Joint proprioception before and after total knee arthroplasty.

CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH

Number 403, pp. 161–167

?2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

161

To investigate the effects of total knee arthro-

plasty on joint proprioception, the absolute an-

gular error of the knee in 38 consecutive pa-

tients before and after total knee arthroplasty

for osteoarthritis and in 23 age-matched control

subjects were examined. Varus and valgus lax-

ity of the knee and muscle strengths of the thigh

were measured using appropriate instruments.

There were no signi?cant differences in absolute

angular error before and after total knee arthro-

plasty, independent of retaining or substituting

the posterior cruciate ligament. The absolute

angular error of the knee with a normal ap-

pearing anterior cruciate ligament was larger

than that with a missing anterior cruciate liga-

ment before total knee arthroplasty and de-

creased signi?cantly after surgery. The absolute

angular error correlated with the varus and

valgus laxity of the knee, but did not correlate

with the strength of thigh muscles after total

knee arthroplasty. These results suggest that de-

?ciency of the anterior cruciate ligament may

not adversely affect proprioception in severe

knee osteoarthritis. In addition, proper liga-ment balance may partly contribute to better proprioception after total knee arthroplasty.Proprioception serves to protect joints against injurious movement and it is critical to the main-tenance of joint stability under dynamic condi-tions.14The breakdown of such a protective and stabilizing mechanism may initiate or contribute to degenerative changes in the joints.22A decline in position sense after total knee arthroplasty also is considered to be important because it may be a signi?cant risk factor in failure of total knee arthroplasty.20Although some studies have examined proprioception af-ter total knee arthroplasty, the effect of knee replacement is controversial. Some groups re-ported that the replaced knee had better pro-prioception than knees with osteoarthritis,1,4,24whereas others reported no differences between replaced and unreplaced knees 3,11,20or worsen-ing in proprioception after total knee arthro-plasty than in the contralateral side.5To the au-thors’ knowledge, all previous studies, with the exception of that by Att?eld et al,1compared the results only after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, previous studies have compared the effect of retention and that of substitution of the posterior cruciate ligament on proprioception only postoperatively.5,11,13,18,24Such compar-Joint Proprioception Before and After

Total Knee Arthroplasty

Makoto Wada, MD*; Hideo Kawahara, MD*;

Seiichiro Shimada, RPT*; Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, MD**; and Hisatoshi Baba, MD**

From the *Division of Rehabilitation Medicine and the **Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukui Medical University, Fukui, Japan.

Reprint requests to M. Wada, MD, Fukui Medical Uni-versity, Shimoaizuki 23, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun,Fukui 910–1193, Japan.

Received: May 16, 2001.

Revised: December 11, 2001.

Accepted: January 22, 2002.

DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000022176.66847.9b

isons do not show the effect of knee replacement exactly; therefore, comparisons before and after surgery in the same patients are needed.15 In subjects without osteoarthritis of the knee, proprioceptive performance of the knee de-pends on the presence or absence of the anterior cruciate ligament.6In severe osteoarthritis of the knee, various degenerative changes are seen in the anterior cruciate ligament,23but the effect of the changes in anterior cruciate ligament on knee proprioception has not been investigated. The anterior cruciate ligament is sacri?ced rou-tinely for knee replacement, but it is not known whether this procedure improves or worsens knee proprioception.

Recent study after total knee arthroplasty has suggested that intraarticular components do not in?uence knee proprioception.11How-ever, whether extracapsular structures, such as collateral ligaments or muscles, around the knee have any signi?cant effects on position sense of the replaced knee are unknown. The static function of the collateral ligaments can be evaluated quantitatively by varus and val-gus laxity of the knee. Reduction in muscle ac-tivation can cause loss of muscle strength that supports the knee and may lead to instability of the knee.7The purpose of the current study was to compare knee proprioception in con-secutive patients before and after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, the effect of mor-phologic changes in the anterior cruciate liga-ment on proprioception was evaluated. Fur-thermore, the authors examined whether there were any relationships between proprioceptive performance and varus and valgus joint laxity or isokinetic muscle strengths of the knee. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects

Thirty-eight patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis who were scheduled for total knee arthroplasty were examined. There were three men and 35 women with an average age of 72.6 years (range, 58–80 years). All subjects had bilateral knee extension de?cits less than 20?and ?exion more than 90?, before and after total knee arthroplasty.All patients required soft tissue releases including the medial collateral ligament, pes anserinus ten-dons, posteromedial capsule, and resection of the posterior cruciate ligament sometimes was neces-sary. Twenty of the patients received a posterior cruciate ligament retaining prosthesis (Delta?t, Os-teonics, Allendale, NJ) whereas the other 18 pa-tients received a posterior cruciate ligament substi-tuting prosthesis (Scorpio PS, Stryker, Allendale, NJ). The patella was resurfaced in all patients. Sub-jects with neurologic disorders, musculoskeletal diseases other than knee osteoarthritis, vestibular diseases, metabolic diseases, or previous injury or surgery to the lower extremity were excluded from the study. Another group of 23 age-matched sub-jects were selected as the control group. The group included two men and 21 women with an average age of 71.5 years (range, 60–76 years).

For the patients, proprioception, varus and val-gus laxity, and isokinetic muscle strengths of the knee were measured before and 12 to 25 months (average, 18 months) after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, mechanical axis (hip-knee-ankle an-gle) was measured on radiographs taken preopera-tively with the patient weightbearing. For the con-trol subjects, measurements of proprioception, varus and valgus laxity, and isokinetic muscle strengths of the knee also were made. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Fukui Medical University and all subjects gave written informed consent before the study.

Measurement of Knee Proprioception Knee proprioception was measured by the method in which the subject actively set the initial and re-peat angles, a modi?ed procedure by Lattanzio et al.13An electrogoniometer of the Genucom knee analysis system (Faro Medical Technologies, Mon-treal, Quebec, Canada) was used to measure angu-lar joint motion, which had six-degrees-of-freedom regardless of axial rotation of the shank with re-spect to the thigh. The subject sat on the Genucom table wearing eye masks and with his or her legs hanging freely over the side of the table. An elec-trogoniometer was placed across the knee with ?rm belts. The starting position was approximately 90?knee ?exion and the testing range was 30?to 50?knee ?exion (Fig 1). Six randomized test angles were evaluated in each experimental trial. Only the replaced knee was evaluated in all patients. The subject was asked to extend the testing leg from the starting position to a predetermined angle (30?–50?

Clinical Orthopaedics

162Wada et al and Related Research

knee ?exion). When the test angle was reached, the subject was asked to hold the position for 3 seconds and then return the leg to the starting position. Af-ter a 5-second interval, the subject was asked to re-produce the test angle and acknowledge, through verbal cues, when the subject thought he or she had reproduced the designated test angle within 5 sec-onds. Each test trial was conducted six times after a 1-minute rest. The mean absolute angular error, the absolute difference between the actual and the subject’s perceived test angle, of the six trials was designated as proprioceptive performance. Reliability Test of Knee Proprioception

To assess the reliability of the aforementioned pro-prioception test protocol, 10 patients with knee osteoarthritis had repeated measurements 1 week apart. The reliability was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and measurement of intraclass coef?cient. The intraclass coef?cient of the 1 week trial was 0.90.

Measurement of Varus and

Valgus Laxity of the Knee

Varus and valgus laxity of the knee was measured by instrumented measurement, using the Genucom Knee Analysis System (Faro Medical Technolo-gies Inc). The average of three trials of total varus and valgus rotation of the tibia with respect to fe-mur was expressed when 8 N-m force was applied to the tibia in 20?knee ?exion. The test was evalu-ated according to the modi?ed Genucom protocol reported previously.22The reproducibility of mea-surement of the varus and valgus laxity was calcu-lated in ?ve patients with knee osteoarthritis and the average coef?cient of variation was 8%. Measurement of Isokinetic

Thigh Muscle Strength

Isokinetic thigh muscle strength was measured in the more symptomatic lower extremity using an iso-kinetic dynamometer (Cybex II?, Cybex Medical, Ronkonkoma, NY) with an angular velocity of 30?per second. Five trials were done on each leg and the average of the peak values of extension and ?exion was expressed per body weight. To assess reliabil-ity, 10 patients with knee osteoarthritis had repeated measurements 1 week after the study. Reliability of muscle strength measurement was determined by ANOVA with repeated measures and intraclass co-ef?cients. The coef?cients were 0.90 for peak ex-tensor and 0.93 for peak ?exor muscle strength. Statistical Analysis

All data were analyzed with StatView 5.0 software (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA). Preoperative and postoperative data of each patient group were compared using a paired t test. Data of the entire patient group and the control group were compared using the unpaired t test. The relationship between the absolute angular error and each parameter was examined by Spearman signed rank test. A value of 0.05 was considered statistically signi?cant. RESULTS

Preoperatively, the mean absolute angular er-ror of all patients was 4.4?(standard deviation, 2.4?) and changed to 3.6?(standard deviation, 1.9?) after total knee arthroplasty (p ?0.07). The average absolute angular error of the con-trol group was 2.4?(standard deviation, 1.1?), which was signi?cantly smaller than the afore-mentioned values (p ?0.01). Average ab-solute angular error of the group with posterior cruciate ligament retaining knee replacement was similar to that in patients with the poste-rior cruciate ligament substituting knee re-placement before and after total knee arthro-plasty (Table 1).

Macroscopic changes of the anterior cruciate ligament were classi?ed into three categories

Number 403

October, 2002Proprioception in Total Knee Arthroplasty

163

Fig 1.An examiner checked the knee angle through the monitor of the Genucom Knee Analy-sis System as the subject extended the knee to the predetermined angle.

at total knee arthroplasty; normal-appearing, partially ruptured or lax, and missing.23Pre-operatively, the absolute angular error of the group with normal-appearing anterior cruciate ligaments was higher than in subjects with a missing anterior cruciate ligament (p ?0.05). There were no signi?cant differences among the three groups postoperatively. The absolute an-gular error of the knees with normal-appearing anterior cruciate ligaments diminished signif-icantly (p ?0.05), whereas the absolute angu-lar error of the knees with lax or missing ante-rior cruciate ligaments changed little after total knee arthroplasty (Table 2).

The average varus and valgus laxity of the knee was 15?(standard deviation, 7.9?) preop-eratively, which was signi?cantly larger (p ?0.01) than that of the controls (average, 12?; standard deviation, 4.0?). After total knee arthroplasty, it signi?cantly (p ?0.01) de-creased to an average of 10?(standard devia-tion, 3.7?), which was within the normal level (Fig 2). Preoperatively, the average peak ex-tensor muscle strength and peak ?exor muscle strength were 0.42 N-m/kg (standard devia-

tion, 0.17 N-m/kg) and 0.33 N-m/kg (standard

deviation, 0.12 N-m/kg), respectively. They

increased signi?cantly (p ?0.01) after total

knee arthroplasty (average, 0.78 N-m/kg; stan-

dard deviation, 0.18, 0.51 and 0.15 N-m/kg, re-

spectively). However, both measurements af-

ter total knee arthroplasty were signi?cantly (p ?0.05) smaller than the control (average, 1.06 N-m/kg; standard deviation, 0.38, 0.66 and

0.22 N-m/kg, respectively) (Fig 3).

The relationship between absolute angular

error and varus and valgus laxity, peak extensor

or ?exor muscle strength, hamstring to quadri-

ceps strength ratio, and mechanical axis also

were examined before and after total knee

arthroplasty. There was no relationship be-

tween the absolute angular error and any of

these variables. Postoperatively, the absolute

angular error signi?cantly (p ?0.01) correlated

with varus and valgus laxity, but the correlation

was relatively weak (Rs ?0.50). Neither mus-

cle strength or hamstring to quadriceps strength

ratio correlated with the absolute angular error.

Clinical Orthopaedics

164Wada et al and Related Research TABLE 1.Absolute Angular Error of the Replaced Knees with Posterior Cruciate Ligament Retaining and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Substituting Prostheses

Before Total Knee After Total Knee Type of Prostheses Arthroplasty Arthroplasty

Posterior cruciate ligament retaining (n ?20) 4.4 (2.5) 3.5 (2.0) Posterior cruciate ligament substituting (n ?18) 4.3 (2.4) 3.6 (2.0) Values are expressed as mean and (standard deviation).

There were no signi?cant differences among any of the variables.

TABLE 2.Absolute Angular Error of the Three Groups According to Morphologic Changes of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Morphologic Changes in Before Total Knee After Total Knee Anterior Cruciate Ligament Arthroplasty Arthroplasty

Normal appearing (n ?10) 5.1 (2.6)* 3.7 (2.1)*

Lax (n ?17) 4.6 (2.6) 4.0 (2.2) Missing (n ?11) 2.9 (1.3) 2.5 (0.8)

All (n ?38) 4.4 (2.4) 3.6 (1.9) Values are expressed as mean and (standard deviation).

*p ?0.05

Number 403October, 2002Proprioception in Total Knee Arthroplasty 165DISCUSSION

Intraarticular structures, such as cruciate liga-

ments and menisci, are responsible for proprio-

ception in the normal knee, whereas mechano-

receptors in severe osteoarthritic knees are

signi?cantly small in number and are much

less functional compared with those of the

normal knees.8,16Therefore, these structures

are unlikely to contribute to improved proprio-ceptive performance of the knee with severe osteoarthritis. The results of the current study showed that the preoperative absolute angular error of the knees with missing anterior cruci-ate ligaments tended to be smaller than those with normal-appearing anterior cruciate liga-ments. The absolute angular error of the knees with normal-appearing anterior cruciate liga-ments decreased signi?cantly, whereas the ab-solute angular error of the knees with missing anterior cruciate ligaments changed little after total knee arthroplasty. This apparent contra-dictory result means that de?ciency of the an-terior cruciate ligament in severe osteoarthri-tis might not adversely affect proprioceptive performance. Weiler et al 25proposed that joint receptors of the osteoarthritic knees even may have an adverse effect on the maximal proprio-ceptive performance. Previous studies have shown that patients with knee osteoarthritis have reduced sensory input (loss of sensory in-formation) compared with healthy subjects.14,17It also has been reported that this loss of sen-sory information leads to somatosensory cor-tical reorganization.12Moreover, abnormalities in somatosensory evoked potentials correlate signi?cantly with the reduction in position sense of the knee in patients with a de?cient anterior cruciate ligament.22In severe knee os-teoarthritis, patients with a missing anterior

cruciate ligament may show a more profound Fig 2.Varus and valgus laxity of the knee (total

varus and valgus angulation) signi?cantly de-

creased to the control level after total knee arthro-

plasty. *Statistically signi?cant (p ?

0.05)

Fig 3.Isokinetic extensor and ?exor muscles of the knee (peak torques) increased signi?cantly after total knee arthroplasty, but did not reach the control level.

loss of sensory information compared with pa-tients with an apparently normal anterior cruci-ate ligament. Accordingly, more extensive cor-tical reorganization may occur in patients lacking the anterior cruciate ligament, which results in less reduction in proprioception. The sample size of the different patient subgroups in the current study was relatively small and therefore meaningful statistical comparisons among sub-groups could not be made. However, data of the entire group showed that the absolute angular error tended to improve after total knee arthro-plasty in the current study, although this change was not statistically signi?cant.

Simmons et al19reported the lack of differ-ences in the proprioception among replaced knees with anterior cruciate ligament and pos-terior cruciate ligament (unicondylar design), with posterior cruciate ligament (posterior cruciate ligament-retaining design), and with-out both cruciate ligaments (posterior cruciate ligament-sacrificing design). Other authors have reported that proprioception in knees with posterior cruciate ligament-retaining prosthe-ses is almost identical to that in knees with posterior cruciate ligament-substituting pros-theses.5,11,13,18Studies from the current authors’laboratory designed to examine knees with pos-terior cruciate ligament-retaining and posterior cruciate ligament-substituting designs before and after total knee arthroplasty showed that the use of either design resulted in almost similar proprioceptive changes. The post and cam en-gages at an angle greater than 60??exion in the Scorpio posterior stabilized knee prosthesis and it does not function in less than this angle range. Therefore, it may not be appropriate to compare the posterior cruciate retaining and the posterior stabilizing design at this test angle (approxi-mately 40?). However, the former group used a condylar design with a preserved posterior cru-ciate ligament and the latter group used a poste-rior stabilizing design after sacri?ce of the posterior cruciate ligament. Accordingly, the current study compared the groups between preservation and sacri?ce of the posterior cruci-ate ligament rather than groups using a condylar design insert and posterior stabilizing insert.

It is known that joint laxity may have ad-verse effects on proprioception in healthy sub-jects2and patients with speci?c neuropathies.9 However, little is known about the relationship between joint laxity and proprioception in knees with osteoarthritis. Pai et al14did not ?nd a signi?cant correlation between varus and val-gus laxity and proprioception in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. This suggests that mechanoreceptors located in the collateral liga-ments contribute little to proprioception in the osteoarthritic joint.14The current preoperative results were similar to those of Pai et al. How-ever, Att?eld et al1showed that soft tissue bal-ance in ?exion and extension at total knee arthroplasty was important to allow satisfactory postoperative proprioception of the knee. These results indicate that extracapsular structures such as the collateral ligaments play an impor-tant role in proprioception. A signi?cant corre-lation also was found between joint proprio-ception and varus and valgus laxity after total knee arthroplasty. The current results suggest that mechanoreceptors in and around the collat-eral ligaments probably have little, if any, func-tion in poorly balanced knees with osteoarthri-tis. However, after restoration of the ligament balance to near normal, mechanoreceptor func-tion might be restored in proportion to the varus and valgus laxity after total knee arthroplasty.

The extensor muscle of the knee is consid-ered to be one of the structures that stabilizes the knee.21It also is known that the muscle spindle is one of the major receptors that im-parts proprioceptive information.26Hurley et al10reported that elderly subjects had less quadriceps muscle strength and a higher error of reproduction of joint position sense com-pared with young or middle-aged subjects, but found no correlation between quadriceps strength and knee proprioception. Corrigan et al6showed signi?cant correlation between hamstring to quadriceps ratio and proprio-ceptive acuity in anterior cruciate ligament de?cient knees, suggesting greater hamstring dominance was associated with better proprio-ceptive performance. In the current study, ex-tensor and ?exor muscle strengths were sig-

Clinical Orthopaedics

166Wada et al and Related Research

Number 403

October, 2002Proprioception in Total Knee Arthroplasty167

ni?cantly increased after total knee arthro-plasty but still did not reach normal levels. The absolute angular error did not correlate with extensor or ?exor muscle strength and ham-string to quadriceps strength ratio before and after total knee arthroplasty. Additional spe-ci?c evaluations of the muscle function may be necessary to examine the effect of muscle function on proprioception of the knee.

The current study showed that knee proprio-ception did not change signi?cantly in pa-tients who received total knee arthroplasty, ir-respective of retention or substitution of the posterior cruciate ligament. Intraarticular com-ponents, such as the anterior cruciate ligament may adversely affect proprioception in severe osteoarthritis. In addition, proper ligament bal-ance may partly contribute to joint propriocep-tion after total knee arthroplasty. Additional studies are necessary to determine the factors that can improve proprioception to prevent joint damage after total knee arthroplasty. References

1.Att?eld SF, Wilton TJ, Pratt DJ, Sambatakakis A:

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before／ago,since用法

before和ago都能表示在一段时间以前，但是二者的内涵和具体用法有明显的区别： 1. before表示从过去或将来某一时间算起多少时间以前，由于与这一时间状语连用的行为先发生在过去或将来某一时刻之前，因此往往出现在过去完成时态或将来完成时态中。例如： ①I called him up last night，but his mother told me he had left for Wuhan two days before. ②She said that she had married him five years before. 2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前，before意为"从前；以前"，表示从现在开始追溯到过去一段时间，或者主句的谓语动词表示的是经常、反复发生的行为，以副词的形式置于句末，可以用在现在完成时态中。例如： ①I have never been to Beijing before. ②Have you ever seen a tiger before? ③I often go over the lessons that I have learned a few days before. 注意：before前的时间状语如果是特定的，含义不一样。试比较： He said he had arrived here a day before. (一天前) He said he had arrived here the day before. (前一天) 3. ago指的是从现在起到过去时间的某一点的一段时间。这个时间状语常与一般过去时态或过去进行时态连用。例如： ①I graduated from the college twenty years ago. ②I was asked what I was doing a month ago. 4. 表示在某一时间点或事件以前时，只能用before，不用ago。因为这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这种功能。例如： ①He will come back before eleven o'clock.

澳洲维省高中课程VCE Mathematical methods与国内数学对比研究

关于Further Mathematics 与Mathematics Methods 注：11年级的课时计划会打乱书上章节的顺序 ●分析： 1) Further Mathematics内容覆盖广(6年级~大一)，与现行高中数学教材接轨小，在内容上仅有不到20%相同的地方，且难度较小，但除应用性强外，对国内数学帮助不大；但国内高中数学对Math有较大帮助。 2) Mathematics Methods 内容与国内高中数学内容相近，大约有70~80%相同，尽管在要求上更重于应用，理论难度要略低于国内数学，但它与国内数学互相辅助程度较大。然而要考虑的是：学生的英语水平及难度会对学生的VCE总分产生影响。 3) 假设只学习Mathematical Methods，根据Mathematical Methods教学安排调整中文数学的教学顺序例如：中文数学中的数列、向量内容后置，将Mathematical Methods中的概率统计前移。 ●方向 1)为了保证学生VCE的总分，应该保留Further Mathematic； 2)而为了让学生在报考国外大学的专业时有更多的选择(尤其指理工科)或得到更高的分数，应该学习Mathematical Methods，且Methods与国内数学的关系更为紧密。只是在学科的课时上，外教的配置上，学生的学费改变与否上考虑。 ●建议： 1、鉴于学生水平的参差不齐，理想状态：所有学生必修Further Mathematic，数学不错的(将来可 能报国外理科专业)的同学选修Mathematical Methods。这将会增加学生的课时。 2、学生学Further Mathematic和Mathematical Methods，多增加一门Mathematical Methods。 ------- 11年级学生学习Further Mathematic的3,4单元；12年级学生学习Mathematical Methods的3,4单元，最后参加5个学科的VCE大考。若这样可行，则可在不增加课时的基础上，多学了一个VCE学科。 ●初拟结论： 1、Methods代表国内数学的课改趋势 2、Methods尽管难度提高了，但因为计算的是标准分(按标准分折算)，故与Victoria省比较，应该占优，并不影响VCE总分。 3、Methods与国内数学接近，更利于二者的整合与互助。 4、Methods与国内数学接近，更利于学生对中外数学的统一认识------即：要学好Math，就必须将国内数学学好，反之亦然。尽管它们在内容和深度上还各有特点。

it was+ 一段时间+since还是before从句

1. It is +一段时间+ since从句 在“It is +时间段+ since从句” 句型中，如果since从句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词，表示肯定意义；如果since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，则表示否定意义。例如： 1) It is / has been ten years since he left Beijing. 译文：自从他离开北京已经十年了。分析：since从句中的left是leave的过去式，是瞬间性动词，表示肯定的意思，left译为“离开” 2) It is / has been ten years since he was a doctor. 他不当医生已经十年了。 分析：since从句中的系表结构表示一种状态，这种状态是延续性的，表示否定意义，译为“不是，不当” 注：时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。 2. It was / will be +一段时间+

before从句 1) 在“It was + 一段时间+ before从句” 句型中，若主句是一般过去式，从句也是一般过去式时： ①若主句是肯定句，翻译成“过了多长时间之后才……”例： It was long before they found their son. 过了很久他们才找到他们的儿子。 ②若主句是否定形式，翻译成“没过多久就……” 例：It was not long before the couple met again. 没过多久这对夫妻就见面了。 2) 在“It will be + 一段时间+ before 从句”句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句也是一般现在时： ①若主句是肯定句，翻译成“要过多长时间之后才……” 例：It will be half a year before I come back. 半年后，我才回来。 ②若主句是否定形式，翻译成“用不了多久就……” 例：It won’t be long before we meet

vce教程

VCE题库打开软件Visual CertExam详细使用教程 VCE题库打开软件-Visual Certexam Suite免费版 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f4684383.html,/thread-36170-1-1.html 发现论坛有的会员对VCE软件使用不熟悉，影响做题效率，现在给大家奉上一个详细的使用教程。感谢各位会员对鸿鹄论坛的支持，我们一直在努力做到更好！ 1.打开Visual CertExam软件

2.选择Add按钮添加.VCE格式后缀题库文件

3.选择start直接可以做题，但是该软件不仅仅有这些功能，请往下看吧，选择Exam按钮 4.如上图所示选择history，对了，这就是每次做题的历史记录，可以看到自己历次的成绩。

5.再回到3中选择Operation选项，如图所示 Randomize questions--勾选表示随机抽题，不勾选表示从题库的第一题开始做，建议刚开始接触题库的同学不用勾选，先熟悉一遍题目，等熟悉了再勾选随机抽题选项。 Randomize choices where enable-勾选表示题目的ABCD等选项也是随机出现的，不勾选表示选项跟题库给的顺序一样。

6.回到2中，选strat开始做题，可以选择做所有题目或者自己选择题目的类型，这样便于重点练习自己不熟悉的知识点，查漏补缺，底部Time on选项，默认考试时间是120分钟，可以根据自己的情况适当设置做题时间。 7. 点击上图的OK按钮，会有题库的介绍和相关说明如下图所示，按Begin按钮正式开始答题。

8. 选择题有单选跟多选，题干会题库该题有几个选项，注意下图左上角的Mark按钮，勾选表示对该题做了标记。黄色M即表示标记的题目。

高考病句六大类型总结

高考病句六大类型总结 高考考试说明要求掌握的病句类型有六类： 语序不当、搭配不当、成分残缺和赘余、结构混乱、语意不明、不合逻辑。 以下按此六类进行逐类详解，对于病句极其弱的同学，可以逐类落实； 一、语序不当 语序不当主要有下列类型： 1、名词附加语的多项定语次序不当； 2、动词的附加语的多项状语次序不当； 3、虚词的位置安排得不恰当；特别是“把”字短语位置不当。 下面分别论述。 1) 名词附加语：多项定语次序不当。多项定语的正确次序一般可按以下次序排列： 表领属性的或时间、处所的+指称或数量的短语+动词或动词短语+形容词或形容词短语+名词或名词短语。另外，带“的”的定语放在不带“的”的定语之前。 例:一位优秀的有20多年教学经验的国家队的篮球女教练。 正确次序：国家队的（领属性的）一位（数量）有20多年教学经验的（动词短语）优秀的（形容）篮球（名词）教练。 ①许多附近的妇女、老人和孩子都跑来看他们。（“附近的”移到“许多”前面。） ②在新中国的建设事业上，发挥着他们无穷的蕴藏着的力量。（“蕴藏着的”移到“无穷的”前面。） ③里面陈列着各式各样列宁过去所使用的东西。（“列宁过去所使用的”移到“各式各样”前。） ④夜深人静，想起今天一连串发生的事情，我怎么也睡不着。（把“一连串”移到“事情”前） ⑤这种管子要不要换，在领导和群众中广泛地引起了讨论。（“广泛”应移到“讨论”前，“地”改为“的”） ⑥他把我们几个团的负责干部叫到一起。（“几个”应放在“负责干部”前） ⑦工作者的多数是农村来打工的。（“多数”移到“工作者”之前） ⑧解放前，约有百分之七十的中国农业人口是贫雇农。（“中国农业人口”移到“约有”之前，去掉“的”。） 2) 动词的附加语。多项状语次序不当。复杂状语排列大致为：表目的或原因的介宾短语+表时间或处所的+表语气（副词）或对象的（介宾短语）+表情态或程序的。另外，表示对象的介宾短语一般紧挨在中心语前。 例如：在休息室里许多老师昨天都同他热情的交谈。

after,before,since用法区别

after，before，since用法区别 1.after的用法小结 1. 用作介词，与一段时间连用表示“在…之后”时，注意它与in的区别：after表示以过去时间为起点的一段时间以后，且通常与过去时态连用；而in则表示以现在为起点的一段时间以后： He came backafter two days. 他两天后就回来了。 He will come back in twodays. 他过两天就回来。 但after 若是与一点时间连用，则可与过去时态也可与将来时态连用： H e came back after 4 o’clock. 他是四点钟以后回来的。 He will come back after next month. 他将在下个月以后回来。 2. 用作连词引导时间状语从句时注意：若主句用将来时态(或含有将来意味)，则时间状语从句要用一般现在时态(表将来意义)，而不能直接使用将来时态：他回来后我就走。 正：I’ll leave after he comes back. 误：I’ll leave after he will come back. 3. 用作副词，表示“后来”、“ (一段时间)以后”，通常放在表示时间的副词之后：soon after 不久以后 two days after 两天后 4. 用于习语after all 终究，毕竟： I was right after all. 毕竟我是对的。 After all, he’s only six years old. 毕竟，他才六岁。 2.Before的用法小结 高三课本第十五单元，INTER GATING SKILLS 和WORKBOOK READING部分有如下的句子： ⒈The shop was successful，but it was about sixty years before people started to buy jeans for fashion as well as for work. ⒉However，it probably will not be long before the other mountainous areas of China such as Sichuan，Xinjiang and Yunnan are developed，and as more facilities become available，prices will almost certainly fall. 其中涉及到before的用法，下面就其用法进行总结。 一、可以用作介词 ⒈)指时间上早于，在……之前，如： She has lived here since before the war. 她从战前就一直在这儿住。 ⒉)指位置在前面，如：

(word完整版)It+willbe+时间段+before等表示“在……之后……才”的句型总结,推荐文档

It + will be + 时间段 + before等表示“在……之后……才”的句型总结 一、用于句型“It + will be + 时间段 + before...”句型中，表示“要过多久才…”，也可用于“It + may be + 时间段 + before...”，表示“也许要过多久才……”。Before 后的句子中用一般现在时态。 其否定形式“It will/would not be +时间段+ before…”表示“不久就……，过不了多久就……”。 【典型考例】 （1）The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again.（2007安徽卷） A. after B. before C. since D. when （2）—How long do you think it will be ______China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? （2006福建卷） —Perhaps two or three years. A. when B. until C. that D. before （3）It ________ long before we _______ the result of the experiment.( 上海春招2002) A. will not be...will know B. is...will know C. will not be...know D. is...know (4) Scientists say it may be five or six years_________ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. （2004福建） A. since B. after C. before D. when 解析：答案为BDCC。考题 （1）(2)before 用于肯定的“It + will be + 时间段 + before...”句型中，表示“要过多久…才…”。 （3）before在本题中用于否定句,意为“过不了多久就会……”, 状语从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，可知C项为正确答案,句意是:要不了多久我们就会知道试验的结果了。 （4）宾语从句中含有句型“It + may be + 时间段 + before...”，表示“也许要过多久才……”，故选择答案C。 二、用于句型“it was +时间段+ before …”表示“过了（多长时间）才……”。其否定形式“ it was not +时间段+ before …”意为“不久就……”, “没过（多长时间）就……”。 【典型考例】 It was some time ___________we realized the truth. （2005山东） A. when B. until C. since D. before 解析：答案为D。before用于句型“it was +时间段+ before …”表示“过了（多长时间）才……”。该题题意是“过了一段时间我们才意识到事情的真相”。故正确答案为C项。

病句——句式杂糅(解析版)

句式杂糅 【高考金脉】 3．下列各项中，没有语病的一项是（湖北卷4题） C．2014年底，我国探月工程三期“再入返回飞行”试验获得成功，确保嫦娥五号任务顺利实施和探月工程持续推进奠定坚实基础。 C项句式杂糅，“确保”和“为……奠定坚实基础”两种句式杂糅。 5．下列各句中，没有语病、句意明确的一项是（山东卷5题） C．说到人才培养，人们往往想到要学好各门课程的基础理论，而对与这些理论密切相关的逻辑思维训练却常常被忽视。 C项属于结构混乱类语病，前半部分的主语是“人们”，最后一个分句出现了“被”字，反客为主，主语被偷换成了“与这些理论密切相关的逻辑思维训练”，去掉“被”，应是“人们对训练忽视”； 7．下列各句中，没有语病的一项是（四川卷4题） A．首届“书香之家”颁奖典礼，是设在杜甫草堂古色古香的仰止堂举行的，当场揭晓了书香家庭、书香校园、书香企业、书香社区等获奖名单。 【解析】：A句式杂糅，“是设在……”和“是在……举行的”，两种句式糅杂在一起； 8．下列各句中，没有语病的一句是（河南卷14题） C．这部小说中的“边缘人”是一个玩世不恭、富有破坏性却真实坦白的群体，人们面对这类形象时会引起深深的思索。 Ｃ、结构混乱。应为“这类形象会引起人们深深的思索” 9．下列各句中，没有语病的一句是（新课标2卷14题） A．“地坛书市”曾经是北京市民非常喜爱的一个文化品牌，去年更名为“北京书市” 并落户朝阳公园后，依旧热情不减。 【解析】A结构混乱，偷换主语，“依旧热情不减”的是“北京市民”。 9（2014新课标卷Ⅰ） C．本书首次将各民族文学广泛载人中国文学通史，但就其章节设置、阐释深度等方面依然有很大的改进空间。 【解析】C项句式杂糅，“但就其……方面”句式杂糅，应改为“但其章节设置、阐释深度方面……”或“但就其……来说”。 【2013?北京卷】下列语句中，没有语病的一项是（） C．据世界黄金协会分析，2013年春节前后中国黄金需求高涨的原因，主要由于消费者对中国经济前景充满信心所致。

since从句和 before从句

It is +时间段+ since从句和It was / will be + 一段时间 + before从句 1.表示过去的情况 在“It is +时间段+ since从句(从句用一般过去时)”句型中， 如果since从句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词，表示肯定意义；如果since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，则表示否定意义。 1) It is / has been ten years since he left Beijing. 自从他离开北京已经十年了。 分析：since从句中的left是leave的过去式，是瞬间性动词，表示肯定的意思，left译为“离开” 2) It is / has been ten years since he was a doctor. 他不当医生已经十年了。 分析：since从句中的系表结构表示一种状态，这种状态是延续性的，表示否定意义，译为“不是，不当” 注：时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。 2.表示过去的情况 “It was+ 一段时间 + since从句(从句用过去完成时had done)”，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时； “It had been + 一段时间 + since从句(从句用一般过去时)”即主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 It was three years since Jack had been a teacher. 杰克不当老师已经三年了。 3. It was / will be + 一段时间 + before从句 1) 在“It was + 一段时间 + before从句”句型中，若主句是一般过去式，从句也是一般过去式时： ①若主句是肯定句，翻译成“过了多长时间之后才……” It was long before they found their son. 过了很久他们才找到他们的儿子。②若主句是否定形式，翻译成“没过多久就……” It was not long before the couple met again. 没过多久这对夫妻就见面了。 2) 在“It will be + 一段时间 + before从句”句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句也是一般现在时： ①若主句是肯定句，翻译成“要过多长时间之后才……” 例： It will be half a year before I come back. 半年后，我才回来。②若主句是否定形式，翻译成“用不了多久就……” It won’t be long before we meet again. 我们不久就会见面。

before用法归纳

before用法知多少？ 在高考中，状语从句是每年高考单项填空部分必考的题目之一，考查的重点是考生容易混淆并且近似的连词在逻辑行文和语篇结构中的使用。before作连词的用法一直是高考的重点，也是学生感觉掌握起来比较头疼的地方。下面选取近几年各省市的高考试题进行归纳分析，使考生通过典型实例，把握高考对before所引导的句型的命题规律，帮助同学们更好地解答此类题目。 1. before作为连词时的基本意义是“在……之前”，用于表示时间或顺序。 You can’t borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card. (2009上海，32) A. before B. if C. while D. as 【解析】选A。考查连词，该句的意思是：在你得到你的学生卡之前你不能从学校图书馆借书。before表示先后顺序。 2. 表示“过了多久才……”，说明主句的持续时间比较长而从句的动作缓缓来迟。 (1) The American Civil War lasted four years _______ the North won in the end. (2005广东，30) A. after B. before C. when D. then 【解析】选B。本题考查连词before表示“在多久之后才……”的用法，根据本句含义“美国南北战争持续了四年，北方才最终取得胜利”，可知本题应选B。 (2) Several weeks had gone by I realized the painting was missing. (2004宁夏，39) A. as B. before C. since D. when 【解析】选B。before表示“过多久才……”。句意：几个星期已经过去了，我才意识到油画丢了。内含的意思是油画丢了好几个星期了，我才意识到。 3. 表示从句动作还没来得及发生或完成，主句动作就已经发生或完成了，意为“尚未……就”，“没来得及……就”，常用于before sb. can/ could…。 —Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting? ( 2006四川，35) — He rushed out of the room _________ I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after 【解析】选A。本题考查连词before表示“还没来得及……就……”的用法。句意为：我还没来得及说一句话，他就冲出了房间。 4. 表示“以免，以防，趁……还没有……”，强调动作的必要性，以避免或防止从句动作的发生。 He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _____ it got worse.（2003北京） A. until B. when C. before D. as 【解析】选C。由made a mistake和转折词but可知本题句意是“他犯了一个错误，但在事情进一步恶化之前他改变了形势。”故答案正确答案为C项。

语文六大病句类型总结

语文六大病句类型总结 （一）语序不当 1、关联词的位置不当 【例句】我不但信任他，而且以前反对过他的人，现在也信任他 要是一篇作品的思想有问题，那么文字即使很不错，也是要不得的。 【分析】如果两个分句的主语相同，那么关联词放在主语后面，如果两句话的主语不同，关联词则放在主语的前面。 2、多重定语的语序不当 【例句】他是一位优秀的有20多年教学经验的省重点中学的语文老师。 【分析】正确顺序：他是省重点中学（领属性的）的一位（数量）有20多年教学经验（动词短语）的优秀的（形容词）语文（名词）老师。 3、多重状语语序不当 【例句】在新闻发布中心许多记者昨天都同米卢热情的交谈。 【分析】状语应改在主语前面，否则为无主语。 4、分句的次序不当 【例句】在抗洪救灾的战斗中，经过四小时惊心动魄的同洪水搏斗，同志们奋不顾身地跳进汹涌澎湃的激流，保住了大坝，战胜了洪水。 【分析】分句应该按时空，逻辑等顺序排列。 (二)搭配不当 1、主谓搭配不当 【例句】我国棉花的生产，长期不能自给。 【分析】例句中的主语“生产”不能与谓语搭配，“长期不能自给”的主语应该是“棉花”，所以第一个分句应该调整为“我国生产的棉花”。 2、主宾搭配不当 【例句】他的家乡是广西桂林人。 【分析】主语“家乡”与宾语中心语“人”不搭配。 3、动宾搭配不当 【例句】解放前，爸爸和哥哥两人挣来的钱还不够养活一家人的生活。 【分析】动词“养活”的只能是人，不能是“生活”。 4、修饰成分与中心词搭配不当 【例句】这次大会上，对工资问题交换了广泛的意见。 【分析】修饰语和中心语搭配不当，不是意见广泛，而是交换的范围广泛，应该为“广泛地交换了意见”。 5、关联词搭配不当 【例句】我们中学生如果缺乏创新精神，也不能适应知识经济时代的要求。 【分析】关联词搭配不当，应将“也”改为“就”。

before句型辨析与解析

before句型辨析与解析 It + will be + 时间段+ before等表示“在……之后……才”的句型总结 一、用于句型“It + will be + 时间段+ before...”句型中，表示“要过多久才…”，也可用于“It + may be + 时间段+ before...”，表示“也许要过多久才……”。Before 后的句子中用一般现在时态。 其否定形式“It will/would not be +时间段+ before…”表示“不久就……，过不了多久就……”。 （1）The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again. A. after B. before C. since D. when （2）—How long do you think it will be ______China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? —Perhaps two or three years. A. when B. until C. that D. before （3）It ________ long before we _______ the result of the experiment. A. will not be...will know B. is...will know C. will not be...know D. is...know (4) Scientists say it may be five or six years_________ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B. after C. before D. when 解析：答案为BDCC。考题 （1）(2)before 用于肯定的“It + will be + 时间段+ before...”句型中，表示“要过多久…才…”。 （3）before在本题中用于否定句,意为“过不了多久就会……”, 状语从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，可知C项为正确答案,句意是:要不了多久我们就会知道试验的结果了。 （4）宾语从句中含有句型“It + may be + 时间段+ before...”，表示“也许要过多久才……”，故选择答案C。 二、用于句型“it was +时间段+ before …” 表示“过了（多长时间）才……”。其否定形式“ it was not +时间段+ before …” 意为“不久就……”, “没过（多长时间）就……”。 It was some time ___________we realized the truth. A. when B. until C. since D. before 解析：答案为D。before用于句型“it was +时间段+ before …” 表示“过了（多长时间）才……”。该题题意是“过了一段时间我们才意识到事情的真相”。故正确答案为C项。 表示“在……之后……才”。副词“才”在汉语中强调某事发生得晚或慢。如果在含有before从句的复合句中，强调从句动作发生得晚或慢时，就可以应用这种译法。 The American Civil War lasted four years _______ the North won in the end. A. after B. before C. when D. then 解析：答案为B。本题考查连词before表示“在……之后才……”之的用法，根据本句含义“美国南北战争持续了四年，北方才最终取得胜利”，可知本题应选B。 三、表示“……还没来得及……就……”。目的在于强调从句动作发生之前，主句动作已发生。 —Why didn't you tell him about the meeting? — He rushed out of the room _________ I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after 解析：答案为A。本题考查连词before表示“……还没来得及……就……”的用法。句意是“我还没来得及说一句话，他就冲出了房间”。 四、表示“在……之前就……”。这时主句与before从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。 It was evening______ we reached the little town of Winchester. A. that B. until C. since D. before 解析：答案为D。本题考查连词before表示“在……之前就……”的用法。句意是“我们到达小镇Winchester 之前就已经是傍晚时分了”。 五、表示“趁……”，“等到……”，或“没等……就…… ”等。

Visual CertExam(VCE)试题制作教程

制作方案一：将PDF制作成VCE文件 制作相关软件： 1、Exam Formatter (把PDF转成RTF) 2、Visual CertExam Suite (主要用designer把RTF转成VCE) 具体操作步骤： 1、打开exam formatter软件 2、选择file->import导入相应PDF文件 3、自动导入后，exam formatter如下 4、选择file->save as，保存成rtf文件 5、运行visual certexam designer->import导入刚才保存的rtf文件 6、next->选择rtf格式（刚才保存的为rtf格式）) 8、next，选择刚才保存的rtf文件 9、next，选择第三项 10、next，进行导入预览 11、next->import导入完成 12、file->save as保存成vce文件 详情请参阅：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3f4684383.html,/s/blog_6c991f270101a7bj.html 感谢@明旭2010分享的制作方案 制作方案二：将PDF转换成TXT后，制作成VCE文件 用第一种方案制作，依赖于Exam Formatter 对PDF的OCR识别，但事实上Exam Formatter并不是一款专业的OCR识别软件，它对PDF的文字识别效果很差。通过方案一制作出来的.VCE文件通常是这样的:

上面图片所属题库里面有280多道题，用方案一只识别出来9道题，而且题目标题，不同的题目也不能识别开来，所以方案一只适用于Exam Formatter 能对PDF完全识别的少部分情况。 VCE题库文件制作2种方法:一种是PDF文件导入（方案一），另一种就是直接将TXT文件导入designer 制作。既然Exam Formatter对PDF的文字识别效果不好，那我们可不可以先用专业的PDF文字识别软件现将题库文字识别出来，再用TXT来制作VCE题库呢？ 制作相关软件： 1、CAJViewer 7.2 ：中国知网的专用浏览器，文字识别效果尚可。（免费） 2、ABBYY_FineReader：一家俄罗斯软件公司开发的OCR识别软件，识别准确率可以达到95% 以上。（收费） 3、Visual CertExam Suite (主要用designer把TXT转成VCE) 具体操作步骤： 1、用CAJViewer 7.2 打开你要识别的PDF文件 2、选择文件->另存为，在弹出的选项框里面，保存类型选择TXT 3、打开你识别好的TXT文件： 将QUESTION 替换成Q ,比如QUESTION1=Q1，QUESTION2=Q2以此类推 将Correct Answer 替换成Answer

but,than引导定语从句和before,until用法辨析

but和than引导定语从句的用法 一、but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。 如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。 ②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。 二、than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。） 如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。 ②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。运用上述知识翻译下列句子： 1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。（but） 2．我们大家都想去桂林。（but） 3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。（but） 4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。（but） 5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅（but）6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。（than） 7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。（than） 8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。（than） 9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。（than） 10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。（than） 答案： 1．There is no one but likes to be praised． 2．There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin． 3．There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．4．There is no one in our class but wants to help you． 5．There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war． 6．This matter is more complex than is imagined． 7．This advertisement is more affective than is expected． 8．The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear．9．He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded．

病句句型及例子

常见的病句类型 一：用词不当 例如：“他把节俭下来的钱捐给了灾区。“”节俭“是形容词，不能带趋向动词“下来”，应改为动词“节省”。 也有虚词使用不当的现象。如：“伊朗厨师可能是不熟悉我们炊具的用法，也许是由于心情紧张，反正是把烤羊肉没有做好。”“把”字短语不能放在否定词前面。应改为：“反正是没有把烤羊肉做好”。 二：搭配不当 如：“加快高考教育事业发展的规模、速度。”“加快”可以配“速度”，但不能配“规模”，这是动宾搭配不当。 三：成分残缺 如：“这个集团目前已成为拥有11个专业公司、2个研究所、3个生产厂，现有固定资产6500万元。谓语”拥有“什么，残缺。应补上宾语“的大型企业”。 四：成分赘余 如：“人民日报社论见诸于各大报刊。”“诸”是“之于”的意思。删去“诸”或“于”即可。 五：结论混乱 表现在以下几个方面 1、语序不当 如：“通过检查，大家讨论、发现、解决了课外活动中的一些问题。”应先是“发现”后“讨论”再“解决”。 2、句式杂糅 如：“清晨，公园里到处是早锻炼的人们，有打太极拳的，有做健美操的，十分热闹。八点钟过后，公园里才比较安静下来。”最后一句句式杂糅，应是公园里才安静下来，或公园里才比较安静。 六：表意不明 1、指代不明 如：“我站在窗前向操场一看，这里有很多同学在打球”。“这里”指代不明，应改为“那里”。 2、歧义句 如：“这个厂超额完成了全年计划的百分之三十，受到上级表扬”。此句有两种理解：一种，比全年计划多出30%；另一种，只超出全年计划的30%。 七：不合逻辑 1、强拉因果 如：“由于今天是公园里游园活动的最后一天，因此游人寥寥无几”。此句强拉因果，游人少的原因不能推出是因游园的最后一天所致。 2、概念误用 如：“图书馆增添了许多文学作品，如《语文知识指南》、《教师语文大全》、《辞海》等”。文学作品与语文教学用书是不同的概念。可改成“图书馆增添了许多教学用书”。 2、主客倒置 如：“在那个时候，报纸与我接触的机会是很少的”。该句应改为：“我与报纸接触”，我为主，报纸为被动。 3、否定不当 如：“全校师生没有一个人不否认素质教育使整个校园发生了巨大的变化”。“该句去掉”否认“前”的“不”字。 4、前后失衡，缺乏照应 如：“有没有人毁树，是树能成活的重要条件”。该句前面是两种条件“有没有”。后面只说了“能成活的一个条件，两面失衡，应在”能成活“前加”是否二字。 常用的语法分析方法。先把句子中的附加成分（定语、状语和补语）都去掉，紧缩出主干，检查主于是否存在成分残缺、搭配不当的语病；如果主干没问题，再检查局部，看修饰语和中心语之间的搭配有无问题，修饰语的内部是否存在语序问题。 目录： 一、判断病句的方法 （一）紧缩法（二）类比法。（三）语感审读法。（四）逻辑分析法。 二、修改病句的原则 （一）对症下药，有针对性。（二）尽量保持句子的原意。（三）要善于运用多种方法进行修改。 三、辨析病句的原因 一）用词不当。（二）搭配不当。（三）成分残缺。（四）成分赘余（五）结构混乱（六）表意不明。（七）不合逻辑。

修改病句总结

修改病句总结 一、搭配不当 1.主谓搭配不当 例1：他那和蔼可亲的笑容，循循善诱的教导，时时出现在我眼前。 【解析】这句话的病因在于主谓搭配不当，主语中心语“教导”和谓语中心语“出现”不搭配。将“循循善诱的教导”删去即可。 2.动宾搭配不当 例2：我们参观了这个学校开展学英雄活动的经验。【解析】这句话的病因在于动宾搭配不当，谓语中心语“参观”和宾语中心语“经验”不搭配。将“参观”改为“学习”即可。 3.主宾搭配不当 例3：冬天的济南是晴朗无云的季节。 【解析】这句话的病因在于主宾搭配不当，主语中心语“济南”和宾语中心语“季节”不搭配。将“冬天的济南”改为“济南的冬天”即可。 4.修饰语与中心词搭配不当 例4：他在培育杂交水稻方面花费了很大的心血。 【解析】这句话的病因在于修饰语与中心词搭配不当，修饰语“很大”和中心词“心血”不搭配。将“很大”改为“很多”即可。 5.关联词语搭配不当 例5：哥哥不但瘦，而且精神饱满。

【解析】这句话的病因在于关联词语搭配不当。将“不但……而且……”改为“虽然……但是……”即可。 6.两面与一面搭配不当 例6：能否培养学生的思维能力，是衡量一节课成功的重要标准。 【解析】这句话的病因在于两面与一面搭配不当，“能否”包含了两方面内容，“成功”只包含了一方面内容。在“成功”前加上“是否”即可。 二、成分残缺 1.缺少主语 例7：通过讨论，使我们的决心更大了。 【解析】这句话的病因在于缺少主语。将“使”删去即可。 2.缺少谓语 例8：春天来了，校园中的花草树木。 【解析】这句话的病因在于缺少谓语。在句末加上“生机勃勃”即可。 3.缺少宾语 例9：我们应该从小培养诚实守信。 【解析】这句话的病因在于缺少宾语。在句末加上“的美德”即可。 三、成分赘余

1.1、病句句型总结与解析

试题1：从下列句子中找出没有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 我看见他笑了 B: 研究钱钟书的著作 题库吧——综合性公务员考试备考平台 C: 看病的医生是他们班长的父亲 D: 离别了多年的同学 试题2：从下列句子中找出没有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 发现了敌人的哨兵 B: 他那件新的确凉衬衫丢失了 C: 这本书他没有一次看完 D: 撞伤了他的解放牌汽车 试题3：从下列句子中找出没有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 他好不容易做完了全部试题 B: 热爱祖国的战士 C: 我和他的朋友 D: 纵队司令派支队长和他的儿子领兵出发 试题4：从下列句子中找出有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 你为什么批评他？ B: 今天天气好不凉爽 C: 他差点儿叫车撞倒 D: 他的小说读不完 试题5：从下列句子中找出有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 只要你单位同意，报销旅差费、安排住处、领取大会出席证的问题可由我们解决B: 只要你单位同意报销旅差费，安排住处、领取大会出席证的问题可由我们解决C: 只要你单位同意，报销旅差费、安排住处，领取大会出席证的问题可由我们解决D: 只要你单位同意报销旅差费，安排住处，领取大会出席证的问题可由我们解决试题6：从所给的四个句子中找出一个有语病的句子来：（）。 A: 他盼望那封信早点送到收信人手中 B: 关于那部电视剧的评论已经很多

C: 凡事要依靠群众，否则，什么事也做不成 D: 我国矿泉水的主要消费者是前来旅游的港澳台同胞、华侨和外国人 试题7：从所给的四个句子中找出一个有语病的句子来：（）。 A: 我们到该厂参观的时候，工人们正在做工间操 B: 他的书包装满了东西，有文艺书、有历史书、有哲学书、有画报、有照片 C: 他的书包装满了书，有文艺书、有历史书、有哲学书 D: 只要充分发动群众，才能搞好工作 试题8：从所给的四个句子中找出一个有语病的句子来：（）。 A: 经过这次高原强化训练，队员的身体素质都有不同程度的提高 B: 通过一系列热身赛，我们锻炼了队伍 C: 这次高原强化训练，全体队员的身体素质都有提高 D: 世界发展的过程是一个永远不停地运动、变化和转化的过程 试题9：从所给的四个句子中找出一个有语病的句子来：（）。 A: 听了英模报告团的报告，使我们受到很大的教育 B: 昨天的任务基本上完成了 C: 我们在写文章时，如果表述不严密，就会使人费解甚至误解 D: 谁也不能否认老张的工作成绩是努力工作的结果 试题10：从下列句子中找出有歧义的一个句子：（）。 A: 他把买来的物品放在自行车架上 B: 这个地区最近出土了一大批重要文物 C: 他既不抽烟，也不喝酒 D: 湖南和湖北的部分地区 试题11：从所给的四个句子中找出一个没有语病的句子来：（）。 A: 该书具体分析了我们党是如何根据中国国情确定主要矛盾，抓住各个环节的突破口，推断改革进一步发展 B: 香瓜子、南瓜子、柿子、小核桃等小食品，是家家户户很受欢迎的商品 C: 自私自利个人主义思想是与我们的时代不相容的 D: 就因为这道题还没作出来，眼看着交卷的时间快到了，小王急得像热锅上的蚂蚁似的 试题12：从所给的四个句子中找出一个没有语病的句子来：（）。