顾忌使小组中的个人心存敬畏，让他们的创作理念在小组中受到他人的评价与报复，而且社会惰性也被定义成为了减少个人在小组中的工作执行量（拉特纳，威廉和哈金斯，1979）。

在头脑风暴的研究中，有一个强烈的方向，即构思的产生（鲍罗斯，2000；鲍罗斯，徳兹杜雷特，珀雷特和卡马乔，1993；丹尼斯和沃洛奇赫，1993）。换句话说，构思的生成在头脑风暴的成果中是起决定性作用的。因此，奥斯本（1963）和其他实践者，如罗林森（1981）都很强调构思的生成。尽管有几个作用如上所述，但大多数头脑风暴的调研者，如迪尔和施特罗伯（1987），谢泼德、布里格斯、莱尼希、延和小努纳梅克（1996），博林和诺伊曼（2006），考斯登（2005）等都认为生产阻碍、社会惰性和评价顾忌这三个显著的因素一直在妨碍头脑风暴的效果。此外生产阻碍代表认知过程的问题，社会惰性代表激励因素的问题，评价顾忌则代表心理因素的问题（马伦，约翰森和萨拉斯，1991）。

2．2．1生产阻碍

生产阻碍被认为是小组交互中的竞说时间（迪尔和施特罗伯，1987）。阜南汉姆和雅兹德潘南（1995）认为在头脑风暴中，每当一个人发表意见的时候，其他小组成员应该按照顺序等候，这个等待时间造成的生产力损失即是生产阻碍状态。当个人在小组中不能表达他们的想法时就会出现生产阻碍，因为如果小组中的每个成员都在同一时间发表意见，将会减少头脑风暴会议的有效性（盖洛普，巴斯塔努提和库柏，1991）。

2．2．2社会惰化

当个人参与团体一起完成某种事情时，个人所付出的努力比单独时减少，个人的活动积极性与效率下降的现象被称为社会惰化（拉特纳，威廉和哈金斯，1979）。这种情况往往出现在他们的想法不被认同或者无法融入其他小组成员的想法中（鲍罗斯和布朗，2007）。根据卡劳和威廉姆斯（1993）的观点，相较于个人单独工作，人们在团体中工作时往往会减少自身精力的投入。社会惰化这个词跟搭便车其实是一个意思，个人在提出想法时会尽量减少自身的努力（巴基和皮森诺特，2001）。

2．2．3评价顾忌

迪尔和施特罗伯（1987）认为评价顾忌就是个人可能担心自己的想法受到小组成员的负反馈，于是在头脑风暴中保留自己的想法。巴基和皮森诺特（2001）则认为评价顾忌是团体中的个人担心在团体中他们的创作理念被质疑且可能受到他人的报复性回应。而根据盖洛普（1992）等人的观点，评价顾忌往往出现在团体中的个人觉得他的某个创意可能无法得到团体中其他成员的认可，于是他们保留了自己想法。所以，研究者们研究关于头脑风暴的过程包括：

H1：在头脑风暴会议中，工业设计学生们创意的数量和团体中的问题（生产阻碍，社会惰化，评价顾忌）有关系。

下面探究性的进一步假设显示：

H1a：工业设计学生们创意的数量和生产阻碍有关系。

H1b：工业设计学生们创意的数量和社会惰化有关系。

H1c：工业设计学生们创意的数量和评价顾忌有关系。

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Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d2212284.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>

国际贸易英文文献

Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much

市场类中英文对照翻译

原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721