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高中英语语法必会内容

高中英语语法必会内容
高中英语语法必会内容

高中英语语法必会内容

名词

专有名词与普通名词:

总的说来,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人,事物,地点等专有的名称,如:Gina, China。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。

可数不可数

名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。

可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:an apple two apples a bag some bags

不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般无复数形式,如:broccoli

还有一些词既可以充当可数名词,也可以充当不可数名词,如:ice cream, salad, chicken

名词的单数与复数

可数名词有单数(Singular Form)和复数(Plural Form)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form of Nouns)的部分规则如下:

2.表示民族的名词,有的在词尾加-s,如three Americans; 有的单,复数形式相同:four Chinese

名词的所有格

在英语中,有些名词可以加’S来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。例如:a teacher’s book。下面我们来看一下名词所有格的构成及用法。

1 名词所有格的构成法

The children’s house is near Tom’s.这些孩子的家靠近汤姆的家。

1.名词+’s

a. 单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加’s。

the boy’s bag男孩的书包Mike’s knife迈克的刀子

the Children’s Palace少年宫men’s room男厕所

b.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s。如表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加’s。如:

This is Tom and Jason’s room.这是汤姆和杰森共有的房间。

These are Tom’s and Jason’s rooms.这些是汤姆和杰森各自的房间。

注意:

在某些句子里,名词所有格修饰的词,往往可以省略。

Jo hn s bike is better than Mike’s. 约翰的自行车比迈克的好。

c.若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’

the workers’ struggle工人的斗争the teachers’ reading-room 教员阅览室

注意

名词所有格词尾’s的读音与名词复数词尾-s的读音相同。

2.名词+of +名词

名词是有生命的,我们用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系。

the windows of the house 房间的窗户 the title of the song 歌的题目the picture of the family 家庭照片

注意

a.在表示名词所有格时,’s结构可以转换成of结构。

the girl’s name→the name of the girl女孩的名字

my father’s friend→the friend of my father’s我父亲的朋友

b.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格。

Beijing’s street北京的街道today’s newspaper今天的报纸

ten minutes’ walk十分钟的路程

代词

人称代词

人称代词(Personal Pronouns)

人称代词表示"我(们)"、"你(们)" 、"他/她/它(们)"。指代人/物。

区分:①单/复数②主格(主语形式)/宾格(宾语形式)

人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

He is my friend.他是我的朋友。It’s me.是我。

My dog likes him.我的狗喜欢他。

1.作主语(用主格)

I like table tennis.我喜欢打乒乓球。He is a student.他是个学生。

2.作表语(用主格,口语中常用宾格)

Who is there?It’s me(I). 是谁啊?是我。

3.作宾语(用宾格)

Do you know him?你认识他吗? Come with me. 跟我来。

注意

△I(我)无论放在句首、句中或句尾,都要大写。

▲特殊用法的人称代词

It will rain tomorrow. 明天会下雨。

They speak English in the country.在那个国家,人们说英语。

1.It的特殊用法

一般情况下,it表示人以外的动物和东西,是单数名词的代词,译为“它”。Where is your car?It is over there.你的小汽车在哪儿?(它)在那边。但在表示天气、时间、距离等时,用it来代替,此时的it,并不译为“它”。

①指天气

It was raining this morning.今天上午一直在下雨来着。

②指气候

It’s(It is)cold in this room.这个房间很冷。

③指时间

What time is it?It’s six thirty.几点了?六点半了。

④指距离

How far is it from here to the park?从这儿到公园有多远?

It’s about two miles.大约是二英里。

人称的习惯顺序

如果有几个不同的人称同时作主语,且用and,or连接时,习惯顺序是:

单数:you,he,and I

复数:we,you,and they

但是,如果是做错事,承担责任时,有时,说话的人把I(我)放在第一位。Who broke the Window?谁打碎了玻璃?

I and Li Ming. 我和李明.

2.we,you,they的特殊用法

we,you,they有时并非指特定的人,译时不必译出“我们”、“你们”、“他们”。

We had a heavy rain last week. 上周下了场大雨。

You don’t see many foreigners here.这儿,人们见不到许多外国人。They speak English in Canada. 在加拿大,人们说英语。

物主代词

物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)

物主代词是“我(们)的,你(们)的,他/她/它(们)的”,表所有/所属关系。区分:①单数/复数②形容词性物主代词/名词性物主代词

形容词性物主代词:象形容词一样放在名词前

名词性物主代词:象名词一样不能放于名词前

表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名

物主代词的用法

This is my father. 这是我父亲。

Is that bike yours?Yes,it’s mine.那辆自行车是你的吗?是的,那是我的。

1.形容词性物主代词是形容词作用

在句中只能作定语,换句话说,形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。

I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。

2.名词性物主代词可作主语

Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。

3.名词性物主代词可作表语

Whose bike is this?It’s hers.(=her bike)这是谁的自行车?是她的。

Is that car yours?Yes,it’s mine.那辆车是你的吗?是的,它是我的。

4.名词性物主代词可作宾语

Let’s clean their room first and ours(=our room)later.

咱们先打扫他们的房间,然后再打扫我们的。

I have lost my dictionary. Please lend me yours.

我的字典丢了,请把你的借我好吗?

a friend of mine 的用法

句型:

a(an,this,that,some,no)等+名词+of+名词性所有格。按此句型“我的朋友之一”应译为a friend(名词)of mine(名词性所有格)。

A friend of ours is coming soon.我们的一个朋友马上就来。

That watch of hers is beautiful.她的表很漂亮。(暗示她有许多表)

This is no fault of yours.这不是你的错。

注意:

冠词a(an,the)和this,that,some等词后不能加所有格。

指示代词

指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。

例如:That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。

反身代词

有些动词需有反身代词

cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, help oneself to sth.

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。

Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。

I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。

注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。 Please sit down. 请坐。

3)作表语;同位语

be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。4)在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:

No one but myself (me) is hurt.

注意:

a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错) Myself drove the car.

(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。

b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。

Charles and myself saw it.

5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。

You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。

冠词

冠词是置于名词之前,对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。

1.冠词的分类

冠词分为不定冠词"a,an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种,零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。

2.不定冠词的用法

不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音开头的词前,"an"用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据读音而不是根据字母。

(1.) 用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示"一"

There is a tiger in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。

(2.) 表示一类人和东西

A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性。

(3.) 表示"某一个"的意思

A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你。

(4.) 表示"同一"的意思

They are nearly of an age. 他们几乎同岁。

The two shirts are much of a size. 这两件衬衫大小差不多。

(5.) 表示"每一"的意思

We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次。

(6.) 用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、职业

My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。

(7.) 第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明是哪一个

Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter. 很久很久以前,有一个年老的国王,他有一个非常美丽的女儿。

(8.) 在such a,quite a句式中

He is quite a good actor. 他是一个相当好的演员。

Don't be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。

3.定冠词的用法

(1.) 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物

This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。(2.) 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物

Open the door, please. 请把门打开。

(3.) 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”,以后再次提到用“the”)

Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.

从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。

(4.) 用在序数词和形容词最高级前

January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。

Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。

(5.) 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物

the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮the earth 地球the sky 天空

the world 世界

(6.) 指由普通名词构成的专有名词

the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城

the United States 美国 the United Nations 联合国

(7.) 表示方向、方位

in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方

in the front 在前面 at the back 在后面

in the bottom 在底部 at the top 在顶部

on the right 在右边 on the left 在左边

(8.) 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Huanghe River 黄河

the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡

(9.) 在姓氏复数前,表示一家人

The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。

(10.) 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物

the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the sick 病人 the wounded 伤员

the good 好人 the beautiful 美丽的事物

(11.) 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前

the working class 工人阶级 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党(12.) 在the more, the more比较级的句式中

The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。

(13.) 表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加the

play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴

(14.) 某些固定的表达法

in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午

in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影

go to the theatre 去看戏 all the year round 一年到头

on the way to 前往...去的路上

(15.) the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物

The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。

注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法

A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.

4.零冠词的用法

(1.) 专有名词前一般不加冠词

China 中国 Europe 欧洲 Lei Feng 雷锋

William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚

(2.) 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词

January 一月份 Sunday 星期日

Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksgiving 感恩节

National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节

比较: ...on a Sunday morning. 在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。)

(3.) 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词

I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。

Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。

比较: I had a big lunch yesterday.

昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个)

The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.

史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。(表示特指)

比较: I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.

我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。(表示特指)

(4.) 进行球类运动

play basketball 打篮球 play volleyball 打排球

play football 踢足球

(5.) 没有特指的物质名词

This cart is made of wood. 这辆手推车是用木头作的。

比较: The wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。(表示特指)(6.) 没有特指的不可数抽象名词

Time is precious. 时间是宝贵的。

比较: The time of the play was 1990s.

这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。(表示特指)

(7.) 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。

I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。

(8.) 山峰

Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰

(9.) 固定词组

go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉

go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去

at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院

at school 求学 in school 求学

at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上

at midnight 在半夜 in town 在城里

数词

1.数词的定义

数词是用来表示事物的数目和顺序的词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示"多少"的词叫做基数词。表示"第几"的词叫做序数词。

2.基数词

表示"多少",即表示数目大小的词叫做基数词。

首先要掌握以下四种基本的基数词,学会这四种基本的基数词就可以组成各种各样的数字。

基本的基数词,用以下的基数词可以构成各种各样的数字。

① 1~12

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve

② 13~19

13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen

17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen

③ 20~90

20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty

60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety

④100~1亿万

100 a hundred 1, 000 a thousand 1, 000, 000 a million

⑤ 21~99的表示法

先说"几十",再说"几",中间要加连字符"-"。

21:twenty-one 98:ninety-eight

⑥101~999的表示法

先说"几百",后加"and",再加"末两位数",或"末位数"。

101:one hundred and one 310:three hundred and ten

524:five hundred and twenty-four

注意:这里的hundred不能加复数后缀"s"。

⑦1000以上数的表示法

从个位数算起,每三位加一个分节号"," 。第一个","前为thousand;第二个分节号","前为million;第三个分节号","前为billion。

注意:这里的thousand, million, billion的后面不能加复数后缀"s"。

3,004:three thousand and four

8,975:eight thousand, nine hundred and seventy-five

254,400:two hundred and fifty-four thousand and four hundred

5,540,000:five million, five hundred and forty thousand

1,200,000,000:one billion and two hundred million

30,000,000,000:thirty billion

用英语表达时,分节号的地方可以仍用","表示,也可用"and"表示。

3.序数词的定义: 表示"第几"的数词叫做序数词。

(1)序数词的表达法

first 1st 第一 second 2nd 第二 third 3rd 第三 fourth 4th 第四

fifth 5th 第五 sixth 6th 第六 seventh 7th 第七 eighth 8th 第八

ninth 9th 第九 tenth 10th 第十 eleventh 11th 第十一

twelfth 12th 第十二 thirteenth 13th 第十三 nineteenth 19th 第十九twentieth 20th 第二十 thirtieth 30th 第三十 fortieth 40th 第四十

fifty-first 51st 第五十一 sixty-second 62nd 第六十二

seventy-third 73rd 第七十三 eighty-forth 84th 第八十四

ninety-fifth 95th 第九十五

(2)序数词拼写的要点

①英语序数词1~19中,第一,第二,第三是特殊形式,其余都是在基数词的后面加上"-th"。

②有几个序数词加"-th"时的拼法不规则,它们是:fifth, eight, ninth, twelfth。

③十位数整数的序数词的构成方法是:将整数基数词的词尾"-ty"中的"y"改写成"i",然后加"-eth"。

④基数词"几十几"改成序数词的时候,只要把个位数改成序数词,十位数不变。如twenty-one变成twenty-first。

⑤序数词的缩写形式,在阿拉伯数字的后面加上序数词的最后两个字母。

如:1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, ...41st, 52nd, 63rd, 74th 。(3)序数词的特殊用法

序数词前用不定冠词表示"又一"。

You need a second pair of shoes. 你还需要一双鞋子。

We'll have to do it a second time. 我们得重做一遍。

Shall I ask him a third time? (我已问了他两次)还要问一次吗?

4.数词和编号问题

(1) 数字较小的时候,可以用基数词表示也可用序数词表示,如:

the second part = part two 第二部分

the third exercise = 第三个练习

(2) 数字较大的时候,用基数词比较简约,如:

Room 501 第501号房间

Page 1205 第1205面

5.年月日的表达

(1.) 年份

1949 nineteen forty-nine 1918 nineteen eighteen

1806 eighteen six/ eighteen o six

1990s/ 1990’s nineteen nineties

(2.) 日期

May 1(st) May (the) first/ the first of May

March 8(th) March (the) eighth/ the eighth of March

6.时刻的表达

(1) 整点的表达

08:00 eight o’clock/ eight

(2) 分钟不超过30分的表达

08:15 a quarter past nine(英) a quarter after nine(美)

eight fifteen

10:12 twelve past ten; twelve after ten; ten twelve

(3) 分钟为30分的表达

06:30 half past six; half after six; six thirty

(4) 分钟超过30分的表达

09:50 ten to ten; nine fifty

10:45 a quarter to eleven; ten forty-five

量词

量词原来是表示不定数量的,但若加一个数词,就可以表示固定数量。固定量词采取“数词+可数名词+of”这种形式,是一种形容词短语,可用在不可数名词前面。在下面的句子中,two bottles of修饰后面的名词water,drunk的宾语是water:

I have drunk two bottles of water.

He carried a basket of rice.

He ate three loaves of bread,and still felt hungry.

a grain of corn,rice,sand ,salt

a head of cabbage

a roll of paper,film,cloth

a sheet of paper

a shower of rain

a bit of news,advice

这种短语包含一个容器的名称,可用作数词,也可用作量词:

He has sold a hundred cartons of stockings.

He finished five glasses of beer and a bottle of whiskey.

He brought a tube of shaving cream and a sack of potatoes.

Have a cup of tea.

He gave me five tins(or cans) of tomato juice.

I want two bags(or bagfuls)of flour,and a case of or-anges.

He ate only a mouthful of food.

Only a spoonful of the soup remains.

Three cartloads of wood have been sent

动词

1动词的定义

动词是表示动作、状态等的词。如:

run 跑 push 推 have 有 be 是

2动词的分类

①从其含义来分,动词可分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词乏义动词。如:

实义动词,go 去 play 玩

连系动词,be 是 become 成为

情态动词,can 能 must 必须

助动词,do(无词义,用于构成疑问句等) have(无词义,用于构成时态)<><><>

②根据动词本身能不能接宾语,动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。

不及物动词本身意义完整,后面不需要接宾语。

例如:

The rain stopped. 雨停了。

What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么?

注意:不及物动词没有被动语态。

及物动词后面必须接宾语的动词叫做及物动词。有的动词必须接一个宾语,有的必须接两个宾语。

单宾语

He's reading a magazine. 他正在读一本杂志。

双宾语

Mr. Zhang teaches us English. 张老师教我们英语。

复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语

We often hear him sing in the park. 我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。

③根据动作发生过程的长短,实义动词还可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。延续性动词又称持续性动词,它所表示的是一种持续的动作。

这类动词有:

learn 学 work 工作 stand 站立

lie 位于 walk 步行 have 有

wait 等待 smoke 吸烟 watch 观看

sing 唱歌 read 读书 sleep 睡觉

live 居住 study 学习 run 跑

非延续性动词这类动词表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生后立即结束。

这类动词有:

close 关 die 死 arrive 到达

post 邮寄 come 来 fall 落下

leave 离开 go 去 break 打破

lose 丢失 give 给 join 加入

receive 接收 buy 买 borrow 借

become 成为 start 开始 happen 发生

begin 开始 finish 结束 marry 娶、嫁

④根据动词在句中当谓语与否,动词还可以分为限定动词和非限定动词。

限定动词非限定动词

情态动词

1. 情态动词有一定的词义,但词义不完全,须同动词原形连用。

情态动词没有人称和数的变化。

疑问句直接把情态动词提前,否定句在情态动词后面加not。

常见的情态动词有:

can 能 may 可以

need 需要 dare 敢

must 必须 have to 不得不

will,would (表意愿)

shall,should(表义务)

(have to 虽属于情态动词。但它有人称、数的变化,它的疑问句否定句

的构成也和其他情态动词有所不同。

2. can 的用法

一.表能力,有“能”、“会”、“能够”的意思。

例如:

Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗?

Yes, I can. 我会。 No, I can't. 我不会。

二.表允许,在口语中代替 may,有“可以”的意思。

例如:

Can I use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗?

三.表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。

例如:

Can it be true? 那会是真的吗?

Today is Sunday. He can't be at school.

今天是星期天。他不可能在学校里。

四.can 和 be able to 的比较

(1.)can 只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态,其他时态要用be able to 的形式。

例如:

I haven't been able to get in touch with her. 我一直没能和她联系上。

(2.)通常can 和 be able to 可以互换

He will come if he can.

He will come if he is able to. 如果可能的话,他一定会来。

I couldn't understand him. I wasn't able to understand him.

我不明白他的意思。

He said he could come and see me the next week.

He said he was able to come and see me the next week.

他说下周他能来看我。

3. may 的用法

一.表示许可或征求对方的许可,有“可以”的意思。

You may go now. 你可以走了。

May I use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗?

二.回答以may开头的疑问句有如下表达法:

May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?

Yes, you may. / Yes, please.请抽吧。

No, you can't./ No, you mustn't. /No, you'd better not. 请不要抽烟三.表示猜测,通常只用于陈述句

You may be right. 你可能是对的。

四.在口语中can可以代替may表示许可,但can较随便,may更正式。

Can I use your bike, John? 约翰,我可以用一下你的自行车吗?

May I have a look at your license please, sir?

先生,我可以看一下你的执照吗?

4. must 的用法

一.表义务,“必须”。

例如:

You must talk to them about their study.

你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。

二.在否定结构中表不许。

例如:

You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。

三.表坚定的建议。

例如:

You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.

一到上海你得马上来看我们。

四.表推测,暗含有很大的可能性。

例如:

He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。

注意:

may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。

否定的猜测用can't

The baby can't be ill. He is so active.

那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。

五.关于must的简短回答:

Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?

Yes, you must. 是的。

No, you needn't. 不必马上打扫。

No, you don't have to.

5. have to的用法

一.have to表客观的需要和义务,must表主观认识。

例如:

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.

我没搭上火车,所以我只得打的。

二.在疑问句和否定句中,have to多用助动词do构成,must则直接提前或加not。

例如:

Did he have to do it? 他得做那件事吗?

He didn't have to do it. 他不需要做那件事。

三.在否定句中,have to表不需要,must表不允许。

例如:

You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。

You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。

四.虽然must可以用在过去时态中,但是have to更能直截了当的表达过去时间概念。

例如:

She must see Hubert that very night.

她必须就在那个晚上见到休伯特的面。

I had to leave at six yesterday. 我得在昨天6点离开。

6. need 的用法

need既可用作情态动词,又可用作实义动词。

作情态动词时,没有数和人称的变化,后接动词原形。

作实义动词时,有数的变化和人称的变化,后接带to的不定式。

一.用于否定句,表“不必”

例如:

You needn't worry. 你不必担心。

I don't think you need worry. 我想你不必担心。

二.用于疑问句,表“需要吗”

例如:

Need you go? 你得去吗?

No, I needn't. 不必。 Yes, I must. 是的,我必须去。

三.need用作实义动词时,要注意始终以实义动词的标准贯彻到底。如:(正确)Do you need to go there? (错误)Do you need go there?

7. will和would的用法

一.will是助动词或是情态动词?

will,用于构成将来时是助动词。用于表示“意志”“决心”“请求”是情态动词。would亦同理。

例如:

He'll be here this afternoon. 今天下午他会来这儿。(助动词)

Will you tell her that I'm here?

请您告诉她说我在这儿,好吗?(情态动词)

二.用于各种人称,表示“意志”“决心”“允诺”。

例如:

I will try. 我愿一试。

三.在疑问句中用于第二人称,提出请求或询问。

例如:

If you want help - let me know, will you?

如果你需要帮助,让我知道,好吗?

Will you type this, please? 请打印这个,好吗?

Won't you sit down? 请坐下,好吗?

四.would比will客气委婉。

例如:

Would you help us, please? 请您帮助我们,好吗?(表请求)

I'd go there with you. 我要和你一块到那儿去。(表意愿)

Dad wouldn't allow it. 爸爸不会允许这件事。(表许可)

8. shall和should的用法

一.shall用于构成将来时是助动词。

shall用于征求对方的意见,表示“决心”是情态动词。

例如:

Perhaps I shall pay a visit to England this winter.

可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。(构成一般将来时,助动词)

Shall I turn on the light, Mom?

妈妈,我把灯打开好吗?(用于征求对方的意见,情态动词)

I shall be there. 我会到那儿去的。(表“决心”,情态动词)

二.should用于构成将来时是助动词。

should用于表示“应当”“猜测”是情态动词。

例如:

We thought we should never see you again.

我们以为再也见不到你了。(构成一般过去将来时,助动词)

I should write some letters tonight.

今晚我得写几封信。(表“应当”,情态动词)

They should be there by now. 他们现在可能到了。(表“猜测”,情态动词)动词时态

(构成,肯定/否定,疑问及回答,用法)

㈠一般时态

1.一般现在时

(构成)do/ does: 一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes,regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等连用。

1经常习惯,反复出现的动作;现在状态,特征,性格,能力:

He writes to his parents once a month.

I come from Shanghai. You speak English well.

2客观事实,普遍真理:

Our teacher told us light travels faster than sound.

China is in Asia.

3简单句表将来:

某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。

The plane leaves at three sharp. The new teachers arrive tomorrow.

安排计划好的规定预计要发生,将来事件“列入日程” “时间表”(生日日期日程开学访问,列车等)按既定日程一定会发生,具有客观不变性。讲故事,作评论,解说(剧本,比赛),讲解:(go / come / leave / start / stay / begin /return /arrive etc.)

The meeting is at 2 p.m. My birthday falls on May 2.

School begins on February 5.

4时间/条件从句,其他从句,表将来:

在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。

If he doesn’t agree, what shall we do?

5代替现在进行时:

Here / there开头的句子,表现在正在发生:

Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.

6无进行时的动词:静态动词: 认为/感到/尝起来/明白.

状态感觉动词:表“说话时正在发生的情况”,

The coat fits me well. You see what I mean?I hear / see…You remember…终止性动词:短暂现刻动作: I accept your advice. sit down fall asleep 2.一般过去时

表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。如 yesterday, last year, in 1949, a minute ago, just now

1过去(经常)动作,某时(段)发生的动作; 状态,性格,特征,能力:

表示过去习惯性动作。例如:

He always went to class last.

I used to do my homework in the library.

I saw him when he came in.

During his school years, he played football everyday.过去习惯

At that time, she spoke very good English.过去能力:

I didn’t expect to meet you here.刚才

2 简单句代替过去将来:

School began on Sep. 1.

3 从句代替过去将来:

He wanted to be a pilot when he grew up.

4谈已死的人:

My grandmother was kind to us.

5委婉:

(want / hope etc.) I wondered (was wondering) if you could spare a few minutes.

6代过去完成:

含before / after , (时态简化):

After he finished his homework, he went out. Before he went out, he finished his homework.

两紧接动作;

As soon as he arrived, he gave us a telephone call.几乎同时

3.一般将来时

1 will / shall将来动作,状态:

There’ll be a meeting at four.

2 be going to: 现在(明确)打算,计划将来要做:

There is going to be a nice film this evening. ( 意图= intend to )

“很可能要发生(确信会发生)据现在某迹象认为在最近将要发生的事:

It looks as if it is going to rain. I think they are going to win. This rope is going to break soon.

Note: be going to 不表单纯将来: X I’m going to be 20 next year. (shall) 2)be about to :即刻发生,不加表将来动作发生时间的词:

She’s about to leave this afternoon. (X)

She’s about to leave when I came.

4) be doing 表按计划即将发生的动作,事先安排好的,用于简单句:

有些动词用现在进行时,表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,多和表示未来

时间的状语连用 we are leaving on Friday.

常用“移动动词”go / come / leave / arrive / fly / start / begin / return / do / die / lose等( = have arranged to)

He is leaving for London. They aren’t coming.

㈡进行时态

1.现在进行时

am / is / are doing

1此时/现阶段正在进行, 强调情况暂时性: 代一般现在

表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the moment,等连用。

表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与often, always,usually等连用。

For this week, we’re starting work at 7:30.

He’s walking to work because his bike is broken.这段走着上班

2代替将来:用于简单句:表按计划即将发生的动作,事先安排好的,

表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。例如: They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.

(常用“移动动词”go / come / leave / arrive / fly / start / begin / return / do / die / lose等 = have arranged to)

He is leaving for London. They aren’t coming.

3表一般现在,反复发生,习惯动作,

常与always / all the time等连用,表不满,抱怨,赞赏,等情感:

He’s always thinking of others. How are you feeling today? 更亲切He’s always leaving things about.

4.表将来(进行), 用于时间/ 条件句:

If she is still sleeping, don’t wake her up. Don’t mention this when you are talking with him.

You look lovely when you’re smiling.

5.表过程:

It’s getting cold /late.逐渐变冷.

She is finding that…渐渐发现.

6.叙述时说明“背景”情况:

7.无进行时的动词:

有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:

1) 表示感觉知觉的词: see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,

2) 表示感情的动词: hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,

3) (表示存在状态的动词);be, stay,

4) (表示占有与从属抽象关系概念的动词);have, own, seem

5) (表示思考理解态度的动词)。understand,know,believe,doubt,forget,remember, agree, want, think

I have a bike. They were having a good time.

I feel sick. The doctor is feeling my pulse. Do you see the man over there? Are you seeing someone off ?

6)短暂,终止性动词无持续意义:fall asleep / sit down

2.过去进行时

was / were doing

1过去时点/时段进行的动作, “暂时未完成”:

He was reading a book this morning.

2提供动作背景:

While I was reading, my sister was playing. They were listening to the teacher when the bell rang.

3过去反复动作,带赞美, 厌烦等色彩:

与always / frequently等连用

She was always finding fault with him.

4表过去将来

She was leaving early the next morning. I asked him whether he was coming back for dinner.

㈢完成时态

1.现在完成时

常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently 等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times,等。

完成时态可用在下列结构中:

This (That) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;

This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;

This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。

如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. That was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

1因果: 短暂动词, 已成经验,

常带不确定时间词already / yet / once / twice / just /ever / never: Thank you, I’ve had my supper. Look at what you have done.

We have all played with snow and ice. The roads have joined town and country.

2时间: 延续动词,

可带到现在并包括现在在内的状语since then / in the past / last few years: 但: 否定短暂动词可带时段短语: Haven’t seen you for ages.

3过去到现在反复多次发生的动作: (多次动作总和)

We have opened up 200 mu of land this year. I’ve seen the film many times.

2.过去完成时

1)过去某时之前完成的动作或存在的状态(结果),常用于定从:

She had learnt 2000 words by the end of last year.

I was sad at his death. We had been friends since childhood.

He knew / asked who had broken the window.

I found the pen which I had lost.

2)过去动作/状态延续到过去某时 (时间)

He had worked there for three years by the end of that year.

3)过去某时以前反复发生的动作,状态:

He said he had seen the film twice.

过去将来: would do

1过去看来将来的动作,状态,常用于宾从。

2几种形式:

would/ should; was / were going to…

动词语态

语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般是在不知道或没有必要知道动作的执行者是谁时,我们是被动语态

1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

1.被动语态的各时态:

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:

get dressed(穿衣服) get lost(迷路)

get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚)

3. 短语动词要完整:

短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:

1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

Laugh at, send for, make use of, give up,

4.双宾:

能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:

1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

高中英语语法大全归纳总结-高中语法归纳总结

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