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专升本英语小结及例题

专升本英语小结及例题
专升本英语小结及例题

高职升本科英语笔记汇总

题型:

一、词汇和语法(15道单选题15分)

二、完形填空(一篇文章20分)

三、阅读理解(四篇文章50分最后一篇为历年四级真题)

四、汉译英(5句20分)

五、英译汉(一段10分)

六、短文改错(一篇10分)

七、写作(一篇25分)

1. 词汇题(单词表)

2. 重要的语法

①名词

名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。

2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。

3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。

4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

|专有名词||

| 名|| 个体名词||

|||| 可数名词|

||| 集体名词||

||普通名词|||

| 词|| 物质名词||

|||| 不可数名词|

||| 抽象名词||

2. 冠词和数词

不定冠词的用法

冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。

1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) 代表一类人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) 词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

3代词

代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、

"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

数单数复数

格主格宾格主格宾格

第一人称I me we us

第二人称you you you you

he him they them

第三人称she her they them

it it they them

如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。

It's me.是我。

数单数复数

人称第一第二第三第一第二第三

人称人称人称人称人称人称

形容词性my your his/her its our your/their

物主代词

名词性mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs

物主代词

如:I like his car.

我喜欢他的小汽车。

Our school is here,and theirs is there.

我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。

三、指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。

如:That is a good idea.那是个好主意。

四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他

们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。

如:She was talking to herself.她自言自语。

五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。

如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。

六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:

--- Do you have a car?--你有一辆小汽车吗?

--- Yes,I have one.--是的,我有一辆。

--- I don't know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。

七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)

如:Tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。

八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。

如:He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。

二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。

4. 形容词和副词

4.1 形容词及其用法

形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。

2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。

(错)He is an ill man.

(对)The man is ill.

(错)She is an afraid girl.

(对)The girl is afraid.

这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:

something nice

时态

一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

时间状语:every…, sometimes,at…, on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.

I am doing my homework now.

第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

3)句型:

It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"

It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"

It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'

I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid all her life.

(含义:她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life.

(含义:她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the

other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child, I often played football in the

street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they

were given a warm welcome.

3)句型:

It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""

该……了"

It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……

了"

It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做

某事'

I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid all her life.

(含义:她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life.

(含义:她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

Did you want anything else?

I wondered if you could help me.

2)情态动词could, would.

Could you lend me your bike?

11.4 一般将来时

1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。

will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first.

Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。

a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。

What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划,安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month。

c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。

He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等

表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。

11.15 过去完成时

1)概念:表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前那时现在

2)用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾

语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,

用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run

away.

c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think,

intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,

未能…"

We had hoped that you would come, but you

didn't.

3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when,

after, once, as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to

make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had

left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left

答案 D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此

前一句应用过去进行时。

注意:had no … when还没等…… 就……

had no sooner… than刚…… 就……

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 11.17 将来完成时

1) 构成will / be going to do sth.

2) 概念

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

11.18 现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法:

a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you.

b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel.

(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

c. 表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

The leaves are turning red.

It's getting warmer and warmer.

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind.

典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost, don't find

B. is missing, don't find

C. has lost, haven't found

D. is missing, haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

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