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GAPS

GAPS
GAPS

GAPS – what is it? Learn about the condition which is behind many mental and physical problems, which our children and adults suffer from, such as autism, hyperactivity and attention deficit, dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and more.

By ironman45 | April 16, 2012 | Austism/ADD, celiac/crohns/UC/IBS, Digestion/acid reflux

Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome or GAPS) is a condition, which establishes a connection between the functions of the digestive system and the brain. This term was created by Dr Natasha Campbell-McBride, MD, MMedSci (neurology), MMedSci (human nutrition) in 2004 after working with hundreds of children and adults with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD), schizophrenia, dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression, obsessive –compulsive disorder, bi-polar disorder and other neuro-psychological and psychiatric problems.

To learn about Gut and Psychology Syndrome, how it develops and how to treat it effectively with a sound nutritional protocol please read Dr Campbell-McBride’s book “Gut and Psychology Syndrome. Natural treatment for autism, ADHD/ADD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression and schizophrenia”

To gain an initial understanding on GAPS, please read the following article by Dr Campbell-McBride.

Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome or GAPS)

By Dr. N. Campbell-McBride

We live in the world of unfolding epidemics. Autistic Spectrum Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ADD), schizophrenia, dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression, obsessive –compulsive disorder, bi-polar disorder and other neuro-psychological and psychiatric problems in children and young adults are becoming more and more common.

In clinical practice these conditions more often than not overlap with each other. A child with autism often is hyperactive and dyspraxic. There is about 50% overlap between dyslexia and dyspraxia and 25-50% overlap between hyperactivity and dyslexia and dyspraxia. Children with these conditions are often diagnosed as being depressed and as they grow up they are more prone to substance abuse or alcoholism than their typically developing peers. A young adult diagnosed with schizophrenia would often suffer from dyslexia, dyspraxia or/and ADHD/ADD in childhood. Schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder are often described as two sides of one coin. We have created different diagnostic boxes to fit our patients in. But a modern patient does not fit into any one of them neatly. The modern patient in most cases fits into a rather lumpy picture of overlapping neurological and psychiatric conditions. When we examine these patients in a clinical setting, we find that apart from so-called mental problems, they are also physically very ill. Digestive disorders, malnourishment, allergies, asthma, eczema, chronic cystitis, thrush and fussy eating habits are a consistent part of the picture.

What is a typical scenario we see in clinical practice?

Before examining the patient it is very important to look at the health history of the parents. Whenever the parents are mentioned people immediately think about genetics. However, apart of genetics there is something very important the parents, mother in particular, pass to their child: their unique gut micro-flora. Not many people know that an adult on average carries 2 kg of bacteria in the gut. There are more cells in that microbial mass than there are cells in an entire human body. It is a highly organised micro-world, where certain species of bacteria have to predominate to keep us healthy physically and mentally. Their role in our health is so monumental, that we simply cannot afford to ignore them. We will talk in detail about the child’s gut flora later. Now let us come back to the source of the child’s gut flora – the parents.

After studying hundreds of cases or neurological and psychiatric conditions in children, a typical

h ealth picture of these children’s mums has emerged.

A typical modern mother was probably not breast fed when she was a baby, because she was born in 60s or 70s when breast-feeding went out of fashion. Why is it important? Because it is well known that bottle fed babies develop completely different gut flora to the breast fed babies. This compromised gut flora in a bottle fed baby later on predisposes her to many health problems. Having acquired compromised gut flora from the start, a typical modern mum had quite a few courses of antibiotics in her childhood and youth for various infections. It is a well known fact that

antibiotics have a serious damaging effect on the gut flora, because they wipe out the beneficial strains of bacteria in the gut. At the age of 16 and sometimes even earlier the modern mum was put on a contraceptive pill, which she took for quite a few years before starting a family. Contraceptive pills have a devastating effect on the beneficial (good) bacteria in the gut. One of the major functions of the good bacteria in the gut flora is controlling about 500 different known to science species of pathogenic (bad) and opportunistic microbes. When the beneficial bacteria get destroyed the opportunists get a special opportunity to grow into large colonies and occupy large areas of the digestive tract. A modern diet of processed and fast foods provides perfect nourishment for these pathogens and that is a typical diet a modern mum had as a child and a young adult. As a result of all these factors a modern mum has seriously compromised gut flora by the time she is ready to have children. And indeed clinical signs of gut dysbiosis (abnormal gut flora) are present in almost 100% of mothers of children with neurological and psychiatric conditions. The most common health problems in mothers are digestive abnormalities, allergies, auto-immunity, PMS, chronic fatigue, headaches and skin problems.

A baby is born with a sterile gut. In the first 20 or so days of life the baby’s virgin gut surface gets popula ted by a mixture of microbes. This is the child’s gut flora, which will have a tremendous effect on this child’s health for the rest of his/her life. Where does this gut flora come from? Mainly from the mother.

So, whatever microbial flora the mother has she would pass to her new-born child.

Gut flora is something we do not think much about. And yet the number of functions the gut flora fulfils is so vital for us that if some day our digestive tract got sterilised we probably would not survive.

The first and very important function is appropriate digestion and absorption of food. If a child does not acquire normal balanced gut flora, then the child will not digest and absorb foods properly, developing multiple nutritional deficiencies. And that is what we commonly see in children and adults with learning disabilities, psychiatric problems and allergies. Many of these patients are malnourished. Even in the cases where the child may grow well, testing reveals some typical nutritional deficiencies in many important minerals, vitamins, essential fats, many amino-acids and other nutrients. The most common deficiencies, recorded in these patients, are in magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, calcium, manganese, sulphur, phosphorus, iron, potassium, vanadium, boron,

vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, A, D, folic acid, pantothenic acid, omega-3, 6, 9 fatty acids, taurine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, glutathione and many other amino-acids. This usual list of nutritional deficiencies includes some most important nutrients for normal development and function of the child’s brain, immune system and the rest of the body.

Apart of normal digestion and absorption of food healthy gut flora actively synthesises various nutrients: vitamin K, pantothenic acid, folic acid, thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), ciancobalamine (vitamin B12), various amino-acids and proteins. Indeed, when tested people with gut dysbiosis always present with deficiencies of these nutrients. Clinical experience shows that restoring the beneficial bacteria in their gut is the best way to deal with these deficiencies.

The majority of children and adults with neurological and psychiatric conditions look pale and pasty. When tested they show various stages of anaemia, which is not surprising. To have a healthy blood we require many different nutrients: vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, K, A, D, etc), minerals (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Co, Se, boron, etc.), essential amino-acids and fats. These patients not only cannot absorb these nutrients from food, but their own production of many of them in the body is damaged. On top of that people with damaged gut flora often have particular groups of pathogenic bacteria growing in their gut, which are iron-loving bacteria (Actinomyces spp., Mycobacterium spp., pathogenic strains of E.Coli, Corynebacterium spp. and many others). They consume whatever iron the person gets from the diet, leaving that person deficient in iron. Unfortunately, supplementing iron only makes these bacteria grow stronger and does not remedy anaemia. To treat anaemia the person requires all the nutrients we have mentioned, many of which healthy gut flora supplies.

Apart from taking a direct part in nourishing the body, beneficial bacteria in the gut act as the housekeepers for the digestive tract. They coat the entire surface of the gut protecting it from invaders and toxins by providing a natural barrier and producing a lot of anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal substances. At the same time they provide the gut lining with nourishment. It is estimated that 60 – 70% of energy, the gut lining derives, is from the activity of bacteria, which live on it. So, it is no surprise that when the gut flora is abnormal the digestive tract itself cannot be healthy. Indeed most children and adults with learning disabilities, psychiatric disorders and allergies present with digestive problems. In many cases these problems are so severe, that the patients (or their parents) talk about them first. In some cases they may not be very severe, but when asked direct questions the parents describe that their child never had normal stool, that their child suffered

from colic as a baby and that tummy pains, bloating and flatulence are a common part of the picture. Adult sufferers describe the same kind of symptoms. In those cases where these children and adults have been examined by gastro-enterologists inflammatory process in the gut was found along with faecal compaction and an over-spill syndrome. Dr. Andrew Wakefield and his team at the Royal Free Hospital in London in the late 90s found an inflammatory condition in the bowel of autistic children, which they have named Autistic Enterocolitis. Schizophrenic patients were always known to have serious digestive problems. Dr. Curtis Dohan, MD has devoted many years to researching digestive abnormalities in schizophrenia. He found a lot of similarities between coeliac disease and the state of the digestive tract in schizophrenics. Indeed, in my clinical practice long before these patients develop psychotic symptoms they suffer from digestive problems and all other typical symptoms of gut dysbiosis pretty much from the start of their lives. Children and young adults with ADHD/ADD, OCD, depression and other neuro-psychological problems are very often reported to suffer from digestive abnormalities.

What other symptoms of gut dysbiosis do we know?

Well-functioning gut flora is the right hand of our immune system. The beneficial bacteria in the gut ensure appropriate production of different immune cells, immunoglobulins and other parts of the immunity. But most importantly they keep the immune system in the right balance. What typically happens in a person with gut dysbiosis is that two major arms of their immune system Th1 and Th2 get out of balance with underactive Th1 and overactive Th2. As a result the immune system starts reacting to most environmental stimuli in an allergic or atopic kind of way.

A baby is born with an immature immune system. Establishment of healthy balanced gut flora in the first few days of life plays a crucial role in appropriate maturation of the immune system. If the baby does not acquire appropriate gut flora then the baby is left immune compromised. The result is lots of infections followed by lots of courses of a ntibiotics, which damage the child’s gut flora and immune system even further. The most common infections in the first two years of life in the children with neurological, psychological and atopic disorders are ear infections, chest infections, sore throats and impetigo. At the same time in the first two years of life the child receives a lot of vaccinations. A child with compromised immune system does not react to vaccinations in a predicted way. In most cases vaccines deepen the damage to the immune system and provide a source of chronic persistent viral infections and autoimmune problems in these children. There has been a considerable amount of research published into the state of the immune system in children and adults with learning

disabilities and psychiatric problems. The research shows deep abnormalities in all major cell groups and immunoglobulins in these patients. The most common autoantibodies found are to myelin basic protein (MBP) and neuron-axon filament protein (NSFP). These antibodies attac k the person’s brain and the rest of the nervous system.

So, the modern patient (child or adult), who we are talking about, did not get normal gut flora from the start and then got it damaged even further by repeated courses of antibiotics and vaccinations. As a result these children and adults commonly suffer from digestive problems, allergies, asthma and eczema. But apart from that in people who then go on to develop neurological and psychiatric problems something even more terrible happens. Without control of the beneficial bacteria different opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi have a good chance to occupy large territories in the digestive tract of the patient and grow large colonies. Two particular groups which are most commonly found on testing are yeasts (including Candida species) and Clostridia family. These pathogenic microbes start digesting food in their own way producing large amounts of various toxic substances, which get absorbed into the blood stream, carried to the brain and cross the blood – brain barrier. The number and mixture of toxins can be very individual, causing different neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Due to the absence or greatly reduced numbers of beneficial bacteria in the gut flora, the person’s diges tive system instead of being a source of nourishment becomes a major source of toxicity in the body.

So, what kind of toxins are we talking about?

There are many toxins, which we have not studied very well yet. But some toxins have received a considerable amount of research. Let us have a look at them.

Acetaldehyde & Alcohol

The most common pathogenic microbes shown to overgrow in the digestive systems of children and adults with neuro-psychiatric conditions are yeasts, particularly Candida species. Yeasts ferment dietary carbohydrates with production of alcohol and its by-product acetaldehyde. Let us see what does a constant exposure to alcohol and acetaldehyde do to the body.

Liver damage with reduced ability to detoxify drugs, pollutants and other toxins.

Pancreas degeneration with reduced ability to produce pancreatic enzymes, which would impair digestion.

Reduced ability of the stomach wall to produce stomach acid.

Damage to immune system.

Brain damage with lack of self-control, impaired co-ordination, impaired speech development, aggression, mental retardation, loss of memory and stupor.

Peripheral nerve damage with altered senses and muscle weakness.

Direct muscle tissue damage with altered ability to contract and relax and muscle weakness. Nutritional deficiencies from damaging effect on digestion and absorption of most vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Deficiencies in B and A vitamins are particularly common.

Alcohol has an ability to enhance toxicity of most common drugs, pollutants and other toxins. Alteration of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in the body.

Inability of the liver to dispose of old neurotransmitters, hormones and other by-products of normal metabolism. As a result these substances accumulate in the body, causing behavioural abnormalities and many other problems.

Acetaldehyde is considered to be the most toxic of alcohol by-products. It is the chemical, which gives us the feeling of hangover. Anybody who experienced a hangover would tell you how dreadful he or she felt. Children, who acquire abnormal gut flora with a lot of yeast from the start, may never know any other feeling. Acetaldehyde has a large variety of toxic influences on the body. One of the most devastating influences of this chemical is its ability to alter the structure of proteins. Acetaldehyde – altered proteins are thought to be responsible for many autoimmune reactions. Children and adults with neuro-psychiatric problems are commonly found to have antibodies against their own tissues.

Clostridia Neurotoxins

There are about 100 different Clostridia species known so far. They are present in the stools of people with autism, schizophrenia, psychosis, severe depression, muscle paralysis and muscle tonus abnormalities and some other neurological and psychiatric conditions. Many Clostridia species are normal inhabitants of a human gut. For example Clostridium tetani is routinely found in the gut of healthy humans and animals. Everybody knows that tetanus is a deadly disease, due to an extremely powerful neurotoxin Clostridium tetani produces. Clostridium tetani, which lives in the gut, is normally controlled by the beneficial bacteria and does us no harm, because its toxin cannot get through the healthy gut wall. Unfortunately, patients, which we are talking about, do not have a

healthy gut wall. In gut dysbiosis this powerful neurotoxin can get through the damaged gut lining and then cross the blood-brain barrier affecting the person’s mental development. Many other species of Clostridia (perfringens, novyi, septicum, histolyticum, sordelli, aerofoetidum, tertium, sporogenes, etc) produce toxins similar to tetanus toxin as well as many other toxins. Dr. William Shaw at Great Plains Laboratories describes in detail number of autistic children, who showed serious improvements in their development and biochemical tests while on anti-Clostridia medication. Unfortunately, as soon as the medication was stopped the children slipped back into autism, because these children do not have healthy gut flora to control Clostridia and not to allow their toxins through the gut lining into the bloodstream. In many cases Clostridia were not identified in the stools of these children, because Clostridia are strict anaerobes and are very difficult to study. We need to come up with some better ways of testing for these potent pathogens.

Yeasts and Clostridia have been given a special opportunity by the era of antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics do not touch them while killing the beneficial bacteria in the gut, which are supposed to control the yeasts and Clostridia. So, after every course of antibiotics these two pathogenic groups get out of control and overgrow. The patients that we are talking about usually are exposed to numerous courses of antibiotics pretty much from the beginning of their lives. Gluteomorphins & Casomorphins or opiates from gluten and casein.

Gluten is a protein present in grains, mainly wheat, rye, oats, barley. Casein is a milk protein, present in cow, goat, sheep, human and all other milk and milk products. In the bodies of children and adults with autism and schizophrenia these proteins do not get digested properly due to the fact that their digestive systems are full of abnormal microbial flora and hence unhealthy. As a result of misdigestion gluten and casein turn into substances with similar chemical structure of opiates, like morphine and heroin. There has been quite a substantial amount of research done in this area by Dohan, Reichelt, Shattock, Cade and others, where gluten and casein peptides, called gluteomorphins and casomorphins, were detected in the urine of schizophrenic patients and autistic children. Incidentally, these substances were also found in patients with depression and rheumatoid arthritis. These opiates from wheat and milk get through the blood-brain barrier and block certain areas of the brain, just like morphine or heroin would do, causing various neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Based on this research the gluten and casein free diet (GFCF diet) has been developed.

Dermorphin & Deltorphin

These are two frightening toxic substances with opiate structure, which have been found in autistic children by a biochemist Alan Friedman, PhD. Dermorphin and deltorphin were first identified on the skin of a poison dart frog in South America. Native people used to dip their darts into the mucous on these frogs in order to paralyse their enemy, because deltorphin and dermorphin are extremely potent neurotoxins. Dr Friedman believes that it is not the frog that produces these neurotoxins, but a fungus, which grows on the skin of this frog. It is possible that this fungus grows in the gut of autistic children, supplying their bodies with dermorphin and deltorphin.

Organic Acid Testing available now in many laboratories around the world identify various metabolites of microbial activity in the gut, which get absorbed and finish up in the patient’s urine. Many of these metabolites are highly poisonous substances.

Low Serum Sulphate is a common picture in these patients, which is an indirect indication of toxicity in the body, because sulphates are essential for many detoxification processes and normal metabolism of brain neurotransmitters. In many cases the person may be getting plenty of sulphates through the diet, but they all get consumed by the detox pathways struggling with the river of toxicity, which is constantly coming from the person’s gut. At the same time another large group of bacteria, which commonly overgrow in the gut dysbiosis situation are sulphate-reducing bacteria, which make sulphur unavailable for the body to use. These bacteria metabolise sulphate coming from food into sulphites, many of which are toxic like hydrogen sulphide for example, which is the gas with rotten egg smell. Some parents of autistic, hyperactive and other children tell me that their child’s stool has this characteristic smell.

The mixture of toxicity in each child or adult can be quite individual and different. But what they all have in common is gut dysbiosis. The toxicity, which is produced by the abnormal microbial mass in these people, establishes a link between the gut and the brain. That is why I have grouped these disorders together and gave them a name: the Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome). The GAPS children and adults can present with symptoms of autism, ADHD, ADD, OCD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, schizophrenia, depression, sleep disorders, allergies, asthma and eczema in any possible combination. These are the patients who fall in the gap in our medical knowledge. Any child or adult with a learning disability, neurological or psychiatric problems should be thoroughly examined for gut dysbiosis. Re-establishing normal gut flora and treating the digestive system of the patient has

to be the number one treatment for these disorders, before considering any other treatments with drugs or otherwise.

Gut And Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome or GAPS) establishes the connection between the state of the patient’s gut and the functioning of the brain. This connection has been known by medics for a very long time. The father of modern psychiatry French psychiatrist Phillipe Pinel (1745–1828), after working with mental patients for many years, concluded in 1807: “The primary seat of insanity generally is in the region of the stomach and intestines.” Long before him Hippocrates (460-370 BC), the father of modern medicine has said: “All diseases begin in the gut!” The more we learn with our modern scientific tools, the more we realise just how right they were!

http://gaps.me/?page_id=20

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首先我们要理解总体思考路径,先是财务层面,财务层面强调的是股东价值,就是股东怎么看待我们,通常会表现为利润增长;然后是客户层面,财务收入是谁带来的?客户,客户层面强调的是如何满足客户需求,从而带来业务收入;第三个层面是内部流程层面,强调的是内部流程如何完善才能保障我们服务客户满足客户需求的能力;第四个层面是学习与成长层面,这个层面强调的无形价值,主要包括人力资本,人的能力如何提升才能保障上述三个层面的实现,信息资本,使用什么信息系统保障快捷沟通,提升沟通效率?组织资本,组织氛围如何改善? 1、财务层面 在财务层面,重点有两个方面,一个是开源,一个节流。 开源就是哪些方面可以带来业务收入,表现在地图上就是营收增长战略,这是一个战略主题,在这个主题下面又包括扩大销售收入机会和增加客户价值两个方面,所谓扩大销售收入机会是指哪些方面可以带来营业收入,结合案例,老板可以和员工清晰描述收入来源的渠道,比如说,老客户带来多少收入,新客户带来多少收入,老产品(比如杂志广告)带来多少收入,新产品(比如HR调研)带来多少收入;而在增加客户价值方面,可以描述为通过客户综合购买,比如既购买杂志,又购买调研报告,所带来的单个客户贡献,也就是增加单个客户购买量的增加,带来客户增值收入。 节流是指成本控制和提高资产利用率,要想实现利润目标,除了增加收入外,还要注意改善成本结构,降低成本费用率,这是老板要关注的目标。另外,除了直接降低成本外,老板也可以考虑利用现有的资产,

全国乡镇与街区行政边界下载

全国乡镇与街区行政边界下载 1.概述 水经注软件除了可以轻松下载无水印Google Earth卫星影像、有明确拍摄日期的历史影像、地方高清天地图、百度高德大字体打印地图,按1万/5千等国家标准图幅下载,对百度坐标与火星坐标进行纠偏;下载陆地及海洋高程、STRM高程、提取10米等高线等深线、CASS高程点之外,还有一个重要的功能就是下载行政区划数据。这里,我们以乡镇街区行政边界下载为例,介绍一下使用水经注万能地图下载器下载行政区划数据。 2.矢量地图下载法 打开水经注万能地图下载器,将鼠标放在左上角的地图图标上,会显示出所有的地图,如下图所示。 所有地图 在所有地图中选择全国矢量(无偏移),切换到全国矢量地图,如下图所示。

全国矢量图 在出现的矢量下载对话框内行政区划一栏选择上需要下载的区划,这里选择广州市花都区,在下面矢量列表行政区划内选择乡镇边界,如下图所示。

选择乡镇边界 点击确定后会开始下载矢量,下载完成后会自动打开下载目录,如下图所示。

下载的乡镇边界 下载的矢量可以使用ArcGIS和Global Mapper等专业软件打开,这里使用Global Mapper打开,效果如下图所示。 Global Mapper中打开效果

3.普通地图下载法 当处于非“全国矢量(无偏移)”地图的普通地图时,在右上方区划处选择上广州市花都区,如下图所示。 选择花都区区划 点击地图上的“√”会显示出新建任务对话框,在对话框内选择矢量数据,同样还是在下面矢量列表行政区划处选择乡镇边界,如下图所示。

选择乡镇边界 点击确定之后会开始下载数据,下载后会自动打开所在的目录,如下图所示。

广东省各市县乡镇名称

地级市市辖区县级市县、自治县乡镇 广州市(副省级)辖10个市辖区: 越秀区荔湾区海珠区 天河区白云区黄埔区番 禺区花都区南沙区萝 岗区 代管2个县级市: 增城市从化市 辖0个县: 从化市辖5个镇(温泉、良口、吕田、太平、鳌头)/增城市辖6个镇(正果、石滩、 新塘、中新、派潭、小楼)/萝岗区共辖1个镇(九龙镇)/番禺区辖9个镇南村镇、 沙湾镇、石碁镇、石楼镇、新造镇、化龙镇、榄核镇、东涌镇、大岗镇/花都区辖7 个镇(梯面、花山、炭步、赤坭、狮岭、花东、雅瑶)/南沙区辖3个镇:南沙街道、 万倾沙镇、黄阁镇、横沥镇/白云区辖江高镇、人和镇、太和镇、钟落潭镇4个镇 深圳市(副省级) 辖10个市辖区: 福田区、罗湖区、南山区、宝 安区、龙岗区、盐田区 光明新区、坪山新区、大鹏新 区、龙华新区 代管0个县级市:辖0个县: 福田区辖园岭、南园、福田、沙头、梅林、华富、香蜜湖、莲花山8个街道办事处/罗湖区 下辖黄贝、东门、南湖、桂园、笋岗、清水河、翠竹、东湖、东晓、莲塘10个街道/盐田区 辖沙头角、海山、盐田和梅沙4个街道/南山区辖南山、南头、粤海、西丽、蛇口、招商、 沙河、桃源8个街道/宝安区辖西乡、福永、沙井、松岗、公明、石岩、龙华、观澜、新安、 光明10个街道/龙岗区辖平湖、布吉、横岗、龙岗、龙城、坪地、坪山、坑梓、葵涌、大鹏、 南澳11个街道 珠海市 辖3个市辖区: 香洲区斗门区金湾区 代管0个县级市:辖0个县: 香洲区辖唐家湾、南屏、横琴3个镇/金湾区辖三灶、南水、平沙、红旗4镇/斗门区辖井岸、 白蕉、乾务、斗门、莲洲5镇 汕头市 辖6个市辖区: 金平区龙湖区濠江区 潮阳区潮南区 澄海区 代管0个县级市: 辖1个县: 南澳县 龙湖区辖外砂、新溪两镇/澄海区辖莲上镇、莲下镇、莲华镇、东里镇、溪南镇、盐鸿镇、上 华镇、隆都镇辖8个镇/潮阳区辖海门、和平、谷饶、贵屿、铜盂、河溪、西胪、关埠、金 灶等9个镇/潮南区10个镇(井都、陇田、雷岭、成田、红场、胪岗、两英、仙城、陈店、 司马浦)/南澳县辖3个镇(后宅、深澳、云澳) 佛山市 辖5个市辖区: 禅城区南海区顺德区 高明区三水区 代管0个县级市:辖0个县: 禅城区辖1个镇(南庄) 顺德区辖6个镇(陈村、均安、杏坛、龙江、乐从、北滘)。 南海区辖6个镇(里水、九江、丹灶、大沥、狮山、西樵)。 高明区3个镇(杨和、更合、明城)。 三水区4个镇(芦苞、大塘、乐平、白坭)。 韶关市 辖3个市辖区: 浈江区武江区曲江区 代管2个县级市: 乐昌市南雄市 辖4个县、1个 自治县: 始兴县仁化 县翁源县 新丰县乳源 浈江区辖乐园镇、新韶镇、十里亭镇、犁市镇、花坪镇5个镇/武江区辖西联镇、西河 镇、龙归镇、江湾镇、重阳镇5个镇/曲江区辖马坝镇、大塘镇、小坑镇、沙溪镇、乌石镇、 樟市镇、枫湾镇、白土镇、罗坑镇/乐昌市辖16个镇(北乡镇、九峰镇、廊田镇、长来镇、 梅花镇、三溪镇、坪石镇、黄圃镇、五山镇、两江镇、沙坪镇、云岩镇、秀水镇、大源镇、 庆云镇、白石镇)/ 南雄市辖17个镇(雄州、珠玑、湖口、黄坑、乌迳、界址、水口、古市、 全省共有21个地级市,23个县级市、41个县、3个自治县、54个市辖区,4个乡、7个民族乡、1145个镇、429个街道办事处。

战略地图评价

战略地图简评 一、总裁办 层次清晰,对公司战略理解比较深刻,“术”在战略地图中有所体现,体现了“平衡”的思想;部分二级战略主题分解不够准确;工程进度、风险控制在战略中体现不足。 战略主题转化很准确的体现了公司的四年战略,且分解准确,很多指标的分解体现了标杆企业战略落地的思想和方法。 二、员工服务部 一级战略主题比较清晰;学习成长纬度的战略主题分解比较准确;财务纬度的战略主题分解不够细化;顾客纬度的对提升客户满意度支撑不够充分;对外部资源的整合欠考虑。

战略地图上的战略主题和战略主题转化表中的战略主题部分发生了偏离,导致主题分解责任到部门的时候,发生了一些偏离。 三、企业发展部 战略重点体现比较充分;财务纬度的战略主题单薄,没有分解和支撑;客户纬度的战略主题没有分解;外部各种合作单位资源的整合运作没有体现;知识准备度这一主题分解不够全面和准确。 没有提交战略地图转化表。 四、规划设计部 整个体系逻辑严密,结构全面,层次清晰,但整体跟随,局部突破的思想体现不足;财务和客户纬度的战略主题没有分解和支撑;内部运营纬度表述清晰,但是对外部协作资源的整合能力有所忽略;学习提升纬度的主题分解结构不是很清晰,有交叉重复。 战略地图转化没有完全按照战略地图来分解。

五、建设管理部 没有清晰的表达公司一级战略主题;战略主题对战略的描述和公司战略有所偏离;财务纬度只从成本角度分解欠全面,切与公司的战略也不符;顾客纬度的战略主题层次不够清晰,结构上没有反映重点;内部运营纬度对产品研发和流程建设体现不足,只是各方面工作的简单罗列;学习成长纬度的战略主题分解不细致,战略重点反映不够鲜明。整体来看,战略主题分解过于琐碎,不足以提升到战略层面,也无法突出重点。 战略主题转化表中对战略主题的分解不够细致,部门价值提炼不够清晰。 六、客户服务部 此战略地图对集团的开发业务有较强的系统的描述,但是重点体现不充分;财务纬度的描述对“持续”这个主题支撑不够,战略主题分解不够细;客户纬度的描述比较充分,能较好的支撑公司近几年的战略在客户纬度的导向;内部运营纬度对外部资源整合的体现不足;学习成长纬度战略主题比较能体现公司在这方面的导向,主题转换分解还可以更突出重点。 没有提交战略地图转化表。

常用地图

1-2-04 根据需要选择常用地图,查找所需要的地理信息。分析与应用层级 核心知识点描述:常用地图 单项选择题: 1.随着2018年冬奥会顺利结束,冬奥会正式进入了“北京时间”,身处巴西的萨拉想要观看2022年北京冬奥会,并且参观一些世界遗产,她应该选择哪种地图? A.世界政区图 B.中国政区图 C.北京市交通图 D.北京市旅游景点分布图 2.一部手机上分别显示北京市电子地图和怀柔区电子地图相比,怀柔区电子地图具备的特 点? A.范围更大 B.内容更详尽 C.比例尺更小 D.卫星图中颜色偏白色 3.电子地图中不具有的优势是什么? A.信息量大。 B.可以及时更新。 C.呈现方式多样,可以打印在纸上,可以在屏幕上显示。 D.具有地点翻译功能,实现多语种的转换。 答案:1.D 2.B 3.D 1-2-05 列举电子地图、遥感图像等在生产、生活中的应用实例。识别与描述层级 核心知识点描述:电子地图和遥感图像的应用。

单项选择题: 1.电子地图在使用过程中, 2.电子地图的使用越来越广泛,以下是北京电子地图的部分截图, 通过下图,不能读出哪些信息? A.清华大学大致位置 B.从北京北站到北京站乘坐的地铁线路 C.香山公园在陶然亭公园的正西方向 D.北京西站到人民大学乘坐地铁需要转线。 遥感技术中应用较为广泛的一种是从远距离感知目标自身辐射的红外线(即红外线辐射源),对目标进行探测和识别的技术红外线辐射源可区分为四部份:(1)白炽发光区(Actinic range): 或称"光化反应区",由白炽物体产生的射线。(2)热体辐射区:由非白炽物体产生的热射线, 平均温度约在400℃左右。(3)发热传导区由滚沸的热水或热蒸汽管产生的热射线。平均温度低于200℃。(4)温体辐射区(Warm range):由人体、动物或地热等所产生的热射线,平 均温度约为40℃左右。 2.读以上材料,通过探测红外线辐射源,遥感技术不可以完成的任务是哪一项? A.太阳活动 B.森林大火 C.夜晚未经冷却的工业废水的排放 D.冬季变温动物冬眠 3.车载导航仪是家庭自驾出行的好帮手,车载导航仪不能做到以下哪一项? A.从出发地到目的地的最佳线路 B. 记录行驶路线的地物。

战略地图讲解

战略地图讲解 Revised as of 23 November 2020

战略地图-老板的思维方式和沟通路径 老板的思维和员工的思维经常不在一个频道上,老板看到的是趋势,想的是未来,而员工经常看到自己的本职工作,想的是现实。这两种思维经常没有交叉点,即便有,也很模糊。所以有管理专家说,战略失败了,不是战略制定的不好,而是战略执行出了问题。 所谓战略执行出了问题,首先在源头上就出现了偏差,就是老板和员工的沟通出了问题,老板没有有效地把自己的思想传达给员工,导致战略是战略,执行是执行,员工做的事情和老板的战略没有关系,这样的做法,怎么可能帮助老板实现战略目标 所以,还是沟通的问题。那么,老板该怎么和员工沟通呢战略地图这个工具可以帮助老板实现这一点。 战略地图对于业务部门尤其适用。通过战略地图的图解,可以很好地帮助老板分析实现盈利的路径,把老板的想法清晰地表达出来,当一个模糊的想法,被清晰地表达出来以后,员工也就更容易理解老板的想法了,这时候,模糊的战略方面描述就形成了可以理解的语言,员工理解和接受起来就更加容易了。 图1是一个战略地图的框架,这也是帮助老板梳理战略思路的有效工具。 ?

图一战略地图框架模型 ? ? 首先我们要理解总体思考路径,先是财务层面,财务层面强调的是股东价值,就是股东怎么看待我们,通常会表现为利润增长;然后是客户层面,财务收入是谁带来的客户,客户层面强调的是如何满足客户需求,从而带来业务收入;第三个层面是内部流程层面,强调的是内部流程如何完善才能保障我们服务客户满足客户需求的能力;第四个层面是学习与成长层面,这个层面强调的无形价值,主要包括人力资本,人的能力如何提升才能保障上述三个层面的实现,信息资本,使用什么信息系统保障快捷沟通,提升沟通效率组织资本,组织氛围如何改善 1、财务层面 在财务层面,重点有两个方面,一个是开源,一个节流。 开源就是哪些方面可以带来业务收入,表现在地图上就是营收增长战略,这是一个战略主题,在这个主题下面又包括扩大销售收入机会和增加客户价值两个方面,所谓扩大销售收入机会是指哪些方面可以带来营业收入,结合案例,老板可以和员工清晰描述收入来源的渠道,比如说,老客户带来多少收

战略地图讲解修订版

战略地图讲解 集团标准化小组:[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]

战略地图-老板的思维方式和沟通路径 老板的思维和员工的思维经常不在一个频道上,老板看到的是趋势,想的是未来,而员工经常看到自己的本职工作,想的是现实。这两种思维经常没有交叉点,即便有,也很模糊。所以有管理专家说,战略失败了,不是战略制定的不好,而是战略执行出了问题。 所谓战略执行出了问题,首先在源头上就出现了偏差,就是老板和员工的沟通出了问题,老板没有有效地把自己的思想传达给员工,导致战略是战略,执行是执行,员工做的事情和老板的战略没有关系,这样的做法,怎么可能帮助老板实现战略目标? 所以,还是沟通的问题。那么,老板该怎么和员工沟通呢?战略地图这个工具可以帮助老板实现这一点。 战略地图对于业务部门尤其适用。通过战略地图的图解,可以很好地帮助老板分析实现盈利的路径,把老板的想法清晰地表达出来,当一个模糊的想法,被清晰地表达出来以后,员工也就更容易理解老板的想法了,这时候,模糊的战略方面描述就形成了可以理解的语言,员工理解和接受起来就更加容易了。 图1是一个战略地图的框架,这也是帮助老板梳理战略思路的有效工具。 图一战略地图框架模型 首先我们要理解总体思考路径,先是财务层面,财务层面强调的是股东价值,就是股东怎么看待我们,通常会表现为利润增长;然后是客户层面,财务收入是谁带来的客户,客户层面强调的是如何满足客户需求,从而带来业务收入;第三个层面是内部流程层面,强调的是内部流程如何完善才能保障我们服务客户满足客户需求的能力;第四个层面是学习与成长层面,这个层面强调的无形价值,主要包括人力资本,人的能力如何提升才能保障上述三个层面的实现,信息资本,使用什么信息系统保障快捷沟通,提升沟通效率组织资本,组织氛围如何改善 1、财务层面 在财务层面,重点有两个方面,一个是开源,一个节流。

广东省各市县乡镇名称

广东省各市县乡镇名称

县级市县、自治 县 乡镇 代管2个 县级市:增城市从化市辖0个 县: 从化市辖5个镇(温泉、良口、吕田、太平、 鳌头)/增城市辖6个镇(正果、石滩、新塘、 中新、派潭、小楼)/萝岗区共辖1个镇(九龙 镇)/番禺区辖9个镇南村镇、沙湾镇、石碁镇、 石楼镇、新造镇、化龙镇、榄核镇、东涌镇、 大岗镇/花都区辖7个镇(梯面、花山、炭步、 赤坭、狮岭、花东、雅瑶)/南沙区辖3个镇: 南沙街道、万倾沙镇、黄阁镇、横沥镇/白云区 辖江高镇、人和镇、太和镇、钟落潭镇4个镇 代管0个县级市:辖0个 县: 福田区辖园岭、南园、福田、沙头、梅林、华富、 香蜜湖、莲花山8个街道办事处/罗湖区下辖黄 贝、东门、南湖、桂园、笋岗、清水河、翠竹、 东湖、东晓、莲塘10个街道/盐田区辖沙头角、

海山、盐田和梅沙4个街道/南山区辖南山、南头、粤海、西丽、蛇口、招商、沙河、桃源8个街道/宝安区辖西乡、福永、沙井、松岗、公明、石岩、龙华、观澜、新安、光明10个街道/龙岗区辖平湖、布吉、横岗、龙岗、龙城、坪地、坪山、坑梓、葵涌、大鹏、南澳11个街道 珠海市辖3个市辖区: 香洲区斗门 区金湾区 代管0个 县级市: 辖0个 县: 香洲区辖唐家湾、南屏、横琴3个镇/金湾区辖 三灶、南水、平沙、红旗4镇/斗门区辖井岸、 白蕉、乾务、斗门、莲洲5镇 汕头市辖6个市辖区: 金平区龙湖 区濠江区 潮阳区潮南 区 代管0个 县级市: 辖1个 县: 南澳县 龙湖区辖外砂、新溪两镇/澄海区辖莲上镇、莲下 镇、莲华镇、东里镇、溪南镇、盐鸿镇、上华镇、 隆都镇辖8个镇/潮阳区辖海门、和平、谷饶、 贵屿、铜盂、河溪、西胪、关埠、金灶等9个镇 /潮南区10个镇(井都、陇田、雷岭、成田、红 场、胪岗、两英、仙城、陈店、司马浦)/南澳

战略地图

延边大学 地图与应用课程论文 论文题目:战略地图与大学生发展 年级:2012 级 专业:国际政治 学号:2124203867 学生姓名:闵健峰 指导教师:吴玉德 2014年4 月11日

摘要:不知从何时起,可能是社会的发展太快,对大学的要求也越来越高,导致大学的发展已经跟不上社会发展的节拍。许许多多的名牌大学纷纷开始进行一系列反思,谋求健康有力的发展。有的专家从哲学中的理念角度出发,要以回归大学之道,重振大学的辉煌。有的,则以现代发明的概念去改良大学的现状。而本文说的就是这个现代创造的概念——战略地图。不仅在世界,很多开明的学者已经用战略地图重新审视大学。这一举措无疑是意义深远的。中国也开始接受用战略地图管理学校的思想,,并已付出行动,做出一番努力。本文也是受这种观念影响,只是立足点不仅在大学管理方面,更在于以大学生的角度,采用战略地图的方式寻求在大学阶段的发展。 关键字:战略地图;大学管理问题;大学生自我管理问题

目录 摘要 引言 (1) 1、战略地图概念......................................................1.1区别 (2) 1.2大学实例 (2) 2、大学生...............................................................2.1问题 (4) 2.2方案 (4) 3、总结 (4) 结语 (5) 参考文献 (5)

引言 在日常生活里我们都离不开地图。尤其在陌生的领域,对地图的依赖越来越强。对于我们来说,我们可以利用地图找到自己想去的地方的路线。而对于建筑家们来讲,他们可以通过地图建造房屋。对于资源开发者们,他们可以通过地图,开采资源...... 人们利用地图真的能做出很多很有有意义的举措。地图能给我们提供信息,指导我们的行为。而这种指导作用越来越大的同时也越来越重要。本文所涉及的战略地图就是指导性非常强的地图。战略题图可能已经脱离我们所认识地图的范围,但他就是地图,可能是地图的另一种表现。战略地图不像其他地图一样,客观地给我们提供信息的,而是在我们主观意识上以客观的角度去制作战略地图。他的主观性很强,指导性也很强。 希望读者可以通过本文,大概的了解战略地图的概念,作用,意义,并运用到自己的生活中。 1、战略地图概念

中国地图及各行政区划版块图

界线管理带来友谊与财富 北京:制度建设见真章 《行政区域界线管理条例》颁布施行后,在有计划开展各级界线联检等项管理工作的同时,北京市主抓行政区域界线管理的规章制度建设,出台了《北京市行政区域界线管理办法》等一系列法规政策文件,并将宣传贯彻《条例》和《办法》当成了界线管理工作的首要任务。 为方便各界查询,北京将《条例》和《办法》上网,组织有关人员进行了集中学习。2003年2月发行的《北京市行政区划》一书将《条例》编入书中,重点宣传贯彻执行《条例》的重要意义。2003年11月,结合与天津市的边界线联检,北京下发了《关于进一步加强省市级行政区域界线实地管理和宣传工作的通知》,要求各区县民政局进一步加大界线沿线乡镇政府的宣传力度,并通过乡镇政府向界线沿线的基层群众组织广泛宣传界线管理工作的重要性。 据粗略统计,北京各区县共组织集中学习管理《条例》和《办法》30余次,开展各类学习、宣传、咨询活动200余次。如海淀区印发了10万份宣传材料,发放到各街道、乡镇、社区居委会,并特别要求发给界线沿线社区居委会的材料要送到每一户、每一个单位,做到家喻户晓。密云县在县广播电台《春风化雨说民政》栏目

及县电视台定期宣传,同时还发放了上万份界线法规资料到镇到村,通过广播、标语条幅、宣传栏等多种形式进行宣传。 要保证界线管理工作高标准、高质量地开展,首先就要落实经费和人员。北京市日常边界管理经费的基本落实,保证了近几年全市边界管理重点工作的顺利进行和界线管理长效机制的建立。各区县将界线管理经费纳入本级政府财政预算,每年拨付8万~30万元不等经费,基本落实了管理人员、专项资金、专门工作设备。如大兴区专门成立了“区划管理工作办公室”,其他区县的界线管理工作也都有专人负责,部分区县如朝阳、海淀、通州、宣武等先行开展了界线管理数据库建设工作。 在界线联检方面,2002年和2005年,北京两次组织各区县全面开展了检查工作。2003年,与天津市开展了京津线自勘界后的第一次联检工作。2007年,与河北省开展了京冀线自勘界后的第一次联检工作。目前,京冀线沿线各市、区、县自查工作已全部完成,联检工作基本完成。 北京坚持依法行政、依法治界、规范管理的努力取得了明显成效。几年来,界线管理工作在社会上的影响不断扩大。界线实地勘查、界桩维护与修复、界线标志物管理与修测、区划调整与界线勘定等规范化标准的陆续出台,为今后科学规范管理打下了良好基础。

乡镇行政区域地图

竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除 乡镇行政区域地图 篇一:全国各省乡镇街道边界行政区划矢量地图数据丨全国各省乡镇边界行政区划图 全国各省乡镇街道边界行政区划矢量地图数据丨全国各省乡镇边界行政区划图 北京揽宇方圆信息技术有限公司制作全国遥感影像数据,全国乡镇行政区划数据,是结合野外实测资料,同时参照有关地理图件,采用人机交互的方式开展行政区划地图矢量化工作,最终获取全国乡镇区划边界数据。主要包括省市乡、镇、街道矢量边界,提供全国各省乡镇边界行政区划图乡镇界线含属性列表(乡镇名、乡镇代码),采用wgs-84全球gps通用坐标系。 行政区划:简称政区,是国家为了进行分级管理而实行的区域划分。中国现行的行政区划实行如下原则:1、全国分为省、自治区、直辖市;2、省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市;3、自治州分为县、自治县、市;4、县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇;5、直辖市和较大的市分为区、县; 6、国家在必要时设立的特别行政区。行政区划是国家为了

进行分级管理而实行的区域划分。中国现行六级行政区,即省级、地级、县级、乡级、村级、组级,其中省、县、乡三级为基本行政区。 截止20xx年,共统计六级行政区(数量): (一级行政区)省级行政区共34个其中:23个省、5 个自治区、4个直辖市、2个特别行政区; (二级行政区)地级行政区共333个其中:11个地区、3个盟、30个自治州、289个市; (三级行政区)县级行政区共2854个其中:1429个县、117个自治县、49个旗、3个自治旗、361个县级市、893个(市辖)区、1个林区、1个特区; (四级行政区)乡级行政区共40497个其中:11626个乡、1034个民族乡、20xx7个镇、7566个街道、151个苏木、1个民族苏木、2个(县辖)区; (五级行政区)村级行政区共n个其中行政村、社区; (六级行政区)组级行政区共n个其中行政村村民小组、社区居民小组。 篇二:全国各省乡镇行政区划地图数据乡镇边界矢量数据 全国各省乡镇行政区划地图数据乡镇边界矢量数据 北京揽宇方圆信息技术有限公司是国内最大的遥感影 像数据购买平台,其全新的全国各省乡镇行政区划地图数据

战略地图

这三个问题回答起来有些麻烦,因为在百度知道里无法绘制表格和形状,用文字表述有些麻烦,所以,众合众行尝试着用最通俗的语言来解释和回答这三个问题。 哈佛大学教授卡普兰和诺顿继提出了平衡计分卡(BSC)之后,又研究出了一套基于BSC的战略管理工具,这个工具就是战略地图。战略地图可以单独使用,也可以结合BSC 来使用。战略地图是一套非常有用、好用的,用来解释公司战略的工具,可以把系统而又复杂的战略,解释为一系列相关的主题活动。 因为任何一家企业,其资源都是有限的,没有任何一家企业可以面面俱到,只能将有限的资源和精力聚焦到某个领域中,但是,要清晰的描绘出从战略目标到企业的经营管理重心之间的逻辑关系,是一件很困难的事情,直到战略地图的出现,才解决了这个棘手的问题。所以,从这个意义上讲,战略地图其本质是一套战略管理工具,但是却可以很好的应用于绩效管理。 经过长期研究与摸索,卡普兰和诺顿总结了四种模板的战略地图,分别为总体成本领先、产品领先、全面解决方案、系统锁定。 采取总体成本领先这种基本战略的企业,所有的经营管理重心都围绕着如何控制成本而展开,对这类企业而言,创新、研发、售后服务等,都是不那么重要的,保持基本的、能够符合客户最基本要求的即可,因为提高这些方面的能力会增加成本;采取总体成本领先战略

的企业之典型有DELL和格兰仕。 采取产品领先这种基本战略的企业,所有的经营管理都围绕着产品性能和技术含量的最优而展开,对这类企业而言,创新、研发、技术、品质是重点,成本反而不那么重要,而由于这类企业的产品足够领先(或者够前卫),其较高的溢价水平足以覆盖其高昂的研发和生产成本;采取产品领先的企业主要集中在奢侈品或高档产品行业,例如APPLE和ROLLS ROYCE。 采取全面解决方案这种基本战略的企业,有些类似于工程领域的“交钥匙”工程(类似于BOT工程,即建造、运营、移交),即客户购买的不是单一的产品或服务,而是系统的解决方案;对这类企业而言,更强调系统组合的最优,而非局部最优;采取全面解决方案的企业之主要集中在企业软件(如SAP)和大型工程领域(如水电站建设方),以及家装领域。 采取系统锁定这种基本战略的企业,所有的经营管理都围绕着如何提高客户粘度、增加竞争对手的准入门槛、提高竞争品的替代成本等方面,而系统锁定这种基本战略,操作起来比较复杂,会对研发设计、售后服务、客户体验等方面有诸多较高的要求,因此,能够真正适合这种战略的企业很少,个中的典范有MICROSOFT、APPLE等。 只有确定了KSF之后再去选择战略地图(模板),才是最符合企业实际也是最可行的战略。此外,这四种模板不是一成不变的,企业可以及时调整自己的战略,以更好的适应竞争环境的变化。 卡普兰和诺顿提出的四种基本的战略地图模板,基本上已经涵盖了战略定位的四种基本导向,事实上,绝大多数企业所采取的战略定位,都是这四种基本战略的延展或组合。由于格式原因,在此很难用图形+表格的直观方式去回答“如何绘制战略地图”的问题,只能告诉读者,要绘制战略地图,需要遵循一个原则、四个步骤,如下:

战略地图案例

一、什么是战略地图 战略地图由罗伯特·卡普兰(Robert S. Kaplan)和戴维·诺顿(David P. Norton)提出。 他们是平衡记分卡的创始人,在对实行平衡计分卡的企业进行长期的指导和研究的过程中,两位大师发现,企业由于无法全面地描述战略,管理者之间及管理者与员工之间无法沟通,对战略无法达成共识。“平衡计分卡”只建立了一个战略框架,而缺乏对战略进行具体而系统、全面的描述。2004年1 月,两位创始人的第三部著作《战略地图——化无形资产为有形成果》出版。 战略地图是在平衡计分卡的基础上发展来的,与平衡计分卡相比,它增加了两个层次的东西,一是颗粒层,每一个层面下都可以分解为很多要素;二是增加了动态的层面,也就是说战略地图是动态的,可以结合战略规划过程来绘制。 战略地图是以平衡计分卡的四个层面目标(财务层面、客户层面、内部层面、学习与增长层面)为核心,通过分析这四个层面目标的相互关系而绘制的企业战略因果关系图。 二、内容 简介:战略地图的核心内容包括:企业通过运用人力资本、信息资本和组织资本等无形资产(学习与成长),才能创新和建立战略优势和效率(内部流程),进而使公司把特定价值带给市场(客户),从而实现股东价值(财务)。 六步绘制企业战略地图:第一步,确定股东价值差距(财务层面),比如说股东期望五年之后销售收入能够达到五亿元,但是现在只达到一亿元,

距离股东的价值预期还差四亿元,这个预期差就是企业的总体目标; 第二步,调整客户价值主张(客户层面),要弥补股东价值差距,要实现四亿元销售额的增长,对现有的客户进行分析,调整你的客户价值主张。客户价值主张主要有四种:第一种是总成本最低,第二种价值主张强调产品创新和领导,第三种价值主张强调提供全面客户解决方案,第四种是系统锁定; 第三步,确定价值提升时间表。针对五年实现四亿元股东价值差距的目标,要确定时间表,第一年提升多少,第二年、第三年多少,将提升的时间表确定下来; 第四步,确定战略主题(内部流程层面),要找关键的流程,确定企业短期、中期、长期做什么事。有四个关键内部流程:运营管理流程、客户管理流程、创新流程、社会流程; 第五步,提升战略准备度(学习和成长层面),分析企业现有无形资产的战略准备度,具备或者不具备支撑关键流程的能力,如果不具备,找出办法来予以提升,企业无形资产分为三类,人力资本、信息资本、组织资本; 第六步,形成行动方案。根据前面确定的战略地图以及相对应的不同目标、指标和目标值,再来制定一系列的行动方案,配备资源,形成预算。 三、与价值链比较 虽然战略地图是大卫·诺顿和罗伯特·卡普兰在平衡计分卡基础上形成的,但是地图中关于价值创造和管理的内容都在很大程度上来源于价值链的思想。价值链对于价值活动分解在很大程度上为他们提供了一种思路,但他们对于价值活动的理解却存在很大差异。所以从这两个方面看,战略地图可以说是平衡计分卡和价值链共同发展的结果。 1、价值的创造活动的方向一致是它们另外一个相同点 价值链强调从利润目标开始对能够创造价值的活动或者因素进行分解,以找出价值真正的来源和关键环节。战略地图也反映了要实现长期股东价值最大化的目标必须依靠生产战略和增长战略的执行情况,而生产战略必须通过内部流程的运行满足客户的价值需求。大卫·诺顿和罗伯特·卡普兰将那些向客户传递差异化价值主张的关键流程称为战略主题。 2、价值创造活动之间的关系以及价值创造的目标也是两者的相同之处 价值链将价值创造活动分为两类:基本活动和支持活动,基本活动是实现价值创造的直接活动,而支持活动是完成基本活动的必备条件;战略地图中学习和成长层面的无形资产包括人力资本、信息技术和组织资本都为内部流程的有效运行提供了充分支持。价值链和战略地图的最终目标也基本一致。价值链将价值创造活动的结果以利润的形式体现出来,

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