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基于语料库的欧内斯特·海明威作品文体学分析

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/363139308.html,/优秀毕业论文集

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中文摘要

摘要

欧内斯特?海明威是美国的著名作家,出色的文体家,是1954年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者。他独特的写作风格为他赢得了无数的读者,国内外许多专家学者对

他的作品进行了多方面、多视角的学术研究。然而,大部分研究都是从文学角度

出发,而从语言学视角的研究显得不足。本文旨在从语言学角度出发来研究海明

威作品的文体特征,运用定量分析的方法弥补以往研究中定性分析的不足。没有

比较就没有鉴别,作者建立了海明威作品语料库,并与语料库Brown(K-R)进行

对比以揭示其文体特征。.

本文以现代文体学的理论为基础,借助计算机软件及程序(FoxPro和SPSS),从字系,词汇,句法和语义等层次进行了一系列的统计测试。结果显示,两个语

料库在四个层面上均存在显著性差异。海明威对短段落以及简单句的偏爱,普通

日常词汇的选用,形容词、副词的节省,重复技巧的使用等等,体现了他独特的

文体特色。海明威以此成功地贯彻了他的“寓丰富于简洁”的写作原则,从而给

读者留下了巨大的阐释空间。

关键词:语料库;海明威作品;文体学分析;卡方检验

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ListofT{lblesandCharts

ListofTablesandCharts

Table3.1ErnestHemingway’Sworksinthecorpusandnumberofwordsineachone.15

Table4.1ThedistributionandratioofpunctuationmarksinEHWandBrown(g-R)。19

EHWandBrown(K-R)…….:…..20Table4.2Significanceofpunctuationmarksbetween

Table4.3PercentageofpunctuationmarksinEHWandBrown(K-R)…………………….21

Table4.4AverageparagraphlengthofEHWandBrown(K-R)……………………….22

Table4.5AverageparagraphlengthoftheworksinEHW………………………………………22

Table4.6Token,typeandstandardizedtype-tokenratio…………………………………………23

Table4.7FiftymostfrequentwordsinEHWandBrown(K-R)………………………………24

Table4.8Top50wordscategorizedintowordclass……………………………………………….26

Table4.9Open—classwordsamongthetop50……………………………………………………….27

Table4.10MeanwordlengthinEHWandBrown(K-R)………………………………29

Chart4.1WordlengthinEHW……………………………………………………………………………30

Chart4.2WordlengthinBrown(K-RJ…………………………………………………………………30

Table4.11RelativeproportionsofmajorwordclassesinEHWandBrown(K-R)……31

Table4.12MeanSentenceLengthinEHWandBrown(K-R)…………………………34

Table4.13ThedistributionofcoordinatorsinEHWandBrown(K-R)…………………….36

Table4.14SignificanceofcoordinatorsbetweenEHWandBrown(K-R)……………36

Table4.15PercentageofeachcoordinatorinEHWandBrown(K-R)………………。37

ThedistributionofsubordinatorsinEHWandBrown(K-R)………………38Table4.16

Table4.17SignificanceofsubordinatorsbetweenEHWandBrown(g-R)………………39

Table4.18ProportionsofpassivepatternsinEHWandBrown(K-R)…………………40

Table4.19ProportionsofadverbialconnectorsofEHWandBrown(K-R)…………..42

Table4.20SignificanceofadverbialconnectorsbetweenEHWandBrown(K—R)……42

Table4.21PercentageofnarratingwaysinEHW………………………………………………….45

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Chapter1Introduction

(1)WhatarethemostdistinctivestylisticfeaturesofErnestHemingway’Sworks?

(2)Whydohisworkspossesssuchkindoffeatures?

1.2SignificanceofThisStudy

Withthedevelopmentofcorpuslinguistics,thecorpus-basedapproachhasbeguntoshowitspowerfulstrength.BycompilingacorpusofHemingway’Sworkswhich

includessomeofhisfamousnovelsandshortstoriesandusingcomputational

techniquesofmodemlinguistics,theauthoraimstoshowHemingway’Sstylistic

featuresmoreobjectivelyandscientifically.Inthisprocess,theauthorwillchoosethe

imaginativeprosepartofBrowncorpus(Brown(K-R))tocarryoutacomparison

betweensomeimportantdatatoseethedifference.Inthisway,thespecialfeaturesof

Hemingway’SwritingstyleCanbeseenmoreclearly.

AlthoughtherehavebeenmanybooksandreviewsonErnestHemingwayandhisworks,mostofwhichareorientedtoliteraryratherthanlinguisticaspect.Thelackof

commondefectsofthesestudies.Thisresearchaimsatprovidingquantitativedataisthe

quantitativedataregardingthestyleofErnestHemingway’Sworks.Incomparison,the

authorattemptstofindthesamenessanddifferencesbetweenthetwocorpora.Itis

eliminatethedifficultiesinunderstandinghopedthatthisthesiswillenablestudentsto

andappreciatingErnestHemingway’Sworks,andalsoenablethemtolearnto

substantiatearguments、析nlquantitativeevidence.Ontheotherhand,itisalsohoped

thatitwillassisttheteachers,especiallythosewhoteachliterature,toobtainaclearidea

oftheworksofErnestHemingwayandthustohelpthemtoteachbetter.Itisalso

expectedthatthisthesiswillthrowlightonf],LrtherresearchonErnestHemingwayand

otherAmericanwriters.

13ErnestHemingway’SLifeandHisWorks

Beforetheanalysisofhisworks,itisnecessaryforustohaveanoverviewofErnestHemingway.ThispartisdevotedtoHcmingway’slife,works,andallthe

essentialinformationabouthislifeandliteraryinfluences.

HemingwayWasborninOakPark,Illinois,onJuly21,1899.Influencedbyhisparents,Hemingwaylovedartandsports,andenjoyedhunting,fishing,adventuresand

otherkindsofoutdooractivities,whichprovidedhim埘nlalotofmaterialsforhis

futureliteraryworks.Inhighschool,Hcmingwaydevelopedallenthusiasmforboxing

andotherkindsofsportsandhealsowrotejournalisticpiecesandpoemsforthe

Chapter1Introduction

onend.GertrudeSteincharacterizedtheexpatriatesbyherviewofAmericawhenshesaid,‘'Americaismycountry,andParisismyhometown.’’Thisideaofhavinga

placethatyouconsideryourhome,butnotyourhomeland,isthebasisoftheexpatriatemovement.111eexpatriateswerealienatedfromtheirmotherlandspiritually.Asmostofhiscontemporarywritersdid,HemingwaywenttoParisin1921topursuehisdreamtobeaseriouswriter.SherwoodAnderson,oneoftheleadingwritersoftheday,helpedhimalot.Duringthe.periodlivinginParis,hemetwithEzraPound,andsoonPoundbecamehisadviser,advocateandfriend.HemingwayalsomadefriendswithothergreatwriterssuchasGertrudeSteinandJamesJoyce.Heworkedwimallhisenergyinliterarycreation.GertrudeSteindubbedyoung

Americanwriterslikehim‘'thelostgeneration’’bysaying‘‘Allofyouyoungpeoplewhoservedinthewar,youarealostgeneration'’.Thegenerationis“lost'’inthesensethatitsinheritedvalueswerenolonger

relevantinthepostwarworld.The

feelingofrootlessnessanddisillusionmentwereshownintheirworks.Hemingwayusedtheremarkasan

epigraphforhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Thushemadethetermpopular.Asmostlostgenerationwritersdid’Hemingwaysetuphisliteraryreputationduringthe1920s.Hepublishedtwohighlypraised,promisingvolumes,ThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923)and/nOurTime(1924);twoshort-storycollections,/nOurTime(1925)andMenWithoutWomen(1927);twomajornovels,刀lPSunAlsoRises(1926)andAFarewelltoArms(1929);andthecontroversialTheTorrentsofSpring(1926).

nelostgenerationwasnevera

literarysch001.Inthe1930s,asthesewritersturnedindifferentdirections,nleirworkslostthedistinctstampofthepost-warperiod.Duringthisperiod,Hemingwaytraveledalotandcollectedlotsofmaterialsforhisworks.ThereappearedDeath拥theafternoon(1932),WinnerTakeNothing(1933),GreenI哦llsofAfrica(1935),ToHaveandHaveNot(1937),tomentionjustafew.ButthemostimportantworkaccordingtohisexperienceinSpainWasForWhomtheBell

乃lls(1940),whichWasanexcellentnovelaboutRobertJordan,anAmerican

Spanish

instructorwhofought晰ththeLoyalistforces.Afterthat,in1952,Hemingway

publishedTheoldManandtheSea。whichWasoneofhismostacclaimednovels.The

OldManandtheSeanotoilysucceededcommerciallybutalsowonthePulitzer

FictionPrizefor1952andtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954.

Generallyspeaking,Hemingway’Sthemesandstyleofwritingalongwinla

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Chapter2LiteratureRenewandTheoreticalFramework

Chapter2LiteratureReviewandTheoreticalFramework

ThischapterprovidesthetheoreticalbackgroundforthestudyofErnest

Hemingway’Sworks.Thedefinitionsofstyleand

stylisticswillbegivenfirst,what

followsistheemergenceanddevelopmentofstylistics.Andthenthecomputationalstylisticswillbeintroduced.Ageneralintroductiontostylisticanalysisisprovidedatlast.

2.1Style

Fromtheetymology,theword‘‘style'’derivesfromGreekandLatinword‘‘stile",“stilus”.Itreferstotheobject,theonetopwhittledstick.Thenthemeaningexpandsbutisstillinthescopeofobjects.Besidespointingtothesharppenorthesteelpenetc,itcoulddescribethecaringknife,theneedleofthephonographandthehourhandofclocketc.Themeaningofwritingtoolsisstillusedtoday.TheprinterofthemultinationalcorporationEpsoniscalled‘‘STYLUS’’.Thenthesemanticmeaningof‘‘style’’expandsagain.It

meansthewaytowriteandtalkwhichiscausedbydifferentnations,historicperiods,literatureformsandpersonalfeatures.Forexample,"thearchaicstyleof

writing'’,‘'thisisnotmystyle'’.Thebasicsemanticmeaningofoutside

distinguishable

expresswaycouldalsobeusedintheareaofarchitectureorarts.Forexample,‘'the

Greek,medieval,andRenaissancestyles”,‘'thegypsystyleofmusic".Anothersemantic

meaningof“style”referstothewayoflives.Italwayshasrelationship、)I,itllthe

appearance,manner,andsocialrelationsetc,whichhavefashionfeatures.Itusuallyisa

commendatoryterm.Forexample,‘'hehasgreatstyle'’,‘'thestyleoflord”etC.Inthe

chronologicaltable,‘‘style'’meansthewaytocalculatetime.Forexample,‘‘oldstyle'’,

‘'newstyle'’.Afterall,“style'’alwaysreferstothedistinguishedonewhichhasdifferent

featuresamongmorethantwothingsanditisusedasacommendatoryterm.(Hu

Zhuanglin,2002).

TreatisesdevotedtothestudyofstyleCanbefoundasearlyasDemetrius’SOns艺vle(C.E.100).Styleisnoteasytodefine,however,theveryfrequentdefinitionof

styleisoneexpressedbySeymourChatman:“Styleistheproductofindividualchoices

and

patternsofchoicesamonglinguisticpossibilities.”(Chatman,1967:30)

ThefollowingarefourcommonlyoccurringsensesofthetermstylegivenbyD.CrystalandD.Davy:(Widdowson,1975:5)

(1)Stylemayrefertosomeorallofthelanguagehabitsofoneperson—aswhen

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Chapter2LiteratureRenewandTheoreticalFr—amewo—r——k——

oftheword,ofascientificoratleastamethodicalstudy.”H.GWiddowson(1975:22)

givesafurtherexplanation,“Bystylistics,Imeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefroma

orientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromlinguistic

literarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallya

meansoflinkingthetwo.”AccordingtoCrystal,stylisticsis“abranchoflinguistics

whichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationallydistinctiveUSesoflanguage,with

particularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableof

andsocialgroupsintheirUSeaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividuals

oflanguage'’(1969:32).AccordingtoGN.Leech(1981),stylisticsisalinguistic

andartisticfunction,approachtoliterature,explainingtherelationbetweenlanguage

withmotivationquestionssuchas‘Ⅵhy'’and‘'how”morethan‘'what”.

Stylisticsinthetwentiethcenturyreplacesandexpandsontheearlierstudyofrhetoric.Followingthepublicationofatwo-volumetreatiseonFrenchstylisticsby

Ballyin1909,apupilofthestructuralist,SaUSsure,interestsinstyliaicsgradually

spreadacrossEuropeviatheworkofSpitzerandothers.ItWasinthe1960sthatit

reallybegantoflourishinBritainandtheUnitedStates,givenimpetusfrompost-War

developmentsindescriptivelinguistics,granlmarinparticular.

Inmanyrespects,stylisticsisnotonlyclosetoliterarycriticismbutalsopracticalcriticism.Thedifferenceliesinthatthegoalofmoststylisticstudiesisnotsimplyto

describetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshowtheir

functionalsignificancefortheinterpretationofthetext;orinordertorelateliterary

effectstolinguistic“caUSes'’wherethesearefelttoberelevant.

BecaUSeofitseclecticism,stylisticshasincreasinglycometobeusedaSteachingtoolinlanguageandliteraturestudiesforbothnativeand如rei盟speakersofEnglish.

Duetothespecialtyandtheprofittotheliterarystudies,modernstylisticsisemployed

toanalyzetheworksofHemingway’Sinthisthesis.Itprovidesaconvenientwayforthe

analyses,anditalsoprovidesafirmtheoreticalfoundation.

Stylisticscanberoughlydividedintotwoaspectsaccordingtothdrdifferentresearchobjects:thatis,literarystylisticsandnon-literarystylistics(generalstylistics).

Stylisticanalysisofliteraryandnon-literarytextshasanidenticaloutcome,USually

non—literarytextsareeasiertoanalyzethanliterarytexts.Non-literarystylisticscovers

studiesofthevarietiesoflanguage,suchasthelanguageoflaw,scienceandtechnology,

Chapter2LiteratureRenewandTheoreticalFramework

mainlyfocusedondescribingagivenlanguageinitsspokenformsynchronically.Theperiodfromthe1930stothe1950sisregardedfitsthesecondstageofstylisticdevelopment.InfluencedbylinguistictheoriesadvancedbyRussianformalistRomanJakobson,RomanphilologistSpitzerhonoredfitsFatherofliterarystylistics,andCzechoslovakianstructuralistMukarovsky,stylistics,inthisperiod,stressedtheimportanceoftheformoflanguageinliteraryworksandalsoaffirmedtheaestheticvalueoflanguageinnon-literaryworks.

Itwasnotuntilthelate1950sthatstylisticsbecameanindependentacademicdisciplineandbegantodeveloprapidly.In1958,thefirstinternationalsymposiumonstylisticswasheldatIndianaUniversity,U.S.A.Thiswasaprimemoverforthedevelopmentofstylisticsandalsohelpeditreceivewidepublicity.

Anotherstagefollowsfrom19608to1980s,whichWascharacterizedbytheinfluenceofgenerativelinguistics,sociolinguisticsanddiscourseanalysis(Shen,2000).

AccordingtoCarterandSimpson(Carter&Simpson,1989)thestageCallbedivided

intofoursub?stages:

?The1960sisadecadeofformalstylistics

Asthenamesuggests,formalstylisticsisbasedonformalisminlinguistictheories

whichincludeSaussure’SstructuralistlinguisticsandChomsky’Stransformationalgenerativelinguistics.

?The1970sisadecadeoffunctionalstylistics

FunctionalstylisticsisbasedonM.A.K.Halliday’Ssystematicfunctionallinguistictheorywhichholdsthatlanguagehasthreemetafimetiom?--——ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunction,andtextualfunction.

?m1980sisadecadeofdiscourse

stylisties

Inthisperiodoftime,stylisticshasabsorbedthenewlydevelopedtheoriesindiscourseanalysissuch勰speechacttheoryputforwardbyAustinandSearleandthetheoryofinferenfialmeaningby

Grice.ThesetheoriesoJ'eprimarilyconcernedwitllthe

relationshipoflanguagetoitscontextofuse.

?The1990sisadecadeofcontextualizedstylistics

Contextualizedstylistics,alsotermed鹤socio-historicalandsoeio-cultural

stylistics,isbasedontheassumptionthattheway

peopletreatthingsreliesontheir

viewpointswhichreflectfeaturesofsoeio—historyandsoeio—culture.Stylistsworkingin

10

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andTheoreticalFramework

Chapter2LiteratureReview

categories(Xu,2000).Oneisfocusedonnon-literaturevariety,anotherisonliterature

variety,andthethirdreferstostyleinabroadsensenamelygeneralstylistics.

Meanwhile,somewesternworksinthefieldofstylisticshavealsobeenintroducedto

ChinesereaderssuchasInvestigatingEnglishStyle(1969)byDavidCrystalandDerek

Davy;Stylistics(1973)byQW.Turner;Stytein,Fiction(1981)byGN.LeechandM.H.

Short;Practicalstylistics(1992)byH.J.Widdowson;Stylistics:APractical

Coursebook(2000)byL.WrightandJ.Hope;PatternsinLanguage:Stylisticsfor

StudentsofLanguageandLiterature(2000)byJ.ThomborrowandShanWareingand

ere.Therefore,weCallbeguidedandsupplementedbytherecentknowledgeinthisfield

timely.

2.4ComputationalStyfistics

Inadditiontothemodelsmentionedabove,thereisanotherimportantmodelthatdeservestobeintroduced,whichiscalledcomputationalstylistics.Computational

stylisticshasparticularlydevelopedsincethelate1960s.Withtheapplicationof

computerinstylistics,whatWasimpossiblebymanualcalculationsisnowpractical.

Computationalstylistics,nowasub—disciplineofcomputationallinguistics,USes

statisticalandcomputer-aidedmethodsandanalysesinthestudyofdifferentproblems

ofstyle.Computershaveprovedinvaluableindictionarycompilationorlexicography

andgrammarintheanalysisoflargesamplesofdata;andinformationtechnologyis

widelyappliedinsuchareasasautomaticspeechsynthesisandmachinetranslation

(Wales,1989).

Onewell-established

studyincomputationalstylisticsisknownasstylometry,theinvestigationofsuchfeaturesaswordlengthandsentencelengthindifferenttextsto

determineauthorship.In1978,Mortondefinedstylomc蛆ryasthesciencewhich

describesandmeasuresthepersonalelementsinliterary01"extemporeutterances,80

thatitcanbesaidthatoneparticularpersonisresponsibleforthecompositionrather

thananyotherperson.Honore(1979)notedthatstylometryisthestatisticalanalysisof

thewritingstyleofallauthorUSingthosefeaturesthatarcunconscioUSorarcdifficult

forallauthortocontr01.Holmes(1998)definedthatstylometryisthestatisticalanalysis

ofliterarystyleanditcomplementstraditionalliteraryscholarshipsinceitoffersa

meansofcapturingtheoftenelusivecharacterofanauthor’Sstylebyquantifyingsome

ofitsfeatures.

12

Chapter2LiteratureRenewandTheoreticalFramework

Identification----——Description??———Explanation

砀e

featureschosenfromanytextwillbethosewhichcharacterizeit

as

toits

function.111eywillbeusedbytheanalysttoprovetheinitial

statementwhichismade

aboutthelinguisticnatureofthetext勰awhole.

Thismethodpurportstobefairlyscientific.Ahypothesisisstatedandthenproved.

Itis

usefuldisciplinewhichencourageslogicalthought

andCanbetransferredtomany

otherareasofacademicstudy.Thisisone

ofthereasonswhythedisciplineofstylistic

analysis

is

SO

useful:it

Canbeappliedto

varietyofsubjects.

Insomeformsofstylisticanalysis,thenumerical

recI嗍Ce

ofcertain

stylistic

featuresis

usedtomakejudgmentsaboutthe

natureand

thequalityofthewriting.

However,itisimportanttorecognizethattheconceptofstyle

ismuchbroaderthanthe

mere“goodstyle'’ofliteraryprose.

Researchesofstylistic

analysis

earl

be

divided

intoqualitativeand

quantitative

analysis.Most

ofthe

previousstudiesarecenteredon

thequalitativedescriptions.

Qualitativemethods

ale

moresuitableforliteraryanalysiswhichishuman-oriented,

such

as

regulatingliteraryrules

and

describing

variousstylistic

features.However,

linguisticsis

dynamicsubject;wemust

impose

new

requirements

on

stylisticsinorder

toadaptittothenew

academic

development.Quantitativedescriptionswillgiveus

moreconcreteandconvincingexplanationsofsomestylisticfeatures.Inthis

case,

quantitativemethodshave

alreadybecomemoreandmoredominant

instylisticanalysis

inrecentyears.

14

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