独立主格结构

一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式

独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：

1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)

2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。)

3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。)

独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：

1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.

2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.

3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.

二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式

独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词(短语)外，还有如下特殊构成形式。

1.名词＋介词短语

1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。)

2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。)

2.名词＋形容词(短语)

1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。)

2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。)

3.名词＋副词

1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。)

2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning,

porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。)

此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with 不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：

1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。)

2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。)

三、独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。

1.作时间状语

1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)

2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.＝While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。)

2.作条件状语

1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.＝If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。)

2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.＝If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。)

3.作原因状语

1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.＝Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。)

2)The Cossa ck be ing intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。)

4.作伴随状语

1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the

people falling back respectfully on either side.＝I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。)

2)He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.＝He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。)

四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略

独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：

1)All flights ______ ,we decided to take a greyhound.

A.were canceled

B.had been canceled

C.having canceled

D.having been canceled

2)The production ______ steadily,the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.

A.has gone up

B.is going up

C.having gone up

D.being gone up

此类题型的解题策略可以概括为"结构分析法"，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1)选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句(但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导)；

2)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语(但非谓语动词作状语时其

逻辑主语通常为主句的主语)；3)选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构(独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子)。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。

上述例题1)中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为"班机"是"被取消"的。

同样，例题2)中的选项A和B与名词the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，"产量在稳步增长"，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。

此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。

一、独立主格结构的含义和实质

“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。

二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能

独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。

基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。

1．名词/代词+ 现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。

例The man lay there, his hands trembling.

So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.

注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。

2．名词/代词+过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。

例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.

The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.

Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。

3．名词/代词+不定式

不定式表示的是将来的动作。

例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month.

We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.

4. 名词/代词+名词

名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。

例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.

5．名词/代词+形容词短语

形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。

例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.

I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry.

这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。6．名词/代词+副词

副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

例The meeting over, we all went home.

Nobody in, he left a message on the board.

He sat at the table, head down.

7. 名词/代词+介词短语

介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。

例The teacher came in, a book under his arm.

The hunter entered the forest，gun in hand．

Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.

8．with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构

例A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.

The teacher came in with several students following behind.

With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.

With the work done, he went out to eat.

He left the office with the lights on.

Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.

三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题

1．独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致

从以上例子我们可以看出，含有独立主格结构的句子，前后主语是不一致的，这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。

例(1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.

(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

在这两个句子里，第一个句子，前后的主语是一致的，都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子；而第二个句子，我们可以发现，有两个主语，第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it，非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系，因此它是一个独立主格结构。

2．在独立主格结构中，动词是用现在分词还是过去分词

一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系，用现在分词。如：Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中，time 和permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系－－－“时间允许”，因此用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系，并且有被动的意思，用过去分词。如：“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中，time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系，有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”，因此用过去分词。

3．独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句

独立主格结构不是一个句子，而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。

例Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：When the work has been done, John went home.

例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.

4．完成时态的运用

在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前，常用现在分词的完成时态having done，根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。

例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.

独立主格结构练习题及解析

独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.

独立主格结构详细总结(附习题)

独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点 一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式 独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。 独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 说明：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如： Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。

独立主格用法详解

一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。

独立主格结构

独立主格结构 基本概念 1．独立结构的实质和类型 所谓“独立结构”(Absolute Construction)实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。如前所述，非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主语。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，因此叫“独立结构”。其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分词。 “独立结构”按其结构形式，分为不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。 例如： (1)A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。(some to hold…和others to adjust…为不定式独立结构) (2)There being nothing else to do, we left.由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。(There being…为-ing分词独立结构) (3)She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(her hands clasped…为-ed分词独立结构) (4)He went off, gun in hand.他手里拿着枪离开了。(gun in hand为无动词独立结构) (5)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。(The floor wet…为无动词“独立结构”) 2．“独立结构”的用法和意义 由上述诸例可以看出，“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开，但也有用破折号的。例如：(6)The room was in chaos--- dirty clothes strewn on the floor, cosmetics scattered over the dresser, empty bottles and cans everywhere.房间一片混乱，脏衣服扔在地板上，化装品散乱在梳妆台上，到处都是空的瓶。 在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词。例如： (7)The manager sat quietly in the office, (his ) eyes closed.经理静静地坐在办公室里，双目紧闭。“独立结构”的位置是比较灵活的，它可位于句首，句中或句尾。例如： (8)Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。 (9)He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.他引着他，两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。 (10)He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month.他，如果情况允许，将于下月二日前来到这个村庄。 如果一句中含有几个“独立结构”，通常是把表示概括意义的结构置于最后。例如： (11)The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost.教授被猛推倒墙上，被搜了身，手被拷着，尊严尽失。 “独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义。例如：表示时间：

高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解

独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

如何理解独立主格结构(一)

如何理解独立主格结构（一） 一、弄清独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、把握独立主格结构形式 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

3. 名词（代词）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 4. 名词（代词）+介词短语 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词 She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。 6. There being +名词（代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 7. It being +名词（代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法

从一道高考题谈谈独立主格结构的用法 先请看一道高考题：（2005XX卷34题） I send you 100 dollars，the rest——in a year。 A. follow B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 答案是C。该题考察独立主格结构的用法,现笔者拟对此用法小结，以飨读者。 再看两个例句 The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches,子chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1) A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated 本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。 seat可以用于如下句中： He came in and was seated in the chair. Please e in and be seated. So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6) A were absent B being absent C been absent D had been absent 本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。 当分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。先看一些有关独立主格结构的句子。 The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.(附加说明) She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.(伴随动作) Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法.

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法 袁征 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整 句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： 1.__________no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was 2._______no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is 2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如： 1._________, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started. A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn. A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words 3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如： 1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go outing. A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4.___________, we’d like to go outing. A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._________, you can wait a while.

(完整版)独立主格结构完整讲解

一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.

(完整版)独立主格结构讲解及练习

独立主格结构的用法 一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm draw ing n ear在句中作：原因状语 =Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitt in g, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：ftime permits, I will go with you. 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl stari ng at him, he did n 'k now what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he did n 'tk now what to say. 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

(完整版)独立主格结构

英语中的独立主格结构 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语 构成的一种独立主格成分。With（ without）的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成: 名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。 He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 注意：现在分词being 或having been 在独立主格结构中可以省略。 The weather（being ）fine, we decided to go on an outing. 独立主格结构中的being 在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“ There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home. 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。 He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。 The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head. The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语）形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 5．名词（或代词）+ 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。 The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home. 6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes. 注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语