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语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)

语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)
语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)

四、名词解释:

1)Parole话语:

①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.

③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.

④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.

2)Applied linguistics应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be

applied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.

The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.

3)Reference(所指)语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,

physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

4)Illocutionary act言外行为:the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th e

act preformed in saying something.

5)Regional dialect地域方言:it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the

same geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.

6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制:It was described as an

imaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.

7)CA(Contrastive Analysis)对比分析:starting with describing comparable

features of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.

8)Neurolinguistics(神经语言学):it is the study of two related areas:language

disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.

9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析:

①It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.

②The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

③This applies to all forms of a sentence.

④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.

10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流:it

is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.

11)Cross-association互相联想:In English we sometimes may come across words

which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.

12)CPH(Critical Period Hypothesis)临界期假说:a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)

13) Prescriptive(grammer)规定语法:if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.

14) Performance语言运用;言语行为:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .

15)Duality双重性(double articulation):language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.

五、问答题:

Chapter 1

1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientific

study of language?

Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.

6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s

distinction between competence and performance?

Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study

They are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.

On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the

members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.

Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.

On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks

linguists should study t he ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.

Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett

to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?

1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection between meanings and

sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.

2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and

interpretation of new signals of its users.

3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At

the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.

4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, real

or imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teaching

and learning rather than by instinct.

Chapter 2

3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.

Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]

8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?

① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].

② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].

③Allophone—the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments

Phone is different from phoneme,

The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/

1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?

1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The

linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.

2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct link between a

linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:

3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firth

who had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.

4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew on

behaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.

6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处?

In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.

5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.

According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:

"You have left the door wide open."

The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo rds “you”, “have”, “door”,“open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.

The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.

The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.

8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting

these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?

答:Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:

Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:

(1) The maxim of quantity数量原则

E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?

B: Sometimes next month.

It is flouting the maxim of quantity

(2) The maxim of quality质量原则

E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?

B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.

(3) The maxim of relation相关原则

E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?

B: We had a basketball match with the other class.

(4) The maxim of manner方式准则

E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?

B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

Chapter9

2.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.

Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.

I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: “corn snow”, “fine powder snow”, and “drifting snow”.

Chapter10

2.Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.

1)Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination (识别)and generalizaition are key to language development.

2)An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular https://www.wendangku.net/doc/372927189.html,ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.

3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.

In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.

Chapter11

1、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)

The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.

2.Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.

(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.

Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:

1)a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;

2)a learner's perception of native-target language distance,

3)a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.

临床诊断学名词解释和问答题(归纳版)

第三章 三、名词解释 1、问诊:是医师通过对患者或有关人员的系统询问而获取病史资料的过程,又称为病史采集。 2、主诉:为患者感受最主要的痛苦或最明显的症状或体征,也就是本次就诊最主要的原因 3、现病史:是病史的主体部分,它记述患者患病后的全过程,即发生、发展、演变和诊治经过。 四、简答题 1、问诊包括哪些容: 问诊包括一般项目、主诉、现病史、既往史、系统回顾、个人史、婚姻史、月经史、家族史。 2、试述问诊的基本方法和注意事项: ⑴.从礼节性的交谈开始。 ⑵.问诊一般由主诉开始,逐步深入进行有目的、有层次、有顺序的询问。 ⑶.避免暗示性提问和逼问。 ⑷.避免重复提问。 ⑸.避免使用有特定意义的医学术语。 ⑹.注意及时核实患者述中不确切或有疑问的情况。 第二篇体格检查 第一章基本检查法 三、名词解释 1、视诊:是以视觉来观察患者全身或局部表现的诊断方法。 2、触诊:是应用触觉来判断某一器官特征的一种诊法。 3、叩诊:是用手指来叩击身体表面某部表面使之震动而产生音响,经传导至其下的组织器官,然后反射回来,被检查者的触觉和听觉所接收,根据振动和音响的特点可判断被检查部位的脏器有无异常。 4、听诊:是以听觉听取发自机体各部的声音并判断其正常与否的一种诊断技术。 5、嗅诊:是以嗅觉来判断发自患者的异常气味与疾病之间关系的方法。 6、清音:是音响较强,振动持续时间较长的音响。是正常肺部的叩诊音。揭示肺组织的弹性,含气量,致密度正常。 7、过清音:是介于鼓音与清音之间的一种音响、音调较清音低,音响较清音强,极易听及。 8、鼓音:其音响较清音强,振动持续时间亦较长,在叩击含有大量气体的空腔器官时出现。 四、简答题 1、简述触诊的正确方法及临床意义。 触诊分浅部触诊法和深部触诊法,浅部触诊法适用于体表浅在病变、关节、软组织以及浅部的动脉、静脉、神经、阴囊和精索等。深部触诊法用于诊察腹脏器大小和腹部异常包块等病变。

名词解释和问答题1

名词解释和问答题1

四名词解释: 1.原语:它是由若干条机器指令所构成,用以完成特定功能的一段程序,为保证其操作的正确性,它应当是原子操作,即原语是一个不可分割的操作。 2.设备独立性:指用户设备独立于所使用的具体物理设备。即在用户程序中要执行I/O操作时,只需用逻辑设备名提出I/O请求,而不必局限于某特定的物理设备。 3.文件的逻辑结构:又称为文件逻辑组织,是指从用户观点看到的文件组织形式。它可分为两类:记录式文件结构,由若干相关的记录构成;流式文件结构,由字符流构成。 4.树形结构目录:利用树形结构的形式,描述各目录之间的关系。上级目录与相邻下级目录的关系是1对n。树形结构目录能够较好地满足用户和系统的要求。 5.操作系统:操作系统是控制和管理计算机硬件和软件资源,合理地组织计算机的工作流程,以及方便用户的程序的集合。其主要功能是实现处理机管理、内存管理、I/O设备管理、文件管理和用户接口。 6.位示图:它是利用一个向量来描述自由块使用情况的一张表。表中的每个元素表示一个盘块的使用情况,0表示该块为空闲块,1表示已分配。 7.置换策略:虚拟式存储管理中的一种策略。用于确定应选择内存中的哪一页(段) 换出到磁盘对换区,以便腾出内存。通常采用的置换算法都是基于把那些在最近的将来,最少可能被访问的页(段)从内存换出到盘上。 8.用户接口:操作系统提供给用户和编程人员的界面和接口。包括程序接口、命令行方式和图形用户界面。 9.死锁:指多个进程因竞争资源二造成的一种僵局,若无外力的作用,这些进程将永远不能再向前推进。 10.文件系统:OS中负责管理和存取文件信息的软件机构。负责文件的建立,撤消,存入,续写,修 改和复制,还负责完成对文件的按名存取和进行存取控制。 11.进程:进程是程序在一个数据集合上的运行过程,是系统进行资源分配和调度的一个独立的基本 单位。 12.wait(s)原语 wait(s) :Begin Lock out interrupts; s = s – 1; If s < 0 then Begin Status(q) = blocked; Insert(WL, q); Unlock interrupts; Scheduler;

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题(1) I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

名词解释和简答题(美术)

十四、理解下面词语的含义: 1.人面鱼纹彩陶盆: 半坡遗址出土的人面含鱼纹彩陶盆,以图案结构线作为抓形的基础,画面简洁有力,所以有人把它看作是半坡人的巫术图腾,象征其氏族人丁昌盛的局面。 2.饕餮纹: 商周青铜器上文饰母题,以兽面牛首为主体,左右对称展开蘖龙或蘖凤图案。其形象狞厉可怖,是用来"辩神奸"的符号,到春秋时代就基本消失。 3.三星堆青铜像: 是一个失落的神像系统。 4.卧游: 指由南朝宗炳提出的山水画表现境界,通过作品间接欣赏大自然的神情妙意。 5.白描: 是以墨笔勾勒绘画形象的基本手法,在中国人物画发展中有重要地位。 6.甲骨文: 是目前发现最早的汉字形态,因其书刻在龟甲和牛胛骨上而得名。它记录的是甲骨占卜的整个过程,故又称"卜辞"。 7.以形写神: 是指顾恺之提出的形神关系,强调"传神"要通过一定的形象表现出来,达到"形神兼备"。 8.曹衣出水: 是历史上对早期人物画风格的一种约定俗成的称呼,历来被当作北齐画家曹仲达的绘画风格的称呼。曹仲达用笔其体稠叠而衣服紧窄,故称"曹衣出水"。8.吴带当风: 指唐代吴道子的人物衣纹程式。他的用笔其势圆转而衣服飘举,故称之,和北齐画家曹仲达的画法相对。 9.马踏龙雀 秀骨清像:魏晋南北朝时期的总体特征 10.猪纹钵:河母渡出土的黑陶器皿,器壁厚,器表光洁,比较特别。P17 11.彩陶: 用彩绘原料装饰过的陶器,称为彩陶。 12.黑陶 13.解衣盘蹲 14.迁想妙得:指由顾恺之提出的作画构思活动,是画家把握生活的一种艺术方式。它触及到艺术 创作中主体表现与客体制约的辨证关系。 15.铁线描: 指绘画中的一种线描方法,因其笔法谨严,连绵悠长似铁线而形容之。

(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T

生理学名词解释及问答题

1.兴奋性:机体或组织对刺激发生反应受到刺激时产生动作电位的能力或特性,称为兴奋性。 2.阈强度:在刺激的持续时间以及刺激强度对时间的变化率不变的情况下,刚能引起细胞兴奋或产生动作电位的最小刺激强度,称为阈强度。 3.正反馈:从受控部分发出的信息不是制约控制部分的活动,而是反过来促进与加强控制部分的活动,称为正反馈。 4.体液:人体内的液体总称为体液,在成人,体液约占体重的60%,由细胞内液、细胞外液(组织液.血浆.淋巴液等)组成。 5.负反馈(negative feedback):负反馈是指受控部分发出的信息反过来减弱控制部分活动的调节方式。 6.内环境:内环境是指体内细胞直接生存的环境,即细胞外液. 7.反馈(feedback):由受控部分发出的信息反过来影响控制部分的活动过程,称为反馈。 1.阈电位:在一段膜上能够诱发去极化和Na+通道开放之间出现再生性循环的膜内去极化的临界值,称为阈电位;是用膜本身去极化的临界值来描述动作电位产生条件的一个重要概念。 2.等长收缩:肌肉收缩时只有张力的增加而无长度的缩短,称为等长收缩。 3.前负荷(preload):肌肉收缩前所承受的负荷,称为前负荷,它决定收缩前的初长度。 4.终板电位:(在乙酰胆碱作用下,终板膜静息电位绝对值减小,这一去极化的电位变化,称为终板电位) 当ACh分子通过接头间隙到达终板膜表面时,立即与终板膜上的N2型乙酰胆碱受体结合,使通道开放,允许Na+、K+等通过,以Na+的内流为主,引起终板膜静息电位减小,向零值靠近,产生终板膜的去极化,这一电位变化称为终板电位。 5.去极化(depolarization):当静息时膜内外电位差的数值向膜内负值减小的方向变化时,称为膜的去极化或除极化。(静息电位的减少称为去极化) 6.复极化(repolarization ):细胞先发生去极化,然后再向正常安静时膜内所处的负值恢复,称复极化。(细胞膜去极化后再向静息电位方向的恢复,称为复极化) 7.峰电位(spike potential):在神经纤维上,其主要部分一般在0.5~2.0ms内完成,(因此,动作电位的曲线呈尖峰状)表现为一次短促而尖锐的脉冲样变化,(故)称为峰电位。 8.电化学驱动力:离子跨膜扩散的驱动力有两个:浓度差和电位差。两个驱动力的代数和称为电化学驱动力。 9.原发性主动转运:原发性主动转运是指离子泵利用分解ATP产生的能量将离子逆浓度梯度和(或)电位梯度进行跨膜转运的过程。 10.微终板电位:在静息状态下,接头前膜也会发生约每秒钟1次的乙酰胆碱(ACH)量子的自发释放,并引起终板膜电位的微小变化。这种由一个ACH量子引起的终板膜电位变化称为微终板电位。 11.运动单位(motor unit):一个脊髓α-运动神经元或脑干运动神经元和受其支配的全部肌纤维所组成的肌肉收缩的最基本的单位称为运动单位。 1.晶体渗透压(crystal osmotic pressure):(血浆)晶体渗透压指血浆中的晶体物质(主要是NaCl)形成的渗透压。 2.血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation rate):红细胞沉降率是指将血液加抗凝剂混匀,静置于一分血计中,红细胞在一小时末下降的距离(mm),简称血沉。 1.血-脑屏障:指血液和脑组织之间的屏障,可限制物质在血液和脑组织之间的自由交换(故对保持脑组织周围稳定的化学环境和防止血液中有害物质进入脑内有重要意义)其形态学基础可能是毛细血管的内皮、基膜和星状胶质细胞的血管周足等结构。 2.正常起搏点(normal pacemaker):P细胞为窦房结中的起搏细胞,是一种特殊分化的心肌细胞,具有很高的自动节律性,是控制心脏兴奋活动的正常起搏点。

内科学名词解释和简答题

内科学复习资料一、名解 呼吸系统 1.医院获得性肺炎(HAP ):是指患者入院时不存在,也不处于潜伏期,而于入院48小时后 在医院(包括老年护理院、康复院)内发生的肺炎。 2.社区获得性肺炎(CAP):是指医院外罹患的感染性肺实质炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎。 3.原发综合征:指原发灶、引流淋巴管炎、肿大的肺门淋巴结统称为原发综合征。 4.Koch 现象:机体对结核菌再感染与初感染所表现出不同反应的现象,称为Koch 现象。 5.肺性脑病:由于呼吸功能衰竭所致缺氧、二氧化碳储留而引起的精神障碍、神经系统的综合征。但必须除外脑动脉硬化、严重电解质紊乱、单纯性的碱中毒、感染中毒性脑病。 6.LTOT :即长期家庭氧疗。对COPD 慢性呼吸衰竭者可提高生活质量和生存率。目的是使 患者在海平面,静息状态下,达到P a O2大于或等于60mmHg和或S a O2升至90%以上。 7.肺心病:是指由支气管-肺组织、胸廓或血管病变致肺血管阻力增加,产生肺动脉高压,继而右心结构和功能改变的疾病。分为急性和慢性。 8.慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD ):是一组气流受限为特征的肺部疾病,气流受阻不完全可逆,呈进行性发展,但是可以预防和治疗的疾病。 9.慢性支气管炎(chronic bronchitis ):是气管、支气管黏膜及其周围组织的慢性非特异性炎症。诊断依据:咳嗽、咳痰,或伴有喘息,每年发病持续 3 个月,并连续2 年或2 年以上, 并排除其他慢性气管疾病。 10.慢性肺源性心脏病:简称慢性肺心病,是由肺组织、肺血管或胸廓的慢性病变引起肺组织结构和(或)功能异常,产生肺血管阻力增加,肺动脉压力增高,使右心室扩张或(和)肥厚,伴或不伴右心功能衰竭的心脏病,并排除先天性心脏病和左心病变引起者。 11.呼吸道高反应性(AHR ):指气道对各种刺激因子出现的过强或过早的敏感性增高反应称为AHR ,其气道炎症是其产生吸道高反应性的基础。 12.支气管哮喘:简称哮喘,是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病。这种慢性 炎症导致气道高反应性相关,为可逆性气流受限。 13肺血栓栓塞症(PTE):是指来自静脉系统或右心的血栓阻塞肺动脉或其分支所致的疾病,以肺循环和呼吸功能为其主要临床表现和病理生理特征。 14.肺栓塞(PE):是以各种栓子阻塞肺动脉系统为其发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合症的总称。

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/372927189.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/372927189.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/372927189.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/372927189.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

名词解释和问答题猜测2

健康:是指躯体、精神和社会适应上的完好状态。 疾病:是在一定病因作用下,机体稳态发生紊乱而导致的异常生命活动过程。 亚健康:是指非健康、非患病的中间状态。 脑死亡:是指全脑功能(包括大脑、间脑和脑干)不可逆的永久性丧失以及机体作为一个整体功能的永久性停止。详见判断脑死亡的标准。 低钾血症:血清钾浓度小于3.5 mmol/L即为低钾血症。 酸碱平衡:生理情况下,机体依靠体液和细胞的缓冲作用及肺、肾等组织器官的调节功能来自动处理酸碱物质的含量和比例,维持体液酸碱度相对稳定性的能力,即维持pH在恒定范围内的过程称为酸碱平衡。 酸碱平衡紊乱:病理情况下,机体出现酸或碱超量负荷、严重不足或(和)调节机制障碍,而导致机体内环境酸碱度的稳定性被破坏的过程,称为酸碱平衡紊乱或酸碱失衡。 各项酸碱指标的含义、正常值及其意义 pH和H+浓度:pH 7.35~7.45,相当于H+=35~45 nmol/L,pH是反映血液酸碱度的指标。 PaCO 2:是指血浆中程物理溶解状态的CO 2 分子 所产生的张力,是反映呼吸因素的最佳指标。 正常值:33~46mmHg,平均值 40mmHg。AB:是指隔绝空气的血液标本,在实际PaCO 2 、 血氧饱和度及体温条件下,所测得的血浆HCO 3 -含量。AB受代谢、呼吸因素影响。 SB:是指全血在标准条件下(PaCO 2 为40mmHg、血氧饱和度为100%、温度为38℃)所测得的 血浆HCO 3 -含量。反应代谢性因素的指标。 正常人AB = SB,22~27mmol/L,平均值为24 mmol/L 。差值反映了呼吸性因素对酸碱平衡的影响。 AB>SB,说明PaCO 2> 40mmHg,有CO 2 潴留, 见于:呼吸性酸中毒或代偿后的代谢性碱中毒。 AB52,见于代碱。 碱剩余(BE):标准条件下,用酸或碱滴定全血标本至pH等于7.40时,所需酸或碱的量。0 阴离子间隙(AG):是指血浆中未测定的阴离子与未测定的阳离子的差值。12±2 mmol/L。 实际上是反映血浆中固定酸根含量的指标。 AG>16, AG增高型代酸. 发绀:当毛细血管血液中脱氧血红蛋白浓度达到或超过5 g/dl时,可使皮肤和粘膜呈青紫色的现象。 1.血氧分压(PO 2 ):指溶解于血浆中的氧分子所产生的张力(或压力)。 正常值:P A O 2 80~110mmHg(100mmHg,13.3kPa) P V O 2 37~40mmHg(40mmHg,5.33kPa) 2.血氧容量(C-O 2 max):指100ml血液中的Hb为氧充分饱和时所能携带氧的最大值。 正常值:20ml/dl 3.血氧含量(C- O2 ):指100ml血液中实际的带 氧量。包括两部分:与Hb结合的O 2 和物理溶解 的O 2 正常值:C A O 2 19ml/dl,C V O 2 14ml/dl 4.血氧饱和度(SO2):指Hb与O2结合的饱和程度。 正常值:SaO 2 :93-98% S V O 2 :70-75% 6.动-静脉氧差(DA-VO2):C A O 2 与C V O 2 之间的差值,反映内呼吸状态。 正常值:D A - V O 2 =C A O 2 -C V O 2 =19-14=5 ml/dl -------- 发热:是指在发热激活物的作用下,产内生致热原细胞产生和释放内生致热原,由内生致热原作用于下丘脑体温调节中枢,在中枢发热介质的介导下使体温调定点上移,进而引起机体产热增加、散热减少,最终引起体温升高超过正常值0.5℃以上的一种病理过程。 过热:是由于体温调节机构功能失调或调节障碍,使得机体不能将体温控制在与调定点相适应的水平而引起的非调节性的体温升高。此时调定点并未发生变化。 发热激活物:凡能激活体内产内生致热原细胞产生和释放内生致热原,进而引起体温升高的物质称为发热激活物。包括外致热原和某些体

名词解释和简答题

简答题(4个或者5个) 1.简述DHCP的工作原理。(两个老师都画了)那就是必考的咯1 答: (1) 发现DHCP服务器 (2)提供IP租用地址 (3)接受租约并确认 (4)确认租约 1.数据链路层的功能有哪些?(2个老师都画了)那就是必考的咯2 答: (1)成帧(2)差错控制(3)流量控制。 (4)链路管理(5) MAC传输(6)区别数据和控制信息(7)透明传输 1.CDMA的主要优缺点?(两个老师都画了)那就是必考的咯3 答:优点 (1)具有具有抗干扰、抗多径衰落的能力。 (2)系统容量大。 (3)CDMA系统具有软容量特性。 (4)不需要复杂的频率分配。 (5)CDMA系统具有软切换功能。 (6)具有保密性强等优点。 (7)设备简单,电路设计简单,电池利用时间也更长。 缺点: (1)占用频谱较宽。 (2)具有码分多址系统特有的多址干扰和远近效应。 1.画出01101100的曼彻斯特编码和差分曼彻斯特编码。(两个老师都画了)那就是必考的咯(计算题或者应用题)

1.简述IP地址的分类及每类的特点。(了解,用于计算题) 答:根据网络号和主机号所占比特位数的不同,IP 地址可以分为A、B、C、D、E 五大类。 A 类IP 地址网络号占1 字节,主机号占3 字节,第1 个比特固定是0。 B 类IP 地址网络号占2 字节,主机号占2 字节,前两个比特固定是10。 C 类IP 地址网络号占3 字节,主机号占1字节,前三个比特固定是110。 A、B、C 类地址用来分配给主机和路由器。 2.试简述PPP协议的工作过程。(张福生,背一下吧) 答: (1)建立物理连接 (2)建立数据链路 (3)用户认证阶段 (4)进入网络层配置阶段,此时用IPCP协议 (5)数据传输阶段,此时用IP协议 (6)数据传输完毕后,用户断开网络连接 (7)断开数据链路 简述路由器和交换机的区别。(张福生,背一下!) 答: 1、工作层次不同(路由器工作在网络层,交换机工作在数据链路层) 2、数据转发依赖的对象不同 3、路由器能够分割广播域,而交换机只能分割冲突域,不能分割广播域 4、路由器能够提供防火墙服务 简述PAP 协议与CHAP 协议的不同(王知非,不用怎么背,有个印象吧!) 答:PAP 和CHAP 都是用户认证协议。PAP 直接将用户名和密码发送到系统进行验证,安全性不好。CHAP 协议不直接发送用户名和密码,而是根据系统发来的Challenge 值,使用事先定义好的函数作用于Challenge 值和用户的口令,生成一个值,将这个值和用户名发送给系统。系统收到后,根据用户名查找到对应的口令,使用相同的函数对Challenge 值和查到的口令进行计算,如果结果和用户发来的值相同,那么就通过认证,否则认证失败。 简述异步传输和同步传输各自的特点。(张福生,简单了解下就可以) 答:在异步传输中,传输的单位是字节。对于每个要发送的字节,它的开始都要附加一个比特,这个比特称为起始位通常为0。同时这个字节的尾部还要加上一个比特,称为停止位通常为1。接收方检测到起始位后,就启动一个时钟,这个时钟会与发送方的时钟保持同步,并开始接收比特,当收完一个字节后,接收方就等待停止位到达。检测到停止位后,接收方就停止接收数据,直到检测到下一个起始位。 在同步传输中,传输的单位称为帧。一个帧可以包含多个字节,字节和字节之间没有间隙,收发双方传递的就是不间断的0、1 比特流。在每一帧的首尾会有特殊的比特组合作为标志,表示帧的开始和结束。开始标志不仅能够通知接收方帧已到达,它同时还能让接收方的采样速度和比特的到达速度保持一致,使收发双方进入同步。同步传输速度快,效率高,不仅要求建立帧同步,在一个帧内的每一个比特也都要求同步,要求比较高。

名词解释以及问答题

三、名词解释(每小题3分) 1.经济变量 2.解释变量3.被解释变量4.内生变量 5.外生变量 6.滞后变量 7.前定变量 8.控制变量9.计量经济模型10.函数关系 11.相关关系 12.最小二乘法 13.高斯-马尔可夫定理 14.总变量(总离差平方和)15.回归变差(回归平方和) 16.剩余变差(残差平方和) 17.估计标准误差 18.样本决定系数 19.点预测 20.拟合优度 21.残差 22.显著性检验23.回归变差 24.剩余变差 25.多重决定系数 26.调整后的决定系数 27.偏相关系数 28.异方差性 29.格德菲尔特-匡特检验 30.怀特检验 31.戈里瑟检验和帕克检验 32.序列相关性 33.虚假序列相关 34.差分法 35.广义差分法 36.自回归模型 37.广义最小二乘法38.DW 检验 39.科克伦-奥克特跌代法 40.Durbin 两步法 41.相关系数 42.多重共线性 43.方差膨胀因子 44.虚拟变量 45.模型设定误差 46.工具变量 47.工具变量法 48.变参数模型 49.分段线性回归模型 50.分布滞后模型 51.有限分布滞后模型52.无限分布滞后模型 53.几何分布滞后模型 54.联立方程模型 55.结构式模型 56.简化式模型 57.结构式参数 58.简化式参数 59.识别 60.不可识别 61.识别的阶条件 62.识别的秩条件 63.间接最小二乘法 四、简答题(每小题5分) 1.简述计量经济学与经济学、统计学、数理统计学学科间的关系。2.计量经济模型有哪些应用? 3.简述建立与应用计量经济模型的主要步骤。 4.对计量经济模型的检验应从几个方面入手? 5.计量经济学应用的数据是怎样进行分类的? 6.在计量经济模型中,为什么会存在随机误差项? 7.古典线性回归模型的基本假定是什么? 8.总体回归模型与样本回归模型的区别与联系。 9.试述回归分析与相关分析的联系和区别。 10.在满足古典假定条件下,一元线性回归模型的普通最小二乘估计量有哪些统计性质? 11.简述BLUE 的含义。 12.对于多元线性回归模型,为什么在进行了总体显著性F 检验之后,还要对每个回归系数进行是否为0的t 检验? 13.给定二元回归模型:01122t t t t y b b x b x u =+++,请叙述模型的古典假定。 14.在多元线性回归分析中,为什么用修正的决定系数衡量估计模型对样本观测值的拟合优度? 15.修正的决定系数2R 及其作用。 16.常见的非线性回归模型有几种情况? 17.观察下列方程并判断其变量是否呈线性,系数是否呈线性,或都是或都不是。 ①t t t u x b b y ++=3 10 ②t t t u x b b y ++=log 10 ③ t t t u x b b y ++=log log 10 ④t t t u x b b y +=)/(10 18. 观察下列方程并判断其变量是否呈线性,系数是否呈线性,或都是或都不是。 ①t t t u x b b y ++=log 10 ②t t t u x b b b y ++=)(210 ③ t t t u x b b y +=)/(10 ④t b t t u x b y +-+=)1(110 19.什么是异方差性?试举例说明经济现象中的异方差性。 20.产生异方差性的原因及异方差性对模型的OLS 估计有何影响。 21.检验异方差性的方法有哪些? 22.异方差性的解决方法有哪些? 23.什么是加权最小二乘法?它的基本思想是什么? 24.样本分段法(即戈德菲尔特——匡特检验)检验异方差性的基本原理及其使用条件。 25.简述DW 检验的局限性。 26.序列相关性的后果。 27.简述序列相关性的几种检验方法。 28.广义最小二乘法(GLS )的基本思想是什么? 29.解决序列相关性的问题主要有哪几种方法? 30.差分法的基本思想是什么? 31.差分法和广义差分法主要区别是什么? 32.请简述什么是虚假序列相关。 33.序列相关和自相关的概念和范畴是否是一个意思? 34.DW 值与一阶自相关系数的关系是什么? 35.什么是多重共线性?产生多重共线性的原因是什么? 36.什么是完全多重共线性?什么是不完全多重共线性? 37.完全多重共线性对OLS 估计量的影响有哪些? 38.不完全多重共线性对OLS 估计量的影响有哪些? 39.从哪些症状中可以判断可能存在多重共线性? 40.什么是方差膨胀因子检验法? 41.模型中引入虚拟变量的作用是什么? 42.虚拟变量引入的原则是什么? 43.虚拟变量引入的方式及每种方式的作用是什么? 44.判断计量经济模型优劣的基本原则是什么? 45.模型设定误差的类型有那些?

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