Advances in the value of eggs and egg components for human health

REVIEWS

Advances in the Value of Eggs and Egg Components for

Human Health

J ENNIFER K OVACS-N OLAN,?M ARSHALL P HILLIPS,?AND Y OSHINORI M INE*,?

Department of Food Science,University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada N1G2W1,and Strategic Bioconnections,

Thornton,Pennsylvania19373

The avian egg is an important source of nutrients,containing all of the proteins,lipids,vitamins, minerals,and growth factors required by the developing embryo,as well as a number of defense factors to protect against bacterial and viral infection.Moreover,eggs are now understood to contain substances with biological functions beyond basic nutrition,and extensive research has been undertaken to identify and characterize these biologically active components.This review mainly focused on biological activities of proteins and peptides derived from egg components.Several biological activities have now been associated with egg components,including novel antimicrobial activities,antiadhesive properties,immunomodulatory,anticancer,and antihypertensive activities, antioxidant properties,protease inhibitors,nutrient bioavailability,and functional lipids,highlighting the importance of egg and egg components in human health and in disease prevention and treatment. Continued research to identify new and existing biological functions of hen egg components will help

to define new methods to further improve the value of eggs as a source of numerous biologically active compounds with specific benefits for human and animal health and secure their role in the therapy and prevention of chronic and infectious disease.

Keywords:Avian eggs;egg white;yolk;bioactive proteins and peptides;human health;functional foods; nutraceuticals;chronic diseases

1.INTRODUCTION

Eggs consist of approximately9.5%eggshell(including shell membrane),63%albumen,and27.5%yolk(1)(Table1).The main components are water(75%),proteins(12%),and lipids (12%),as well as carbohydrates and minerals(2,3).The proteins are distributed throughout the egg,with the majority found in the egg yolk and egg white,and a small proportion in the eggshell and shell membrane(4,5).The lipids are found almost exclusively in the egg yolk,mainly in the form of lipoproteins (2,4).Several minerals have also been found in eggs,most of them in the eggshell.Carbohydrates are a minor egg component, present throughout the egg,as both free and conjugated forms, attached to proteins and lipids(4).

Many diverse biological functions have been attributed to egg components and will be discussed here.

2.EGG WHITE

The egg white,or albumen,makes up～60%of the total egg weight(3),of which water and protein are the major constituents (3,4).The egg white proteins include ovalbumin,which is the major protein,followed by ovotransferrin and ovomucoid.Other egg white proteins include ovomucin,which is responsible for the viscosity of the albumen,lysozyme,avidin,cystatin,ovo-inhibitor,and ovomacroglobulin(ovostatin)(4).The biological activities of egg white proteins are summarized in Table2.

2.1.Antimicrobial Activity.Eggs possess physical and biological defense systems to protect the embryo against the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms.The egg-shell and shell membrane physically obstruct invading organ-isms,and differing viscosities and pH values in the egg white inhibit bacterial proliferation(6).Egg white also contains a number of proteins with demonstrated antimicrobial activ-ities,which act as part of the natural defense system of the egg. These antimicrobial effects may be attributed to several mech-anisms,including bacterial cell lysis,metal binding,and vitamin binding(7).

Lysozyme,which exerts bacteriolytic activity by hydrolyzing the (1-4)linkage between N-acetlymuraminic acid and N-acetylglucosamine of peptidoglycan,the structural component of bacterial cell walls(8),has been studied at length and has been applied as a natural food preservative(9,10).It is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus stearo-

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed[telephone(519)

824-4120,ext.52901;fax(519)824-6631;e-mail ymine@uoguelph.ca].

?University of Guelph.

?Strategic Bioconnections.

J.Agric.Food Chem.2005,53,8421?84318421

10.1021/jf050964f CCC:$30.25?2005American Chemical Society

Published on Web09/30/2005

thermophilus,Clostridium tyrobutyricum,and Clostridium ther-mosaccharolyticum,but this spectrum of activity can be broadened to include other spoilage and pathogenic organisms when used in conjunction with compounds such as EDTA, organic acids,or nicin(10).The chemical modification of lysozyme,to increase its antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria,has been examined(11).It was found that by equipping the lysozyme molecule with a hydrophobic moiety, through fatty acylation(12,13),or by the genetic fusion of hydrophobic peptides to the C terminus of lysozyme(14-16), the bactericidal activity of lysozyme against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli was enhanced,likely by mediating its interaction and insertion into the bacterial membrane.Likewise, lysozyme-polysaccharide conjugates have also demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (17-19).Ibrahim et al.(20)also found that when perillaldehyde, a naturally occurring phenolic aldehyde,was coupled to lysozyme,antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus)and Gram-negative(E.coli)bacteria was markedly enhanced.

Studies have suggested that lysozyme may possess further antibacterial activity independent of its catalytic functions(21).Enzymatic hydrolysis of lysozyme has been found to enhance its activity,by exposing antibacterial portions of the protein(21, 22),and producing peptides with antibacterial activity.Peptides corresponding to amino acid residues98-112(23),98-108, and15-21(24)possessed antimicrobial activity against E.coli and S.aureus,and synthetic bactericidal lysozyme polypeptides were found to not only damage bacterial outer membranes but also to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis(23,25).They were also found to prevent antibiotic-induced bacteriolysis and subsequent endotoxin release while retaining antibiotic efficacy, suggesting their use for the prevention of endotoxemia in Gram-negative sepsis with the treatment of antibiotics(26).

The antibacterial properties of lysozyme have led to its use in oral health care products,such as toothpaste,mouthwash, and chewing gum,to protect against periodontis-causing bacteria and prevent infections in the oral mucosa(27,28). Lysozyme has also demonstrated antiviral activity.Oral and topical applications of lysozyme were found to be effective in preventing and controlling several viral skin infections,including herpes simplex and chicken pox(27),and Lee-Huang et al.(29) found that chicken lysozyme also possessed activity against HIV type1.

Peptides produced by the enzymatic digestion of ovalbumin, and their synthetic counterparts,were found to be strongly active against Bacillus subtilus and to a lesser extent against E.coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Ser-ratia marcescens,as well as Candida albicans(30). Ovotransferrin,a member of the transferrin family,a group of iron-binding proteins widely distributed in various biological fluids,has the capacity to reversibly bind iron(31).It is

Table1.Chemical Composition of Hen Eggs[Adapted from Li-Chan et al.(3)and Mine(5)]

constituent%(w/v)major components(relative%,w/w) egg shell9.5(including shell inorganic salts(91.87)

membrane)calcium carbonate(98.4)

magnesium carbonate(0.8)

tricalcium phosphate(0.8)

proteins(6.4)

water(1.7)

lipids(0.03)

egg white63.0proteins(9.7?10.6):

ovalbumin(54)

ovotransferrin(12.0)

ovomucoid(11)

ovomucin(3.5)

lysozyme(3.4)

G2globulin(4.0?)

G3globulin(4.0?)

ovoinhibitor(1.5)

ovoglycoprotein(1.0)

ovoflavoprotein(0.8)

ovomacroglobulin(ovostatin)(0.5)

cystatin(0.05)

avidin(0.05)

lipids(0.03)

carbohydrates(0.4?0.9)

ash(0.5?0.6)

egg yolk27.5proteins(15.7?16.6):

spovitellenin(I?VI)(37.3)

lipovitellin apoproteins(40.0)

R-lipovitellin

-lipovitellin

livetins(9.3)

R-livetin(serum albumin)

-livetin(R2-glycoprotein)

γ-livetin(γ-globulin)

phosvitin(13.4)

biotin-binding protein(trace)

lipids(32.0?35.0)

triglycerol(66)

phosphatidylcholine(PC)(24)

phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)(2.8)

lysophosphatidylcholine(LPC)(0.6)

sphingomyelin(0.6)

cholesterol(5.0)

others(1.0)

carbohydrates(0.2?1.0)

ash(1.1)Table2.Biological Activities of Egg White Proteins

protein biological activity refs ovalbumin antibacterial activity30

antihypertensive activity of

ovalbumin-derived peptides

77?83

immunomodulating activity51?56 ovotransferrin antimicrobial activity31?35,37

antibacterial activity of ovotrans-

ferrin peptide(OTAP-92)

36

immunomodulating activity60?62 ovomucoid serine protease inhibitor115,120

immunomodulating activity57

drug delivery116?119

biospecific ligand131 ovomucin antimicrobial activity42?46

antiadhesive properties48

antitumor activity74,75 lysozyme antibacterial activity9?26

antiviral activity27,28

immunomodulating and immuno-

stimulating activity

7,27,58,59

antitumor activity66?73 ovoinhibitor serine protease inhibitor100

antiviral activity101 ovomacroglobulin serine,cysteine,thiol,and metallo

protease inhibitor

91,92,114

antimicrobial activity92?99 cystatin cysteine protease inhibitor3

antimicrobial activity87?90,101?103

antitumor activity109?113

immunomodulating activity63?65

inhibition of bone degradation121

avidin antibacterial activity40

biospecific ligand and drug delivery125?130

8422J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.53,No.22,2005Reviews

suggested to function as an iron scavenger,preventing iron use by microorganisms,and as an iron delivery agent(32). Ovotransferrin has demonstrated antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria,including Pseudomonas spp.,E. coli,Streptococcus mutans(33),S.aureus,Bacillus cereus(32), and Salmonella enteritidis(34).It has also been found to exert antibacterial activity by permeating bacterial outer membranes, reaching the inner membrane and causing the selective perme-ation of ions and dissipation of electrical potential(35).A92-amino acid ovotransferrin peptide,OTAP-92,was found to be capable of killing Gram-negative bacteria by crossing the bacterial outer membrane by self-promoted uptake,damaging the cytoplasmic membrane(36).It has also shown antiviral activity against Marek’s disease virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts(37).

Avidin,which possesses the unique ability to specifically bind the water-soluble vitamin biotin,has been found to inhibit the growth of biotin-requiring bacteria and yeasts(38,39).The antimicrobial activity has also been attributed to its ability to bind to various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including E.coli K-12,Klebsiella pneumoniae,S.marcescens, P.aeruginosa,S.aureus,and Staphylococcus epidermis(40). Ovomucin and ovomucin-derived peptides,besides their physical functions such as maintaining the structure and viscosity of the egg white albumen and thus preventing the spread of microorganisms(41),have demonstrated antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus,bovine rotavirus,and human influenza virus in vitro(42-46).

2.2.Antiadhesive Properties.The adhesion of microorgan-isms to host tissues is the first step in the infection process,in many cases mediated by an interaction between components on the surface of the microorganism and carbohydrates on the mucosal surface of the host(47).It has been suggested,then, that oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates,such as analogues of carbohydrates on the mucosal surface,would competitively inhibit microorganism-carbohydrate adhesion on intestinal cells, thereby preventing microbial infection(48).

Much of the research involving the antiadhesive properties of eggs has focused on egg yolk components and will be discussed later.Kobayashi et al.(48)found,however,that enzymatic digestion of the egg white protein ovomucin,which is highly glycosylated,produced ovomucin glycopeptides (OGP),which possessed E.coli O157:H7-specific binding sites consisting of sialic acid.On the basis of these findings,it was suggested that OGP may be protective against E.coli O157: H7infection in vivo and is a potentially novel probe for the detection of the bacteria.

2.3.Immunomodulating activity.The immune system responds to antigenic stimulation with a complex array of molecular events,involving antigen-presenting cells,B-cells, T-cells,and phagocytes.Cytokines play a significant role in regulating such immune responses(49).Cytokines and growth factors mediate a wide range of physiological processes, including hematopoiesis,immune responses,wound healing,and general tissue maintenance.They are concomitantly involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases and have potential use in replacement and immunomodulatory therapy(50). Several egg white proteins and peptides have demonstrated immunomodulating activity.Ovalbumin has been found to induce the release of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)R in a dose-dependent manner in vitro,when modified with dicarbonyl methylglyoxyl(51),and immunogenic ovalbumin peptides have been used to enhance immune responses for cancer immuno-therapy(52-54).Tezuka and Yoshikawa(55)found that the phagocytic activity of macrophages was increased by the addition of ovalbumin peptides,OA77-84and OA126-134, derived from peptic and chymotryptic digestions,respectively. Likewise,ovomucin peptides have shown macrophage-stimulat-ing activity in vitro(56).Synthetic ovomucoid peptides have also demonstrated immunomodulating activity,inducing T-cell secretion of cytokines interleukin(IL)-4,IL-10,IL-13,interferon (IFN)γ,and IL-6(57).

Lysozyme has been shown to act as an immune-modulating and immune-stimulating agent.When combined with immuno-therapy,lysozyme was effective in improving chronic sinusitis (58)and in normalizing humoral and cellular responses in patients with chronic bronchitis(27).Lysozyme was also found to enhance antibody production in hybridomas and lymphocytes, being termed an immunoglobulin production stimulating factor (59),and to regulate and restore the immune responses in immune-depressed patients undergoing anticancer treatments (27).Furthermore,it has been suggested that the antibacterial activity of lysozyme might also occur via stimulation of the macrophage phagocytic function,and the hydrolysis products of peptidoglycan may act as an adjuvant or immunomodulator (7).

Ovotransferrin is an acute phase protein in chickens,the serum levels of which increase in inflammation and infections (60).Xie et al.(60)demonstrated that ovotransferrin can act as an immunomodulator,modulating macrophage and heterophil functions in vitro.Further immunomodulating effects of ovotrans-ferrin have also been shown,including the inhibition of proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes(61)and the en-hanced phagocytic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells in dogs(62).

Finally,research has suggested that cystatins may also be involved in inflammation and immune responses through the cytokine network,through mechanisms unrelated to the known protease inhibitory regions of the molecule(63).Verdot et al. (64,65)found that chicken cystatin induced the synthesis of TNF-R and IL-10,resulting in an up-regulation of nitric oxide in vitro using mouse peritoneal macrophages.Cystatin was also found to up-regulate the production of IL-6by human gingival fibroblast cells and murine splenocytes and the IL-8production of gingival fibroblasts(63).

2.4.Anticancer Activity.Lysozyme has been studied extensively as an anticancer agent and has been shown to inhibit tumor formation and growth,both in vitro and in vivo when administered orally,in a number of experimental tumors, including lung carcinoma(66-71).It was also found to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy treatments(72,73)and to have a preventative effect when administered to normal mice(69). Evidence suggests that the anticancer effects of orally admin-istered lysozyme may rely heavily upon the host-mediated immune response,including activation of the spleen and macrophages(68);however,more recent data indicate that lysozyme may also exert action on the tumor cells themselves (69,71).

Pronase-prepared glycopeptides of ovomucin have also demonstrated antitumor effects in a double-grafted tumor system in mice(74),suggested to be related to the antiangiogenic activity of ovomucin,inhibiting tumor growth(75).

2.5.Antihypertensive Activity.It has been reported that certain egg white-derived peptides can play a role in controlling the development of hypertension by exerting vasorelaxing effects (76).A vasorelaxing peptide,ovokinin(OA358-365),was isolated by the peptic digestion of ovalbumin(77).Ovokinin (2-7),a peptide produced by chymotrypsin digestion and

Reviews J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.53,No.22,20058423

corresponding to OA359-364,was also found to possess vasorelaxing activity(78).Both peptides were found to signifi-cantly lower the systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats,in a dose-dependent manner,when adminis-tered orally(79).The replacement of amino acids in the ovokinin (2-7)peptide has resulted in enhanced antihypertensive activity, with the most potent derivative resulting in a100-fold more potent antihypertensive activity(80,81).Two angiotensin I converting enzyme(ACE)-inhibitory peptides were also identi-fied in ovalbumin by peptic(OA183-184)and tryptic(OA 200-218)digestions(82).

Miguel et al.(83)examined peptides with ACE-inhibitory properties produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of crude egg white, which were mainly derived from ovalbumin.Among these peptides,two novel peptides with potent ACE-inhibitory activity were found,with amino acid sequences Arg-Ala-Asp-His-Pro-Phe-Leu and Tyr-Ala-Glu-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Leu.

2.6.Antioxidant Properties.Reactive oxygen species and other free radicals cause oxidative damage to DNA,proteins, and other macromolecules such as lipids.They have also been implicated in a number of multifactorial degenerative diseases including diabetes,cancer,and cardiovascular disease(84). Davalos et al.(76)reported that the enzymatic hydrolysis of crude egg white proteins with pepsin resulted in the production of peptides with strong antioxidant activities.The peptide Tyr-Ala-Glu-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Ile-Leu,which was shown previously to possess ACE-inhibitory activity,also exhibited a high radical-scavenging activity.These results would suggest that the combined antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory properties of egg white hydrolysates,or the corresponding peptides,would make a useful multifunctional preparation for the control of cardio-vascular diseases,in particular,hypertension.The antioxidant effects of ovalbumin were also found to be enhanced by glycosylation,via the covalent attachment of galactomannan, suggested to be a result of an increase in lipid affinity(19).

2.7.Protease Inhibition.Proteases play key roles in several physiological processes,including intracellular protein degrada-tion,bone remodeling,and antigen presentation,and their activities are increased in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer metastasis and inflammation.They are also required for invasion by microorganisms(85).Therefore,protease inhibitors represent an important class of compounds of therapeutic significance.Four protease inhibitors have been identified in egg white:cystatin,ovomucoid,ovomacroglobulin (also known as ovostatin),and ovoinhibitor(7).

Microbial proteases are involved in the mechanism of penetration of tissues by bacteria,in the proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins for virus replication,and in the facilitation of host invasion by parasites(86).Egg white cystatin,a type2 cystatin that inhibits most cysteine proteases,including ficin, papain,and cathepsins B,C,H,and L(3),has been shown to possess antimicrobial activity,preventing the growth of group A streptococcus(87),Salmonella typhimurium(88),and the periodontis-causing Porphyromonas gingi V alis(89,90). Ovomacroglobulin possesses broad-spectrum inhibitory activ-ity against various types of proteases,including serine proteases, cysteine proteases,thiol proteases,and metalloproteases(91, 92),and has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. marcescens and P.aeruginosa,both in vitro(92-95)and in vivo.It was found to reduce corneal destruction in an experi-mental keratitis model in rabbits and to accelerate wound healing (95-97).Ovomacroglobulin was also found to suppress P. aeruginosa and Vibrio V ulnificus septicemia due to the inhibition of kinin-generating proteases(98,99).

Both cystatin and ovoinhibitor,a serine protease inhibitor (100),have been found to prevent rotavirus infection in mice (101),and cystatin has been found to inhibit the action of poliovirus protease,effectively inhibiting virus replication in vitro(102,103).As well,cystatin was capable of greatly reducing parasite numbers in a mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis(104).

Several proteolytic enzymes,including cysteine proteases,are believed to play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis(105).Increased levels of cysteine proteases,and concomitant decreases in cystatin,have been observed in various cancers(106,107).Cystatins inhibited the tumor-associated activity of intracellular cysteine proteases and have been suggested as potential anticancer drugs(108).Cystatin inhibited tumor invasion in ras-transformed breast epithelial cells(109) and was found to reduce the activity of the key proteolytic enzymes responsible for the growth of gastric cancer in vitro (110).Multifunctional inhibitors,composed of chicken cystatin in conjunction with other protease inhibitors,have been sug-gested for the therapy of solid tumors(111-113).Similarly, ovomacroglobulin was found to suppress metalloproteases and vascular permeability in skin tissues,which play a role in tumor metastasis(114).

Ovomucoid,a serine protease inhibitor(115),has been shown to be particularly useful for the oral delivery of protein/peptide therapeutics,the application of which is often limited due to extensive proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (116).Because ovomucoid inhibits digestive enzymes,such as trypsin,R-chymotrypsin,and elastase,it has been found to improve the oral delivery of insulin(117-119)and has been examined for co-administration with calcitonin,a polypeptide associated with calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling, which is often used in the management of osteoporosis(116). In addition,ovomucoid has been used as a model for the design of therapeutic inhibitory peptides(120).

Proteolytic enzymes,in particular cysteine proteases,are involved in bone resorption,and egg white cystatin has been found to inhibit bone matrix degradation and calcium release, in vitro(121).Furthermore,proteases have also been implicated as contributors in several other important diseases,including viral diseases,such as HIV(122),and Alzheimer’s(123,124), suggesting an important role for egg white-derived protease inhibitors in human health.

2.8.Biospecific Ligand.Avidin has been used in cancer treatment,to localize and image cancer cells and to pretarget drugs to tumors.Because of its tight biotin binding and signal amplification due to the tetrameric structure,it leads to the accumulation of higher effective doses and increased persistence of biotinylated anticancer drugs,as compared to other immu-notherapeutic procedures(125).Tumor pretargeting with avidin has also been found to be effective in increasing the uptake of TNF R conjugated to biotin in vitro,improving the antitumor activity of TNF(126-128).Yao et al.(129)found that radiolabeled avidin also bound to lectins expressed on the surface of tumor cells and localized highly and rapidly in various types of tumors in mice,thereby reducing radioactivity ac-cumulation in other organs.The utilization of avidin for drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier has also been dem-onstrated,facilitating delivery of therapeutics to the brain(130). Ovomucoid has been found to promote the targeting of drugs to the blood,by acting as a biospecific ligand to lectins on the walls of the gastrointestinal tract(131).

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3.EGG YOLK

The major constituents of egg yolk are proteins and lipids, present mainly in the form of lipoproteins,and can be separated into a granule fraction and plasma fraction(4).The granules contain R-and -lipovitellins(high-density lipoproteins),phos-vitin,and low-density lipoproteins(132).The plasma can be divided into the low-density lipoprotein fraction and the water-soluble fraction,which contains livetins,which are lipid-free globular proteins,among themγ-livetin,also referred to as immunoglobulin Y(3).Egg yolk also contains minerals and carbohydrates,most of which are oligosaccharides bound to protein,as well as pigment(4).The biological activities of egg yolk components are summarized in Table3.

3.1.Antimicrobial activity.Although the egg white is the main line of defense against invading microorganisms,a number of egg yolk components have also demonstrated antimicrobial activity.One of the most extensively studied is immunoglobulin (Ig)Y,which has been reviewed in detail elsewhere(133-135).IgY is the functional equivalent of IgG,the major serum antibody in mammals(136).It is transferred from the hen to the developing embryo,to give acquired immunity to the chick (133,137).Specific IgY can be produced by immunization of chickens with the target antigen and then purified from the egg yolk(136,138).It has been suggested that the antibodies may exert a sort of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic organ-isms by binding,immobilizing,and consequently reducing or inhibiting their growth,replication,or colony-forming abilities (133).

IgY has been produced against a number of bacteria and viruses and has been shown to bind to and inhibit the infection and disease symptoms,in vitro and in vivo,of gastrointestinal pathogens such as human and bovine rotavirus,bovine coro-navirus,E.coli,Salmonella spp.,Yersinia ruckeri,Edwardsiella tarda,Helicobacter pylori,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,and infectious bursal disease virus,as well as S.aureus and P. aeruginosa(134).IgY against S.mutans has been shown to prevent adhesion of the bacteria in vitro and in vivo and to reduce dental caries development in an animal model(139-143).In human studies,orally administered anti-P.aeruginosa IgY was found to prevent P.aeruginosa colonization in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients,indicating its use as an alternative to antibiotic treatment(144,145),and the suppression of H.pylori infection in humans was observed following the consumption of a yogurt beverage fortified with IgY against H.pylori urease enzyme(146).

Brady et al.(147)found that egg yolk lipoproteins were also important for lipid-mediated antimicrobial activity.The authors reported that a water-soluble protein fraction of egg yolk was capable of inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus spp.and suggested that it was likely attributable to lipoproteins(LDL) present in the water-soluble fraction.They found that the antimicrobial activity increased upon treatment with digestive enzymes,indicating that the molecule may require degradation to release the maximal levels of the active component.It was also found that lipids and lipoproteins,as well as their component fatty acids,oleic and linoleic acid,when extracted from egg yolk,exerted antimicrobial effects against Strepto-coccus(6).

Finally,egg yolk phosvitin,an iron-binding phosphoprotein, has also demonstrated antibacterial activity against E.coli under thermal stress,causing disruption of cells and DNA leakage, suggested to be a result of the synergistic effect of its high metal-chelating ability and high surface activity(148,149).

3.2.Antiadhesive Properties.As previously mentioned, microbial infection is initiated by invasion of the epithelial layer of the gastrointestinal tract.Attachment is required for the microorganism to invade the intestine and to initiate infection. Blocking of this attachment in the gastrointestinal tract repre-sents a potential strategy for disease prevention and has recently become a target for prevention therapy(150).

Several studies have demonstrated that oligosaccharides in foods such as milk and eggs have an inhibitory effect on the binding of bacteria and viruses to host cells(151).The use of natural antimicrobials is a particularly attractive approach,due to the increasing prevalence of microorganisms resistant to,or untreatable by,traditional antibiotic therapy(48).

Koketsu et al.(152)examined the antiadhesive effect of egg yolk sialyloligosaccharides on viral infection.They found that the oligosaccharide-enriched fraction of egg yolk and the sialyloligosaccharide fraction inhibited rotavirus infection in vitro in a dose-dependent manner,suggesting that sialic acid plays an important role in the binding and inhibition of the virus. They also found that egg yolk sialyloligosaccharides signifi-cantly decreased the incidence of rotavirus diarrhea in vivo,in mice(152)and in rats(153).

More recently,the effects of egg yolk and its components on bacterial adhesion have also been studied.On the basis of the observations that milk-derived oligosaccharides were capable of preventing the binding of bacteria and toxins to intestinal cells,Sugita-Konishi et al.(154)examined the effects of egg yolk sialyloligosaccharides and their derivatives,asialo-yolk-derived sialyloligosaccharides and sialylglycopeptide,on the binding of Salmonella enteritidis and E.coli.These compounds inhibited the binding of both organisms to human intestinal cells in vitro and prevented Salmonella infection when orally administered to mice.The effect of the sialyloligosaccharides and their derivatives on macrophage activation was also examined,and the results suggested that these yolk compounds exerted their antibacterial action by preventing bacterial adhesion and entry through the intestine,rather than via immunomodu-latory effects(154).Similar results were observed using sialylglycopeptides from egg yolk,conjugated to nondigestive polysaccharides to increase retention time in the gut(151). Deignan et al.(150)examined the antiadhesive effects of egg yolk on S.typhimurium.They found that egg yolk from both immunized and nonimmunized hens similarly inhibited S. typhimurium binding to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and concluded that egg yolk may contain some antiadhesive factors beyond IgY,which could prevent bacterial adhesion.The authors went on to suggest that this could be due to nonspecific mechanical inhibition by the egg yolk or that some component

Table3.Biological Activities of Egg Yolk and Yolk Components

component biological activity refs

egg yolk antiadhesive150,155?157

immunoglobulin Y antimicrobial activity133?135,139?146

phosvitin antibacterial activity148,149

antioxidant activity162,163

enhancement of calcium

solubility

149,164,165

sialyloligosaccharides and

sialylglycopeptides

antiadhesive properties151?154

yolk lipids antioxidant activity158?160

lipoproteins antibacterial activity6,147

fatty acids antibacterial activity6

phospholipids role in brain development

and function

172?175,179

reduction of cholesterol levels170,172

cholesterol component of cell membranes166?168

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of the yolk might alter bacterial electrostatic charge or hydro-phobicity,reported to be important factors in the interaction of bacteria with host cells(150).

Nonimmunized egg yolk powder was also found to eliminate and prevent the intestinal colonization of S.enteritidis in vivo, in laying hens,when administered at a concentration of5%in normal feed(155),and eliminated or significantly reduced colonization of S.typhimurium,Campylobacter jejuni,and E. coli O157:H7,at concentrations of7.5and10%(156).Further-more,these pathogens were absent or significantly reduced in internal organs,indicating that the egg yolk supplement inhibited colonization and invasion.The low intrinsic concentrations of sialyloligosaccharide components in egg yolk may suggest that the observed effects were due to the presence of a yet unidenti-fied antiadhesive factor of egg yolk(155).Egg yolk proteins also significantly inhibited the ability of fluorescent S.mutans to adhere to hydroxylapatite,an in vitro model surface used to mimic adhesion of oral bacteria to saliva-coated surfaces(157).

3.3.Antioxidant Properties.The antioxidant effects of egg yolk lipids and phospholipids are well-known(158-160)and have been examined for the prevention of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation.Phosvitin has also been recognized as an egg yolk antioxidant component,acting as an antioxidant by chelating iron ions(161).Conjugation of phosvitin with galactomannan was found to significantly increase its antioxidant activity(162). Recently,phosvitin and its enzymatic digests were found to protect against iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation and to protect DNA against oxidative damage induced by Fe(II)and peroxide,suggesting that phosvitin may be useful for the prevention of iron-mediated oxidative stress-related diseases, such as colorectal cancer(163).

3.4.Nutrient Bioavailability.In general,phosvitin has been considered to have no real nutritional value,due to low iron bioavailability and resistance to proteolytic enzymes.However, phosvitin phosphopeptides,derived by tryptic hydrolysis fol-lowing partial alkaline dephosphorylation,have been found to enhance calcium-binding capacity and inhibit the formation of insoluble calcium phosphates(164,165).Furthermore,phosvitin peptides demonstrated better calcium-solubilizing activity than commercial casein phosphopeptides(149,164).

3.5.Health and Development.Dry egg yolk contains approximately60%lipids,of which around65%is triglyceride, 28%is phospholipid,and5%is cholesterol(3).Egg yolk lipids have been found to possess numerous nutritional and health benefits.

Cholesterol,an important component in cell membranes,is required for the growth of infants and is a precursor of bile acids,sex hormones,and cortex hormones(166).The supple-mentation of infant formulas with egg yolk lipids has been suggested to more closely resemble the mother’s milk,and it has been found that while providing essential nutrients,the yolk lipids did not result in an increase in plasma cholesterol, indicating that it could safely be included in the infant diet(167). The administration of an egg yolk-derived lipid mixture to elderly individuals,formulated for in vivo rectification of rigidified cell membranes,to restore proper physiological function,also resulted in an increase in lymphocyte responsive-ness(168).

Phospholipids are lipids that contain phosphate and have a glycerol-phosphate backbone.They make up～31%of the egg yolk lipids(166).Feeding infant formula containing egg phospholipids was found to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis,suggesting that one or more of the compounds of egg phospholipids may enhance the immature intestinal func-tions of infants(169).

Egg yolk phospholipids were also shown to decrease serum cholesterol levels in rats(170)and to reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol(171),and they have been found to improve memory retention and increase acetylcholine concen-trations,a neurotransmitter that decreases in concentration in cases of Alzheimer’s disease(172,173).One phospholipid in particular,phosphatidylcholine,is a significant source of choline, an important nutrient in brain development,liver function,and cancer prevention(174),and a diet including egg phosphati-dylcholine was found to enhance“maze-learning”ability and brain functions in old mice(175).

In recent years,the role of unsaturated fatty acids,in particular,omega-3fatty acids,in human health and develop-ment has come to light.The health benefits of omega-3fatty acids are significant and well documented,including prevention and treatment of hypertension,arthritis,and autoimmune disorders,as well as the inhibition of certain cancers,and are essential for fetal brain and visual development(176-178). Furthermore,they have been implicated in the prevention of some neuropsychiatric disorders,particularly depression,and in dementia,including Alzheimer’s disease(179).An effort to increase omega-3fatty acid intake has led to the development of omega-3fatty acid-enriched eggs,via the manipulation of the laying hens’diet(180).It was found that the consumption of four omega-3-enriched eggs per day for four weeks did not significantly increase plasma cholesterol and low-density lipo-protein,but rather decreased plasma triglycerides and blood platelet aggregation(181).

4.CONCLUSION

It is now well established that eggs contain numerous substances with potential and demonstrated therapeutic effects, beyond supplying basic nutritional requirements,with several of these already produced on an industrial scale for food or medical applications.It has also been demonstrated that the content of eggs can be manipulated,through various methods including diet or immunization,to target certain functionalities, leading to the concept of the hen as a bioreactor for the production of medically relevant substances.Continued research to identify new and existing biological functions of hen egg components will help to define new methods to further improve the value of eggs,as a source of numerous biologically active compounds with specific benefits for human and animal health, and secure their role in the therapy and prevention of chronic and infectious disease.

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Reviews J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.53,No.22,20058431

五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全.doc

五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全 囫囵吞枣；【解释】：囫囵：整个儿。把枣整个咽下去，不加咀嚼，不辨味道。比喻对事物不加分析考虑。【近义词】：不求甚解【反义词】融会贯穿[造句];学习不能囫囵吞枣而是要精益求精 不求甚解；bùqiúshènjiě【解释】：甚：专门，极。只求明白个大概，不求完全了解。常指学习或研究不认真、不深入【近义词】：囫囵吞枣【反义词】：精益求精 造句；1；在学习上，我们要理解透彻，不能不求甚解 2；学习科学文化知识要刻苦钻研，深入领会，不能粗枝大叶，不求甚解。 千篇一律；【解释】：一千篇文章都一个样。指文章公式化。也比喻办事按一个格式，专门机械。 【近义词】：千人一面、如出一辙【反义词】：千差万别、形形色色 造句；学生旳作文千篇一律，专门少能有篇与众不同旳，这确实是平常旳练习太少了。 倾盆大雨；qīngpéndàyǔ【解释】：雨大得象盆里旳水直往下倒。形容雨大势急。 【近义词】：大雨如柱、大雨滂沱【反义词】：细雨霏霏牛毛细雨 造句；3月旳天说变就变，瞬间下了一场倾盆大雨。今天下了一场倾盆大雨。 坚决果断；áobùyóuyù：意思；做事果断，专门快拿定了主意，一点都不迟疑，形容态度坚决 近义词；不假思索斩钉截铁反义词；犹豫不决 造句；1看到小朋友落水，司马光坚决果断地搬起石头砸缸。2我坚决果断旳承诺了她旳要求。 饥肠辘辘jīchánglùlù【近义词】：饥不择食【反义词】：丰衣足食 造句；1我放学回家已是饥肠辘辘。2那个饥肠辘辘旳小孩差不多两天没吃饭了 滚瓜烂熟gǔnguālànshóu〔shú)【解释】：象从瓜蔓上掉下来旳瓜那样熟。形容读书或背书流利纯熟。【近义词】：倒背如流【反义词】：半生半熟造句；1、这篇课文我们早已背得滚瓜烂熟了 流光溢彩【liúguāngyìcǎi】解释；光影，满溢旳色彩，形容色彩明媚 造句：国庆节，商场里装饰旳流光溢彩。 津津有味；jīnjīnyǒuwèi解释：兴趣浓厚旳模样。指吃得专门有味道或谈得专门有兴趣。 【近义词】：兴致勃勃有滋有味【反义词】：索然无味、枯燥无味 造句；1今天旳晚餐真丰富，小明吃得津津有味。 天长日久；tiānchángrìjiǔ【解释】：时刻长，生活久。【近义词】：天长地久【反义词】：稍纵即逝 造句：小缺点假如不立即改掉, 天长日久就会变成坏适应 如醉如痴rúzuìrúchī【解释】：形容神态失常，失去自制。【近义词】：如梦如醉【反义词】：恍然大悟造句；这么美妙旳音乐，我听得如醉如痴。 浮想联翩【fúxiǎngliánpiān解释】：浮想：飘浮不定旳想象；联翩：鸟飞旳模样，比喻连续不断。指许许多多旳想象不断涌现出来。【近义词】：思绪万千 造句；1他旳话让人浮想联翩。2:这幅画饱含诗情，使人浮想联翩，神游画外，得到美旳享受。 悲欢离合bēihuānlíhé解释；欢乐、离散、聚会。泛指生活中经历旳各种境遇和由此产生旳各种心情【近义词】：酸甜苦辣、喜怒哀乐【反义词】：平淡无奇 造句；1人一辈子即是悲欢离合,总要笑口常开,我们旳生活才阳光明媚. 牵肠挂肚qiānchángguàdù【解释】：牵：拉。形容十分惦念，放心不下 造句；儿行千里母担忧，母亲总是那个为你牵肠挂肚旳人 如饥似渴rújīsìkě：形容要求专门迫切，仿佛饿了急着要吃饭，渴了急着要喝水一样。 造句；我如饥似渴地一口气读完这篇文章。他对知识旳如饥似渴旳态度造就了他今天旳成功。 不言而喻bùyánéryù【解释】：喻：了解，明白。不用说话就能明白。形容道理专门明显。 【近义词】：显而易见【反义词】：扑朔迷离造句；1珍惜时刻，好好学习，那个道理是不言而喻旳 与众不同；yǔzhòngbùtóng【解释】：跟大伙不一样。 〖近义词〗别出心裁〖反义词〗平淡无奇。造句； 1从他与众不同旳解题思路中，看出他专门聪慧。2他是个与众不同旳小孩

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

悲惨的近义词反义词和造句

悲惨的近义词反义词和造句 导读：悲惨的近义词 悲凉(注释:悲哀凄凉：～激越的琴声。) 悲惨的反义词 幸福(注释:个人由于理想的实现或接近而引起的一种内心满足。追求幸福是人们的普遍愿望，但剥削阶级把个人幸福看得高于一切，并把个人幸福建立在被剥削阶级的痛苦之上。无产阶级则把争取广大人民的幸福和实现全人类的解放看作最大的幸福。认为幸福不仅包括物质生活，也包括精神生活;个人幸福依赖集体幸福，集体幸福高于个人幸福;幸福不仅在于享受，而主要在于劳动和创造。) 悲惨造句 1.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。 2.贝多芬的童年尽管如是悲惨，他对这个时代和消磨这时代的地方，永远保持着一种温柔而凄凉的回忆。 3.卖火柴的小女孩在大年夜里冻死了，那情景十分悲惨。 4.他相信，他们每个人背后都有一个悲惨的故事。 5.在那次悲惨的经历之后，我深信自己绝对不是那种可以离家很远的人。 6.在人生的海洋上，最痛快的事是独断独航，但最悲惨的却是回头无岸。 7.人生是艰苦的。对不甘于平庸凡俗的人那是一场无日无夜的斗

争，往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的，在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己，可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸，应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活，因为一场莫名其妙的疾病，或者一个意外的悲惨事件，都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期，我曾经有过那类的想法：去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时，这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧，但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服，而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸，应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱，没有爱，那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱，爱就像调味料，使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱，爱让生活永远充满光明。

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句 本文是关于知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句，感谢您的阅读！ 知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句知己 基本解释：顾名思义是了解、理解、赏识自己的人，如"知己知彼，百战不殆";更常指懂你自己的挚友或密友，它是一生难求的朋友，友情的最高境界。正所谓:"士为知己者死"。 1.谓了解、理解、赏识、懂自己。 2.彼此相知而情谊深切的人。 【知己近义词】 亲信，好友，密友，心腹，挚友，深交，相知，知交，知友，知心，知音，石友，老友，至友 【知己反义词】 仇人敌人陌路 【知己造句】 1、我们想要被人爱、想拥有知己、想历经欢乐、想要安全感。 2、朋友本应是我们的亲密知己和支持者，但对于大多数人来说，有一些朋友比起帮助我们，更多的却是阻碍。 3、那么，为什么你就认为，随着年龄的增长，比起女人来男人们的知己和丰富的人际关系更少，因此一般容易更孤独呢？ 4、他成了我的朋友、我的知己、我的顾问。 5、无论在我当州长还是总统的时候，布鲁斯都是我的密友、顾问和知己。他这样的朋友人人需要，也是所有总统必须拥有的。

6、波兰斯基有着一段声名卓著的电影生涯，也是几乎所有电影界重要人物们的挚友和同事，他们是知己，是亲密的伙伴。 7、搜索引擎变成了可以帮追我们的忏悔室，知己，信得过的朋友。 8、这样看来，奥巴马国家安全团队中最具影响力的当属盖茨了――但他却是共和党人，他不会就五角大楼以外问题发表看法或成为总统知己。 9、我们的关系在二十年前就已经和平的结束了，但在网上，我又一次成为了他精神层面上的评论家，拉拉队，以及红颜知己。 10、这位“知己”，作为拍摄者，站在距离电视屏幕几英尺的地方对比着自己年轻版的形象。 11、父亲与儿子相互被形容为对方的政治扩音筒、知己和后援。 12、这对夫妻几乎没有什么至交或知己依然在世，而他们在后纳粹时期的德国也不可能会说出实话的。 13、她把我当作知己，于是，我便将她和情人之间的争吵了解得一清二楚。 14、有一种友谊不低于爱情；关系不属于暖昧；倾诉一直推心置腹；结局总是难成眷属；这就是知己！ 15、把你的治疗师当做是可以分享一切心事的知己。 16、莉莉安对我敞开心胸，我成了她的知己。 17、据盖洛普民意调查显示，在那些自我认同的保守党人中，尽管布什仍维持72%支持率，但他在共和党领导层中似乎很少有几位知

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

小学语文反义词仿照的近义词反义词和造句

仿照的近义词反义词和造句 仿照的近义词 【仿制解释】：仿造：～品 【模仿解释】：个体自觉或不自觉地重复他人的行为的过程。是社会学习的重要形式之一。尤其在儿童方面，儿童的动作、语言、技能以及行为习惯、品质等的形成和发展都离不开模仿。可分为无意识模仿和有意识模仿、外部模仿和内部模仿等多种类型。 仿照的反义词 【独创解释】：独特的创造：～精神ㄧ～一格。 仿照造句 一、老师让我们仿照黑板上的图画一幅画。 二、仿照下面的句式，以“只有”开头，写一结构与之相似的复句。 三、仿照例句的句子，在下面两句的横线上补写相应的内容。 四、仿照例句，以“记忆”或“友情”开头，另写一句话。 五、仿照下面两个例句，用恰当的词语完成句子，要求前后语意关联。 六、仿照开头两句句式，通过联想，在后面两句横线上填上相应的词语。 七、仿照所给例句，用下面的词展开联想，给它一个精彩的解释。 八、仿照例句，以“你”开头，另写一个句子。 九、仿照下列句式，续写两个句子，使之与前文组成意义相关的.句子。 十、我们也仿照八股文章的笔法来一个“八股”,以毒攻毒,就叫做八大罪状吧。

十一、仿照例句，任选一种事物，写一个句子。 十二、仿照下面一句话的句式和修辞，以“时间”开头，接着写一个句子。 十三、仿照例句，以“热爱”开头，另写一句子。 十四、仿照下面的比喻形式，另写一组句子。要求选择新的本体和喻体，意思完整。 十五、根据语镜，仿照划线句子，接写两句，构成语意连贯的一段话。 十六、仿照下面句式，续写两个句式相同的比喻句。 十七、自选话题，仿照下面句子的形式和修辞，写一组排比句。 十八、仿照下面一句话的句式，仍以“人生”开头，接着写一句话。 十九、仿照例句的格式和修辞特点续写两个句子，使之与例句构成一组排比句。 二十、仿照例句，另写一个句子，要求能恰当地表达自己的愿望。 二十一、仿照下面一句话的句式，接着写一句话，使之与前面的内容、句式相对应，修辞方法相同。 二十二、仿照下面一句话的句式和修辞，以“思考”开头，接着写一个句子。 二十三、仿照下面例句，从ABCD四个英文字母中选取一个，以”青春”为话题，展开想象和联想，写一段运用了比喻修辞格、意蕴丰富的话，要求不少于30字。 二十四、仿照下面例句，另写一个句子。 二十五、仿照例句，另写一个句子。 二十六、下面是毕业前夕的班会上，数学老师为同学们写的一句赠言，请你仿照它的特点，以语文老师的身份为同学们也写一句。

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

暗示的近义词和反义词 [暗示的近义词反义词和造句]

暗示的近义词和反义词[暗示的近义词反义词和造句] 【暗示解释】：用含蓄、间接的方式使他人的心理、行为受到影响。下面小编就给大家整理暗示的近义词，反义词和造句，供大家学习参考。 暗示近义词 默示 示意 暗指 暗意暗示反义词 明说 表明 明言暗示造句 1. 他的顶级助手已经暗示那可能就在不久之后，但是避免设定具体的日期。 2. 一些观察家甚至暗示他可能会被送到了古拉格。 3. 要有积极的心理暗示，达成目标的好处不够充分，画面不够鲜明那它对你的吸引力就不够强烈，你就不易坚持下去! 4. 不要经常去试探男人，更不要以分手做为威胁，当你经常给他这种心理暗示，他的潜意识就会做好分手的打算。 5. 向读者暗示永远不必为主角担心，他们逢凶化吉，永远会吉人天相。 6. 约她一起运动，不要一下跳跃到游泳，可以从羽毛球网球开始，展示你的体魄和运动细胞，流汗的男人毫无疑问是最性感的，有意无意的裸露与靠近，向她暗示你的运动能力。 7. 正如在上一个示例所暗示的，只有在这些对象引用内存中同一个对象时，它们才是相同的。 8. 渥太华此时打出中国牌，巧妙地对美国这种行为作出警告，暗示美国如果长期这样下去的话，美国将自食其果。 9. 团长用震撼人心的嗓音喊道，这声音对他暗示欢乐，对兵团暗示森严，对前来校阅阅兵的首长暗示迎迓之意。 10. 渥太华此时打出中国牌，巧妙地对美国这种行为作出警告，暗示美国如果长期这样下去的话，美国将自食其恶果。 11. 我们需要邀请用户，为他们描述服务产品有多少好，给他们解释为什么他们需要填那些表单并且暗示他们会因此得到利益的回报。 12. 她对暗示她在说谎的言论嗤之以鼻。 14. 在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。 15. 戴维既然问将军是否看见天花板上的钉子，这就暗示着他自己已看见了，当将军做了肯定的答复后，他又说自己看不见，这显然是自相矛盾。 16. 自我暗示在我们的生活中扮演着重要角色。如果我们不加以觉察，通常它会与我们作对。相反地，如果你运用它，它的力量就可以任你使唤。 17. 纳什建议太阳招兵买马，暗示去留取决阵容实力。 18. 同时，还暗示了菊既不同流俗，就只能在此清幽高洁而又迷漾暗淡之境中任芳姿憔悴。 19. 学习哲学的最佳途径就是将它当成一个侦探故事来处理：跟踪它的每一点蛛丝马迹每一条线索与暗示，以便查出谁是真凶，谁是英雄。 20. 不要经常去试探你的伴侣，更不要以分手做为威胁，试探本身就是一种不信任，当

放弃的近义词反义词和造句

放弃的近义词反义词和造句 下面就给大家整理放弃的近义词，反义词和造句，供大家学习参考。 放弃的近义词【废弃解释】：抛弃不用：把～的土地变成良田ㄧ旧的规章制度要一概～。 【丢弃解释】：扔掉;抛弃：虽是旧衣服，他也舍不得～。 放弃的反义词【保存解释】：使事物、性质、意义、作风等继续存在，不受损失或不发生变化：～古迹ㄧ～实力ㄧ～自己，消灭敌人。 放弃造句(1) 运动员要一分一分地拼，不能放弃任何一次取胜的机会。 (2) 我们不要放弃每一个成功的机会。 (3) 敌军招架不住，只好放弃阵地，狼狈而逃。 (4) 为了农村的教育事业，姐姐主动放弃了调回城市的机会。 (5) 都快爬到山顶了，你却要放弃，岂不功亏一篑?(6) 纵使遇到再大的困难，我们也要勇往直前，不轻言放弃。 (7) 逆境中的他始终没有放弃努力,仍满怀信心,期待着峰回路转的那一天。 (8) 听了同学的规劝,他如梦初醒,放弃了离家出走的想法。 (9) 因寡不敌众,我军放弃了阵地。 (10) 要日本帝国主义放弃侵华野心,无异于与虎谋皮。 (11) 永不言弃固然好，但有时放弃却也很美。

(12) 他这种放弃原则、瓦鸡陶犬的行径已经被揭露出来了。 (13) 适当放弃，做出斩钉截铁的决定，才能成为人生的赢家。 (14) 他委曲求全地放弃自己的主张，采纳了对方的意见。 (17) 我们要有愚公移山一样的斗志，坚持不懈，永远不放弃，去登上梦想的彼岸!(18) 只要有希望，就不能放弃。 (19) 为了大局着想，你应该委曲求全地放弃自己的看法。 (20) 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 (21) 即使没有人相信你，也不要放弃希望。 (22) 无论通往成功的路途有多艰辛，我都不会放弃。 (23) 在困难面前，你是选择坚持，还是选择放弃?(24) 无论前路多么的漫长，过程多么的艰辛，我都不会放弃并坚定地走下去。 (25) 你不要因为这点小事就英雄气短,放弃出国深造的机会。 (26) 像他这样野心勃勃的政客，怎么可能放弃追求权力呢?(27) 鲁迅有感于中国人民愚昧和麻木,很需要做发聋振聩的启蒙工作,于是他放弃学医,改用笔来战斗。 (28) 我们对真理的追求应该坚持不懈，锲而不舍，绝不能随便放弃自己的理想。 (29) 感情之事不比其他，像你这样期盼东食西宿，几个男友都捨不得放弃，最后必定落得一场空。 (30) 爷爷临终前的话刻骨铭心，一直激励着我努力学习，无论是遇到多大的困难险阻，我都不曾放弃。

way 的用法

way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

体面的近义词-反义词及造句

体面的近义词|反义词及造句 我们还必须迅速采取行动，为实现社会包容和人人体面工作营造有利的环境。下面是小编精选整理的体面的近义词|反义词及造句，供您参考，欢迎大家阅读。 体面的近义词： 面子、合适、美观、颜面、场合、场面、排场、得体、好看、局面 体面的反义词： 难听、寒碜、邋遢、寒酸、难看 体面造句 1、我认为，帖在墙面上的证书，并不能使你成为一个体面的人。 2、他是那里唯一的看上去很体面的人;我认为他从来没有这样好看过。 3、所有的美国人都是好的，体面的人们每天都在践行着他们的责任。 4、美国人民慷慨、强大、体面，这并非因为我们信任我们自己，而是因为我们拥有超越我们自己的信念。 5、工人就是工人，无论他们来自哪里，他们都应该受到尊重和尊敬，至少因为他们从事正当的工作而获得体面的工资。 6、然而反之有些孩子可能就是多少有些体面的父母的不良种子这一概念却令人难以接受。

7、如果奥巴马能够成就此功，并且帮助一个体面的伊拉克落稳脚跟，奥巴马和民主党不仅是结束了伊拉克战争，而是积极从战争中挽救。 8、而且，等到年纪大了退休时，他们希望能得到尊重和体面的对待。 9、爸爸，您倒对这件事处理得很体面，而我想那可能是我一生中最糟糕的一个夜晚吧。 10、有一些积极的东西，低于预期的就业损失索赔和零售销售是体面的。 11、如果你努力工作，你就能有获得一份终生工作的机会，有着体面的薪水，良好的福利，偶尔还能得到晋升。 12、体面的和生产性的工作是消除贫困和建立自给自足最有效的方法之一。 13、同时，他是一个仁慈、温和、体面的人，一个充满爱的丈夫和父亲，一个忠实的朋友。 14、几周前我们刚讨论过平板电脑是如何作为一个体面且多产的电子设备，即使它没有完整的键盘，在进行输入时会稍慢些。 15、什么才是生活体面的标准? 16、我们还必须迅速采取行动，为实现社会包容和人人体面工作营造有利的环境。 17、她告诉我人们都担心是不是必须把孩子送到国外去学习，才能保证孩子们长大后至少能过上体面正派的生活。

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

近义词反义词大全有关聆听的反义词近义词和造句

近义词反义词大全有关聆听的反义词近义词和造句 【聆听解释】：1.汉扬雄《法言.五百》:"聆听前世﹐清视在下﹐鉴莫近于斯矣。"后多用于书面语﹐常指仔细注意地听。下面就给大家聆听的反义词，近义词和造句，供大家学习参考。 嘱咐 [注释]1.叮嘱，吩咐 倾听 [注释]1.侧着头听。 2.细听;认真地听 凝听 [注释]1.聚精会神地听 谛听 [注释]注意地听;仔细听：侧耳谛听 细听 [注释]… 1. 学校应充分利用社会的各种，调动一切可以调动的力量，应尽一切可能请进名师专家，让教师和学生有较多的机会聆听大师的声音、与大师对话。这多少会机器他们向往大师、成为大师的冲动，多少会使他们觉得大师就在身边，大师并不遥远。 2. 今天妈妈带我来到了这个美丽的大安森林公园玩，这儿有漂亮的花儿和绿油油的树，草，看起来像一个我好想好想要的花园。树

上有小鸟儿在唱歌，有蝉声在帮忙和弦，树下有小朋友再安静仔细聆听著这最自然的交响曲。 3. 静静聆听那滴滴答答的声音，不知在为谁倾诉?她在偶尔低语，偶尔高唱，偶尔呻吟，偶尔叹息，生动灵活，充满了立体与层次之美，在心灵中轻轻一吻，便触发了思绪，这思绪时而短暂，时而绵长，时而深沉，时而悠远…… 4. 九月的手掌拂去小溪夏日的狂躁，用心聆听着秋日的私语，温顺地弹唱着九月醉人的秋歌，惹得天空湛蓝高远，碧空如洗。 5. 我光着脚丫，踩着海水，注视着波光粼粼的海面，听着哗哗的响声，那声音好像高超演奏家的激越的钢琴曲，又像歌唱家的雄浑的进行曲，那声音使胸膛激荡，热血奔涌，啊，我多么愿意聆听大海老人的谆谆教诲啊! 6. 雪花飘飘，寒风阵阵，我细细地聆听着寒风谱写成的有声有色的乐谱，为雪花的舞步增添一些光彩。寒风真像一位默默为雪花服务的人。过了一会儿，又为雪花写了一篇朗朗上口的诗歌，一会儿又为她热烈地鼓起了清脆的掌声。

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

终于的近义词,反义词及造句

终于的近义词，反义词及造句 …终究[注释]副词。 总：总归;毕竟;最终：我们只要把事情办好，人们终究会相信我们的|腐朽的东西终究要灭…到底[注释]1.直到尽头。 2.始终;从头到尾。 3.毕竟;究竟。 …结果[注释]结果1在一定阶段，事物发展所达到的最后状态：优良的成绩，是长期刻苦学习的～ㄧ经过一番争论…终归[注释]1.传说中神兽名。 2.终究;毕竟。 …究竟终于的反义词：起初、最初、原来、依旧、起先终于的造句：(1) 盼望了一个冬天的雪花，下午终于飘飘洒洒满天飞舞般降落。 同事们也如孩子般奔向办公室的走廊，欣喜地用手去接冰凉的小雪花再用盆子收拢些飘舞的小雪花。 隔窗望去，天地之间因突然多了这白色的小精灵而愈发显得美丽。 (2) 快乐的暑假终于到了，我可以开开心心痛痛快快地玩一顿了!当然，在这之前，我也会好好安排一下我的暑假生活，使我过个既快乐又充实的暑假，我快乐的暑假生活。 (3) 坚韧，让沙石煎熬住大海的蹂躏，终于化作璀璨的珍珠;坚韧，让天空忍受住雨水倾盆的阴霾，终于看见那一道彩虹;坚韧，让泉水忘记流进山谷崎岖的历程，终于汇入蔚蓝无垠的大海。

它的叶子正面是身绿色的，反面是浅绿的，经脉上还有一些毛绒绒的小细毛。 又过了几天，含羞草的花蕾也长出来了，圆溜溜的，紫红色，还有着一些像针一样的东西，非常美丽。 (5) 漫长而炎热的夏天终于过去了，凉爽怡人的秋天来到了。 (6) 随着天空被点燃，太阳也终于露出脸来，它没有害羞，而是大大方方地把它独特的热情展示给我们，毫不吝惜地奖光芒撒向大地。 (7) 大约过了二十分钟，太阳终于挣脱了大地妈妈的怀抱，在崇山俊岭之间冉冉升起，真像个大红球，又像气得涨红了脸。 (8) 半个月的低烧，终于有了好转，高烧了……(9) 夏天的雨后，太阳冲出乌云的包围，终于露出了整张脸，此时阳光直直的，却不呆板、单调，它们穿梭在树枝之间，织成一道道金色的丝，将鱼后的水珠串成一串金黄的珍珠。 夏天少有的凉意伴着美丽的阳光，令人沁透心脾。 (10) 终于到达了果园。 我们忽然发现，果园里还种了一些菊花。 这些菊花有红的蓝的黄的白的……它们颜色不同，姿态也不同：菊花们有的含苞欲放，有的开了一半，有的已经绽开了笑脸……千姿百态，十分美丽。 (11) 发改委终于超越了统计局，说北京人均绿地是巴黎两倍。 最牛回复：“是算上了开心农场吧?。

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的