2019高考英语必备：定语从句的翻译技巧

2019高考英语必备：定语从句的翻译技巧

英语文章中较多地使用长句, 而汉语中短句居多。尤其在科技英语文

章中, 长句的理解就更加令人头疼。英译汉时, 因为思维方式和语言

表达上存有的文化差异, 如果总是按汉语的习惯原封不动地翻译原文

长句, 则译文必然生硬拗口、难以通畅。而英语长句之所以难以处理, 主要就是因为英语中的短语和从句都能够充当句子的不同成分, 而短

语往往不短, 且从句中又包含有从句。众所周知, 在各类从句中最复杂、最常见的一类从句是定语从句( at t ribut ive clause) 。这里,本人结合多年的翻译工作实践, 就定语从句在科技英语长难句中的译

法做些探讨。

1、长句的把握

在翻译一个长句时, 首先要把握好两点：一是对原文的准确理解, 二是恰如其分的表达。理解阶段既要能拟出全句的主要轮廓、辨请主

从结构、领会全句的要旨, 又要能找出句与句之间的从属关系, 理清

每句的意思。而表达阶段则可先将每个单句逐一翻译, 再将译出的句

子实行调整、组合, 对译文作最后的加工润色。要想完美地处理长句

是需要通过长期实践、灵活应用各种方法才能做到的。但就理解阶段

来说, 关键是针对从句的理解

2、定语从句的处理

定语从句之所以被认为是汉译中最难处理的一种从句, 原因有二：一方面, 汉语中作为修饰成分的定语, 习惯上一般放在所修饰词的前面, 而英语的定语从句一般总在所修饰的词之后, 向所修饰词的后面

扩展, 且往往形式多样、结构较长; 另一方面, 汉语的定语一般只起

着修饰和限制的作用, 而英语的定语从句则作用广泛, 除修饰和限制

作用以外, 还具有类似状语从句( 原因、结果、目的、条件、让步)

的功能。所以, 英汉定语在位置、语序、措辞及结构上的差异常常会

给理解和翻译造成困难, 翻译时就必须抓住本质, 恰当地实行处理。

3、定语从句的汉译策略

科技文章中概念性的东西比较多, 所以定语从句在科技英语中出现的频率很高。它相当于汉语的主谓结构、偏正结构或动补结构等结构助词“ 的” 形式的定语成分。但实际上, 英语的定语从句要比汉语的复杂得多。翻译时, 根据定语从句的不同结构及含义, 可采用不同的译法。定语从句的翻译方法即使灵活多样, 但常用的方法技巧可归纳为：

(1) 前置译法, 即把句中的修饰成分按汉语习惯放在所修饰的词前面实行翻译;

(2) 后置译法, 即将句中的插入或修饰成分提取出来放到后面单独翻译;

(3) 混合译法, 即为了便于译文的表达, 结合前两种方法, 打破原文的定语结构和语序, 用自己的话恰如其分地表达出原文的信息及含义。这种方法是定语从句在长句翻译中最难掌握的一种翻译方法, 当然也是对翻译工作者的外语和母语驾驭水平的一种较高的要求及挑战。

下面就针对上述3 种定语从句的汉译方法,举一些在翻译科技文章所碰到的例句实行阐述。

3. 1 前置译法

所谓前置译法, 就是把从句融合到主句中, 把定语从句置于所修饰的名词之前实行翻译。这是对于结构相对比较简单、在逻辑上有明确限制作用的定语从句来说的。翻译时通常只需加个“的”字, 既不影响意思的表达, 又符合汉语的习惯。

① The buo yancy fo rce in the liquid zinc needed to seal the channel is produced by the eddy currents which in turn result f rom the change of the magnetic flow over the time.

该句的主干是The buoyancy force is produced by the eddy cur rent s。其中有两个修饰成分： needed to seal the channel

修饰force, 而w hich 引导的定语从句修饰currents。

[ 参考译文] ：锌液中用来封住锌锅底部开口的浮力由随时间变化的磁通在锌液中引起的涡流产生。

②Steel g rades w ith standard demands on surface quality are produced via the No. 1 RH degasser, w hich is equipped w ith an ox ygen TB lance, and the single??st rand No. 3 continuo us caster.

该句的主干是Steel grades are pro duced via degasser and caster。其中有两个修饰成分： with standard demands on surface quality 修饰grades, 而w hich 引导的定语从句修饰deg asser。

[ 参考译文]：对以表面质量为标准的钢种的生产是经有TB 氧枪的1 号RH 脱气装置, 到3号单流连铸机。

3. 2 后置译法

如果碰到定语从句比较长、结构较复杂或意思独立性较强、在逻

辑上还有其他补充说明作用时, 一般可将定语从句译成并列的分句。

在重复关系代词所代的名词时, 还能够在名词前加上“这”或

“ 该”。

Plast ics is made f rom w ater w hich is a natural resource inex haust ible and av ailable every where, co al w hich can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime w hich can be obtained from the

calcinat io ns of limestone w idely pr esent in nature.

该句的主干是Plast ics is made f rom w ater,coal and lime, 而w ater, coal, lime 后面分别跟了3 个定语从句补充说明, 所以

能够译成3 个并列的分句。

[ 参考译文] ：塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处能够获得的天然资源; 煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的, 成

本较低; 石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存有的石灰石得来的

② A scheduling planner has been implemented at Arcelor's slab caster at Florange, which can take various product io n co nstr aint s into account , such as rest rict ing the sequence of a slabcast from a heat to exclude the f irst and last two slabs in the case of ce tain high quality steel grades and opt imize w idth chang es made o n the fly .

该句的主干是planner has been implemen??ted, 后面的which 引导的定语从句修饰planner,因为很长, 所以放在后面单独实行翻译, 并加上了“该” 。

[ 参考译文] ：阿塞洛公司弗洛仑奇厂的板坯连铸机上已安装并使用计划生成器。该计划生成器会考虑各种生产约束条件, 诸如在生

产优质钢时要从一炉钢中剔除第一块和最后两块板坯的对板坯浇铸顺

序的制约以及快速在线调宽的优化等。

3. 3 混合译法

英语中表示状语性质的定语, 往往就具有较强的谓语性, 翻译时

难以保留原来的定语形式, 一般可转化为表目的、原因、结果等的状语, 从而增强逻辑的严密性。当然, 有时也需根据意思, 灵活使用各

种方法, 适当调整语序实行处理。

① Fo llow ing an in??depth inv est ig ation and analysis o f all potent ially available sealing versions, the decisio n aw s reached to implement the sealing funct ion by means o f an electr omagnetic moving field and to integr ate therein another magnetic f ield by means of w hich the posit ion of the ferromag net ic steel st rip can be continuously influenced during operation.

该句的主干是decision w as reached to implement the

sealing funct ion and to integr atetherein another magnetic field。w hich 引导的定语从句修饰another magnetic t ield, 这里处理为表目的状语。

[ 参考译文： ] 通过对所有可用的密封方式实行深入研究和分析, 决定采用移动磁场的方式来实行密封功能, 并在运行过程中, 结合利

用另一磁场, 这是为了能够持续对铁磁性带钢的位置实行调整。

② To t his agreement , Wuppermann made available a hot-

dip g alv anizing line w hich had already been operat ing

since 1990 to pr oduce narrow hot st rip up to 375 mm w ide into which SMS Demag integ rated a prototype CVGL line with a pro ject volume of approx imately 2. 0 millio n Euro .

该句的主干是Wuppermann made line。which 引导的两个定语从

句都修饰line, 这时调整语序, 把第1 个which 引导的从句放在后面单独翻译, 而把第2 个which 引导的从句前置翻译。

[ 参考译文] ：根据协议, Wuppermann 提供热镀锌生产线, SMS Demag 将CVGL 技术组合到生产线中, 工程投资约2 百万欧元。Wupper??mann 热镀锌线于1990 年投产, 生产宽375 mm窄带。

4、结语

科技英语文章逻辑性较强, 结构又严密, 从而使句子中必然会带

有很多修饰、限定及附加的成分。增加这些成分, 句子就自然长又难。而增强定语从句在科技英语文章中的阅读、分析及翻译的基本功训练, 则是科技翻译工作者懈而不舍地努力方向。由以上例句可知, 对于定

语从句在科技英语长句中的翻译, 要结合具体情况, 灵活使用常用的

和特殊的翻译策略, 同时因为工作在钢铁企业, 所接触的多为专业性

极强的外文资料, 就需要持续增强对专业知识的学习, 唯有这样才能

使译文严谨精确、通顺流畅、翻译得体。

定语从句高考真题及答案

定语从句十年高考真题汇编 1.【2012全国卷II】⒏ That evening, ______I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. A. that B. which C. what D. when 2.【2012安徽】29. A lot of language learning, ______has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D. this 3.【2012重庆】29. Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills. A. which B. that C. when D. where 4.【2012北京】26. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. when 5.【2012福建】23. The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. A. that B. it C. as D. what 6.【2012陕西】14. It is the third time that she has won the race, ____ has surprised us all. A. that B. where C. which D. what 7.【2012山东】23. Maria has written two novels, both of ___ have been made into television series. A. them B. that C. which D. what 8.【2012湖南】34. Care of the soul is a gradual process ____ even the small details of life should be considered. A. what B. in what C. which D. in which 9.【2012天津】7. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ____ help I would never have got this far. A. who B. whose C. whom D. which 10.【2012江西】28. By 16:30, ____ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. A. which B. when C. what D. that 11.【2012四川】13. In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses. A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them 12.【2012浙江】9. We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before. A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which 13.【2012浙江】17. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. which B. who C. where D. whom 14.【2012江苏】22. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ____ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. A. which B. who C. where D. what 15.【2011全国卷I】The prize will go to the writer _____ story shows the most imagination. A. that B. which C. whose D. what 16. 【2011全国卷II】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _____ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A. this B. that C. what D. which 17.【2011北京卷】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _____, of course, make all the others upset. A. who B. which C. what D. that 18.【2011上海卷】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station _____ you can hire to reach your host family. A. which B. where C. when D. as 19.【2011山东卷】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____ are built close to each other. A. they B. where C. what D. that 20.【2011江西卷】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____ had taken more than three years. A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which 21.【2011江苏卷】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _____ the audience can buy ice-cream. A. when B. where C. that D. which 22.【2011安徽卷】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks. A. when B. which C. where D. while 23. 【2011浙江卷】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _____ uses it somewhat differently. A. which B. what C. them D. those 24. 【2011浙江卷】A bank is the place _____ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when

汉语2019高考英语必备词汇和短语大全

高三高考常用词汇 loss n. 丧失 special a. 特别的 inform v. 告诉 enjoyable a. 愉快的 offer v. 提供 mark v. 标明 succeed v. 成功，继承 expectation n. 预料 state n. 状态 effect n. 影响 presentation n. 演示，演出 ban v. 禁止 provide v. 提供 failure n. 失败 manage v. 管理 manager n. 经理 wonder v. 想知道 sensitive a. 敏感的 consider v. 考虑 produce v. 生产 strength n. 力量 communicate v. 沟通 communication n. 沟通，交通 accept v. 接受 explanation n. 解释 encouragement n. 鼓励 encourage v. 鼓励 direction n. 方向 matter vi. 要紧 attention n. 注意 arrival n. 到来 require v. 需要，要求 organise vt. 组织 base n. 基地，基础 government n. 政府 tend v. 倾向 nationwide ad. 全国范围内的native a. 本土的 remain v. 保持 comfort n. 安慰，舒适 performance n. 演出continue vi. 继续 effort n. 努力purpose n. 目的, 决心gifted a. 有天赋的refer v. 涉及conversation n. 谈话guidance n. 引导achieve vt. 实现，达到project n. 方案；项目attend v. 参加 raise vt. 使升高；饲养charge v. 收费，充电argument n. 争论，辩论attack vt./n. 攻击mentally ad. 精神上particular adj. 特别的beneficial a. 有利的application n. 申请necessary a. 必需的accident n. 事故mistaken a. 错误的ownership n. 所有制appoint v. 任命attitude n. 态度mistake n. 错误 force vt. 强迫disappoint v. 使失望behaviour n. 行为 benefit n. 利益 racial a. 种族的doubt n.& v. 怀疑employ v. 雇佣recognise v. 认出damage n.& vt. 毁坏admission n. 准入，承认disappointment n. 失望 except v. 除了depend vi. 依靠 suffer vi. 受苦 affect vt. 影响operation n. 手术，操作determine v. 决定 earn v. 挣得

十年高考真题分类汇编(2010-2019) 英语 专题10 定语从句 考试版

十年高考真题分类汇编（2010-2019）英语 专题10 定语从句 (2010﹒福建﹒T24)Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A. that B. where C. which D. whose2 (2010﹒湖南﹒T28)I’ve become good friends with several of the stud ents in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which (2010﹒江西﹒T31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what (2010﹒山东﹒T24)That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. What (2010﹒山东﹒T26)Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which (2010﹒天津﹒T8)-----Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? -----You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that (2010﹒四川﹒T10)After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. A. that B. which C. when D. where (2010﹒全国卷I﹒T24)As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that (2010﹒江苏﹒T32)The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which (2010﹒陕西﹒T11)The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A. where B. which C. its D. whose (2010﹒全国卷II﹒T16)I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone e lse’s fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what (2010﹒湖北﹒T77)My mother was so proud of all ________（我所做的）that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing. (do) (2010﹒湖北﹒T80)________(正如我们强调的那样)many times, “serve the people” is our first policy. (stress) (2010﹒北京﹒T27)Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that (2010﹒重庆﹒T3)In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development

2019年高考英语语法填空专题复习(含答案)

2019年高考英语语法填空实战模拟 (名师精剖析解题技巧与方法+实战练习，值得下载练习) 篇一:语法填空答题技巧 {} 语法填空解题流程 {} 语法填空答题技巧 形式一有提示词类 (一)提供动词类 当设空处提供动词原形，设空处一般考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词或 词类转化。其解题步骤为： 全国Ⅰ]But for tourists like me，pandas are its top __61__(attract)．[典例1][2016· [剖析]考查名词。句意：对于像我一样的游客，大熊猫是最大的吸引。形容词 top“头等的；最重要的”后面跟名词形式。故填attraction。 [典例2][2016· 全国Ⅰ]My ambassadorial duties will include __67__(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

[剖析]include为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。故填introducing。 全国Ⅱ]Leaving the less important things until tomorrow __63__ [典例3][2016· (be) often acceptable. [剖析]分析句子结构可知，动名词短语Leaving the less...until tomorrow作主语，故63处应为谓语动词且应用单数形式。故填is。 (二)词性转换类 词性转换多以派生词变化为主，如：形容词与副词间的相互转化形容词与名 词间的相互转化；形容词与动词间的相互转化；动词与名词间的相互转化等。其 解题步骤为： 全国Ⅰ]The title will be __63__(official)given to me at a ceremony [典例1][2016· in London. [剖析]考查副词。修饰动词应用副词形式。应填officially。 全国Ⅱ]Then，handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a [典例2][2016· real sense of __62__ (achieve)． [剖析]考查名词。介词of后应用名词作宾语。故填achievement。 特别提醒：1.括号中所给词为形容词或副词时，也有可能是考查其比较等级。 [典例1]The__68__(hard) you try to beat him，the more likely you will get hit.He controls you! [剖析]分析句子结构以及根据句意可知，此处为“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构，表示“越……，就越……”，故答案为harder。 2．括号中所给词为名词时，有可能不是考查词性转换，而是考查单复数。 [典例2]．..for most of us the __69__(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river. [剖析]由定冠词the可知，此处应填名词，由谓语动词are和require可知此处 应用复数形式changes。 3．有个别空可能是词义转换题，词性不一定要变，主要是考查与词根意义相 反的派生词，需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un-，im-等，在词根

2016-2020高考英语试题分类汇总-定语从句(解析版)

2016-2020高考英语试题分类汇总-定语从句（解析 版） 【2020年】 1.（2020·江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from __________ students can choose for free. A. whose B. which C. when D. whom 【答案】B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which 引导。故选B。 3.（2020·天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故选A。 3.（2020·新课标Ⅲ卷）In ancient China lived an artist61 paintings were almost lifelike. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 【2019年】 1.【2019·江苏卷】We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A. which B. what C. when D. that 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。故选C。 2.【2019·天津卷】Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences. A. why B. where C. which D. what 【答案】B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can

2019届高三英语二轮复习语法猜题专练：(10)定语从句含答案解析

定语从句 单句语法填空 1、I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions__________she stopped working because of ill health. 2、In most cases, college graduates don't mind what job they will do so long as it is one__________ they can earn money to support themselves. 3、Finally he reached a lonely island__________ was completely cut off from the outside world. 4、A company__________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 5、We'll reach the sales targets in a month __________we set at the beginning of the year. 6、He may win the competition, in __________ case he is likely to get into the national team. 7、“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” __________ the old saying goes. 8、My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,__________ I was the first Western TV reporter. 9、Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B. C., influenced the development of chopsticks. 10、I prefer to work in black and white,__________ allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly. 单句改错 11、We should take an active attitude to our studies, and try to get a mark what is true as well as good. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 12、The idea has quickly spread to Europe which special courses are now offered to children who are from 7 to 24 months old. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 13、That was the reason how he was late for school. _____________________________________________________________________ 14、The woman said that her husband had died some months before and that she didn’t have anyone else in her family could help her. _____________________________________________________________________

2019高考英语短语整理教学设计

新修订高中阶段原创精品配套教材 20xx高考英语短语整理教材定制 / 提高课堂效率 /内容可修改 2019 college entrance examination English phrases 教师：风老师 风顺第二中学 编订：FoonShion教育

20xx高考英语短语整理 词组专题 part one: 动词短语 基本要点：动词常与介词和副词、形容词、名词搭配在一起，构成短语动词。最常见的有以下几类： i、动词+介词（at, for, after, on, to, with, of, from, in, into, through, about等）构成的词组,相当于一个及物动词,其宾语只能接在介词之后。 they finally agreed on the plan. this job calls for skills and patience. the bank was broken into last night. we’ll think about it. ii、动词+副词(up, off, out, away, on, in, over, down, about,round/around等)构成的词组 1. 一部分为不及物动词短语，不能直接加宾语，也无被动。如：break out, come about, come out 2．一部分为及物的动词短语, 其宾语如果是名词，可前可后；若是代词，则只能放在当中。 you can call your teacher up=you can call up your teacher

you can call him up. we’ll think it over. iii. 动词+副词+介词: 相当于及物动词 we must make up for the lost time. 我们必须弥补失去的时间。do i have to do away with my habit? 我是不是得除掉我的习惯？ iv. 动词+名词/ (反身)代词+介词: 相当于一及物动词 he never helps me without trying to take advantage of me. ( 利用) in school, i often take charge of various activities. （负责/ 管理） 一、常见介词、副词与常用动词构成的短语动词 1. v+about(介词：关于)：皆为及物短语动词 ask / inquire about: 询问…的情况care about: 在乎;/介意;关注quarrel about/over为…争论/争吵 argue about/over为…争论/ /辩论debate about /on为/关于…辩论discuss about讨论，议论 worry about：担心concern about:关心，挂念know/learn about:了解 read about:读知, 阅后得知talk about:谈论hear about:听说（=hear of） complain about（抱怨/投诉）bring about带来，造成think about:考虑 speak about:谈到，谈论(=speak of) set about doing sth着

2019届高考英语一轮复习 第二部分 语法专练 专题九 定语从句基础巩固 外研版

2019届高考英语一轮复习第二部分语法专练专题九定语从句基础巩固 外研版 Ⅰ.单句填空 1.(2017课标全国Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health. 2.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. 3.(2015上海)I recently read an article about “nomophobia”, is a real illness people can’t suffer from the fear of being without your phone! 4.(2017河南豫南九校质量考评Ⅴ)No one had tried to understand what the real problem was except the headmaster, helped me out simply by listening and hugging. 5.I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise. 6.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better. 7.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work. 8.(2015安徽)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends. 9.(2015福建)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 10.(2015陕西)As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent. 11.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of uses it differently. 12.A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 13.We’ll reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year. 14.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication,especially at work a good impression is a must.

高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句

定语从句 一．考点概述： 本考点是历年高考中考查的重点，主要考查关系代词(who, which,that,whose,whom)和关系副词（when, where, why）的用 法；考查形式：语法填空和短文改错；其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难 句的分析等 二．考点聚焦 功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 例如： He is the man who studies in USA. 本句中涉及到三个概念： 1.先行词即 the man：被定语从句饰的词称为先行词 先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样 可作先行词。 2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用 引导词分两类：关系代词和关系副词 关系代词：who;which;that;whose;whom 关系副词：when;where;why 3.从句即studies in USA.：引导词之后的句子。 三．考点精讲 1. 关系代词 : who;which; that; whom; whose 其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况 (1)who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)

She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语) (2)which:指代先行词是物（做从句的主语或宾语） That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语) There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语) (3)that: 指代先行词是人或物（做从句的主语或宾语） She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语) (4)whom;指代先行词是人，但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。 She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) That is the man whom teaches us English.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的) (5)whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况（表示所属关系） That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是属于 the building构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s) 2.关系副词：when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况 即从句是个完整句) (1) when:指代先行词表时间如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词 +which) I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子，先行词是the day在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即I came to Beijing on the day) (2)where :指代先行词是地点的词如：place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词+which) That is the place where/in which I was born .(该从句I was born也是一个完整句，即不缺主语或宾语的，此时where可以换成in which) (3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即：reason（形式上只能是等于for+which) That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.

2019高考英语争分夺秒15天：10.定语从句

2019高考英语争分夺秒15天：10.定语从句 第一部分:基础知识 〔一〕、定语从句概述 定语可以由形容词，代词，数词，名词，不定式，介词短语来充当。 如果是一个句子担任定语，那么这个句子就叫做定语从句，又可称为形容 词性从句。 定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词，它位于定语从句之前，定语从句在先行词后面，应尽量紧跟 先行词。定语从句的作用即在于对先行词进行限定说明或补充说明。〔二〕、定语从句的引导词。 定语从句的引导词分为两类，关系代词 〔that,which,who,whom,whose〕和关系副词〔when,where,why〕， 引导词在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，即连接先行词和定语从句，更重要的是，它又在定语从句中作一个成分。 〔三〕、关系代词 1.that指人，物，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。HeisthesingerthatImetyesterday. 2.which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，在非限定定语从句中充当定语，或 者代替前句 Thefilmwhichwesawlastnightwasmoving. 3.who指人，在从句中作主语，宾语。 ThemanwhoyoujusttalkedtoisTom. 4.whom指人，在从句中作宾语。Thatistheprofessorwhomyouwanttoknow. 5.whose指人，物，在从句中作定语，相当于先行词+’s,后接一名词。Iknowtheboywhoseparentsaredead. 【注】：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。 〔四〕、关系副词 关系副词在从句中作状语，有时相当于介词+which，其中which指代先行词不可以指示整个句子。 1，when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于at/on/in/duringwhich. I’ llneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)Ireachedthetopofthe

2019高考英语动词短语汇总 高频

2011高考英语动词短语汇总1、动词+about speak/talk about 谈论 think about 思考 care about 关心，对……有兴趣bring about 引起，使发生set about 着手，开始come about 发生 hear about 听说 worry about 为……担心 2、动词+away throw away 扔掉 blow away 吹走 carry away 拿走，使入迷clear away 清除掉，消散die away 逐渐消失，减弱pass away 去世 wash away 冲走take away 拿走，使消失 put away 收拾起来，存起来give away 背弃，泄漏，赠送wear away 磨掉，消耗break away 摆脱 send away 让走开 turn away 把……打发走 3、动词+back keep back 隐瞒，忍住look back(on) 回顾hold back 控制住give back 归还 call back 回电话take back 拿回，收回 4、动词+for run for 竞选 ask for 要求得到 wait for 等候 stand for 代表，表示long for 渴望 hope/wish for 希望得到care for 关心，喜欢beg for 乞求 search for 查找look for 寻找 call for 需要，要求hunt for 寻找 change for 用……换charge for 收费，要价apply for 申请take…for 误以为……是seek for 寻找 come for 来拿，来取 5、动词+down burn down 烧毁 break down 坏了，垮了，分解take down 记下，记录 turn down 调小，拒绝 cut down 削减，砍倒 slow down 慢下来 pass down 传下来put down 记下，写下，镇压calm down 平静下来 bring down 使……降低，使倒下settle down 安家 come down 下落，传下 tear down 拆毁，拆除 6、动词+at come at 向……袭击shout at 冲(某人)嚷嚷 run at 冲向，向……攻击work at 干……活动(研究) tear at 用力撕 look at 看，注视 stare at 凝视glare at 怒视 glance at 匆匆一瞥laugh at 嘲笑 knock at 敲(门、窗等) point at 指向 smile at 冲(某人)笑strike at 向……打击