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跨文化交际中旅游英语翻译 英文论文

跨文化交际中旅游英语翻译 英文论文
跨文化交际中旅游英语翻译 英文论文

Travelling Languages: Culture, Communication and Translation in a Mobile World

1.0 Introduction

With the development of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, the tourism industry enjoys great development. Tourism translation has become an important part of this cultural communication. In the past decade, research on tourist translation study has increased year by year, in which tourism translation in cross-cultural perspective has become the mainstream. Although tourism translation studies have made in certain areas, translation quality leaves much to be desired. Problems like grammatical and spelling errors, misnomers, and cultural misunderstandings, are often seen in tourist attractions, which have prevented foreign tourists from understanding the culture of Chinese scenic spots and local characteristics, thus reducing the scenic appeals to the foreign tourists.

One of the purposes of tourism translation is to introduce the natural scenery and cultural ambience to foreign tourists. The quality of the English translation of tourism attractions will directly affect the foreign tourists’impressions of China. Therefore accurate, comprehensive and objective translation of Chinese tourist’s materials is critical for foreigners to get a better understanding of Chinese culture. However, tourism translation is not only a translation on a linguistic level, but also a level of cultural communication. As a result .in tourism translation, we should, from the perspective of cultural communication, fully understand the differences between Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds, and process cultural differences between the two languages so as to inspire visitors’interest in tourist attractions and increase the appeal of the tourist attractions.

On the basis of cultural communication, this thesis aims to make clear two points: (1) How have cultural differences affected tourism translation? (2) How can we improve tourism translation from the perspective of cross cultural communication? In this thesis, a

brief introduction to tourism language is made at first, which can help clarify the understanding of tourism. An attempt then is made to illustrate the important role of cultural differences in tourism translation and communicative tourism. Finally, the thesis puts forward translation strategies and principles from four aspects: (1) Amplification and omission; (2 Translation of geographical names and personal names; (3) Food translation;

(4) Translation of public notices and signs.

2.0 An Introduction to Traveling Language

2.1Definition of Traveling Language

Travel language is an essential part of tourism, which is actually an example of cross cultural communication in this mobile world. In this globalised time, translation between different languages plays an important role in multi- country traveling, which includes the communication among the travelers and local people.

Tourism texts include travel guides, travel novels, letters of intent for the power of attorney of tourism, tourism advertising, tourism contracts, tour guide commentary, scenic spots, museum commentary, travel brochures, tourists maps, tourist publicity slogans, performance programs, menus, hotel signs, and many other similar examples all kinds of notices, signs and names. Therefore a large vocabulary, together with a broad knowledge and a wide understanding of culture, is involved in tourism language, and it needs to be easily understood with functional diversity.

2.2 Features of Traveling Language.

2.2.1 Cultural Features of Tourism

The cultural features of tourism are very obvious. Culture is the soul of tourism, while tourism is the perception of culture. For tourists, traveling is not just for sightseeing, it is also a journey on which tourists will consciously or unconsciously be influenced by the local culture. In addition to the professional terms of tourism English, travelling language also contains a series of language materials with cultural deposits. The former refers to the English pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, basic elements and the latter refers to the

appreciation of the tourism related articles. To help foreigners gain the information from nature, geography, culture, and customs, tourism language must focus on the practicality and specificity of the translation. Therefore, on the basis of being faithful to the original text, appropriate omission in a translation is necessary to make it easier for foreign tourists to understand.

2.2.2 Linguistic Features of Tourism Language

Much of tourists’consumption is the consumption of cultural products. In general, tourism English is plain and natural .Unlike literally works, traveling language tends to use simple words or sentences to record facts, just like taking photos. However, as a means of connecting foreign tourists in China, tourism English should meet the requirements of the aesthetic. In the development and construction of our beautiful and rich country, the industrious and brave Chinese people have left many cultural relics, as well as unique local customs, skilled crafts, and enticing and delicious food. The beauty of the traveling languages can contribute to the understanding of China. Therefore, sometimes tourism English should pay attention to the rhetorical devices and skills of the languages, and it allows the specific language and abstract language phenomenon to exit together.

3.0 Cross-culture Differences in Tourism

3.1 Material and Cultural Differences

In the physical world, people will have contact with all kinds of materials, from food, clothing, and housing to the goods of daily life. However, due to different living environment and habits, same items may have different functions in the Eastern and Western world or different items may share the same meaning by people in various venues.

For example, different colors may have completely different meanings in various countries and among various nationalities. In China, red represents luck, wealth, and auspicious festival, while in the eyes of Westerner, red is the color of blood, which means impulse, provocation, and turmoil. It can be seen from the Spanish matador’s carrying a red cloth to challenge the cattle since red can provoke the bull. As a result, Chinese people

prefer to wear red clothes on during festivals and holidays, while Westerners generally choose blue because they think blue represents calm and composure.

Besides, different things can represent the same pragmatic meaning in different cultures. For instance, the tiger is often recognized as the king of the animal world in our nation, while the lion is second to none in the Western world. The peony, symbolizing prosperity, happiness, and good luck, is renowned as the queen of flowers of China, while the rose, known for love, is the king of flowers in the United States.

Meanwhile, the representative meaning of a “dragon” in Chinese and Western culture is typical to interpreting cultural differences. In Chinese culture, the dragon is the symbol of royalty and nobility, and we Chinese often call ourselves the “generations of the dragon”. On the contrary, dragon is the representative of the evil in the west. Therefore, when explaining things about a dragon to foreign tourists , a tour guide must be sure to introduce the related cultural background, otherwise Chinese people, as the nation of “the dragon descendants”will be misunderstood as “descendants of the de vil”by foreign visitors. While visiting the Forbidden City, engraved with dragon, they may think that Chinese emperors were demons.

Additionally it, words like “zongzi”, “Yin and Yang”, and “the Spring Festival” are peculiar in Chinese with profound cultural connotations, which have no corresponding words in English, and vice versa.

3.2 Differences in Perceptions

From the perspective of thinking, Chinese people pay attention to the overall sense of understanding, and intuitive thinking is the dominate method. It has lead to the iconicity and generality of Chinese. Conversely, Westerners tend toward logical thinking, in which rational composition plays an important role. For example, the letter “a” is concise and clear in the English vocabulary. It is used to express one thing, such as “a picture”, “a flower”, “a mirror”, etc. However, in Chinese, different qualifiers have to be used to express “one”, such as “一幅画”, “一枝花”,“一面镜子”。.

Long influenced by Confucianism, Chinese emphasizes on modesty and praise when around with guests and friends ,which has produced a lot of polite expressions and self

depreciatory expression, such as 敬候光临、恭候、令尊、高足、贵国、拙作、高见. In English, expressions like “o ffering a smoke”, “to await respectfully”, “your father”, “your student”, “your country”, “my opinions on”,and “my poor writing”, can’t completely deliver the same depth of meaning as Chinese can.

Meanwhile, Chinese people are good at visual thinking. As a result, Chinese articles are written elegantly and excellently with a melodious cadence in wording and phrasing .While for English readers, practical descriptions with simple and objective words and sentences are more convincing and clear. Flowery rhetoric is recognized as superfluous or exaggerating.

3.3 Differences in Values

Due to differences in belief, morality, and values, people of different nationalities may have different opinions and understanding of the same thing. For example, Western people, advocating the supremacy of human rights, have different views on human’s rights from the Chinese. And on the relationships between humans and nature, Westerners think that humans are the center of the world and nature should be ruled by humans, while in Eastern culture, people tend to accept the concept that humans should adapt to nature instead of being the emperors of the world.

Additionally, Westerners differentiate that which is privates, in questions like “how old are you”,” “what is your job” or “are you got married”. However, Chinese people just want to start a common conversation by asking those questions. Meanwhile, Chinese tend offer suggestions to others to show their care for their friends and customers, such as: “put on more clothes”, “don’t drink too much”, and “watch out on the street”, which do not mean to interfere others. Meanwhile, Chinese seem to lack personal opinions when being invited by Westerners, which often makes them incomprehension .For example, in order not to trouble the host, a Chinese guest would follow the arrangement of the host to show his politeness. When being asked what kind of drinks they want, Chinese guests would often say “whatever” or “everything is fine”, while foreigners would speak directly about what they need.

Westerns attach great importance on protecting not only human rights but also

animals’lives. Laws about protecting animals have promugulated in America and other European countries. On June 18th, 1998, more than ten members of the animal protection organization of the United States stood outside of China’s embassy, protesting that Chinese people’s in human behavior of eating dogs and cats. They find it unacceptable and unreasonable that people should eat dog meat. In Western culture, dogs are man’s best friend. S entences like “ You lucky dog”(你这家伙真幸运), “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks”(人上了年纪学新东西不容易), “Every dog has its day(人人都有得意日)”, show their love for dogs. Differences on treating dogs reflected different values of Westerners and Chinese toward animal lives.

4.0 Cross-cultural Communication of Tourism

4.1 Communicative Tourism

Tourism is a process of cross-cultural communication, which not only has the similarity of intercultural communication but also has its own features. Tourism cross-cultural communication refers to the communication between people with different cultural backgrounds during traveling, especially interactions between tourists and hosts. It also refers to the communication between visitors from different countries.

From the subjective needs, the purpose of traveling is to communicate with local people. A Cuban Tourism Commission official once said, “Traveling is the best way to understand a country, its culture, and people. The main purpose of traveling is to see the l ocal people’s life, such as their ways of thinking, leisure activities, local songs and dances as well as other local customs.”

Secondly, communication is necessary in tourism activities due to the objective needs of tourists. Tourists need tour guides and life services in their destination cities, including food, accommodation, transportation, tour, entertainment, shopping and so on, which can only be provided by the local host. Although ancient tourism developed slowly and the number of travelers is fewer than today, communication between tourists and local residents is indispensable.

4.2 Roles of Translators in Cross-cultural Communication

Tourism translators play the most important role in the whole process of tourism cross-cultural communication, because most of the time they are communicating with visitors from different countries. There are two types of translators: guides and translators. The former works as a tour guide, including foreign tour guide, while the later is engaged in tourism translation work. Tour guides are extremely important in the process of tourism communication, especially in cross country traveling in which foreign tourist would often choose a guide to help them during traveling. Tour guides are responsible for the diet, living, and housing of the tourists through out the whole journey. Meanwhile, they also assume an important responsibility in communication between different people from different countries. Whether travelers can have a better understanding of the destination country depends largely on communication with the guides.

Besides tour guide, Translators also play a large part in the tourism activities. As long as tourists can not understand the language of the touring destination, translation is needed in the communication. In fact, tourism information is largely propagated through translation code. Except tour guides ,translators are responsible for most translation work, such as literal translations of the scenic spots introduction, propaganda, tourism information, advertising, as well as communications or translations of dubbing and subtitling, such as slides, movies, TV or tape. Compared with tour guides, translators not only providing services for a certain group of tourists, but also for mass tourists through using of media communication. For example, translation of tourist publicity materials provides information about the tourism attractions for all the foreign tourists.

5.0 Translation Strategies and Principles of the Traveling Languages 5.1 Translation principles

Tourism translation is an aspect of professional translation, which provides translations for tourism activities, professionals, and industry. Generally speaking, tourism translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural, and cross-psychological communication activities. Certain principles should be adopted in tourism translation.

The first principle is source language orientation or source language culture

orientation. This translation principle is very common in tourism translation, which can keep the characteristics and feelings of the original text. For example ,Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉大瀑布), Yellow Stone Park(黄石公园), Merlin Park, the Great Barrier Reef, Minzu Hotel, Lingyin Temple, Jiuzhaigou Valley (九寨沟).

Secondly, target language orientation or target language culture orientation makes it easier for tourists to understand the destinations and makes it more attractive to them. Examples of this include :望湖饭店(Lakeview hotel), and 颐和园(Summer Palace).

Thirdly is author orientation. This is mainly used for translating famous poems, couplets, and prose in order to keep the features of the original text and authority of the author. For instance:

青山有幸埋忠骨, 白铁无辜铸佞臣

The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general. The white iron was innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors.

Fourthly is tourist orientation. Among the various standards of the tourism translation, tourist orientation should be the preferred as the main standard, which can either, adopt as “n aturalization”or “a lienation”.

E.g.这种冬青树,你们称为“圣诞树”,我们俗称“鸟不宿”。

This evergreen tree is what you call a “Christmas tree”, and it is what locally known as “a tree that birds will never sleep on”.

Lastly, is esthetic orientation. Aesthetic orientation is often used in sightseeing or translating poems, couplets, inscriptions, monuments, and local delicacies so as to promote China's cultural landscape

E.g.仿膳—Imperial Food

杭州煨鸡—Hangzhou Toast Chicken

狗不理--Dogs Don’t Leave

西施舌—The Beauty’s Tongue

5.2 Translation Strategies of Tourism

5.2.1 Amplification and Omission

Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make

the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.

Due to differences in geographical, historical, and cultural background, people of various nationalities may have different understandings of the same thing. For instance, Chinese people could understand a Chinese tourist sign even at a glance while foreigners may know nothing about it. Explanation in tourism translation is conducive to reducing communicative breakdowns and minimizing misunderstandings caused by cultural differences. Otherwise, it would often lead to obscure communication between two countries. Therefore an extensive of complex sentences and clauses or additional vocabulary annotations and supplements could be used to reduce cultural differences between China and the West. In this way, it can not only help foreign readers to gain a better understanding of the Chinese culture, but it can also stimulate their interest in scenic spots.

For example, zongzi is translated into a pyramid shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves (eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival).However, the translation not only seems lengthy and excessive, but also lost its original cultural significance. Although foreign friends may know what is zongzi , they have no idea of the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan and why Chinese people follow the customs such as dragon boat racing, eating zongzi and drinking railcar wine in May every fifth day. Therefore, in translating zongzi, tour guides have to tell the tourists the story of Qu Yuan. He was a famous Chinese scholar-Statesman who lived in two thousand three hundred years ago in the Warring States era, and in order to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan who saw the difficulty of breaking the country, jumped into the east of the Miluo River, drowned in extreme disappointment and pain due to his inability to save the nation. Therefore an annual Lunar New Year Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated. Adding the explanation of this, foreign tourists may have a deep impression on and understanding of the profound cultural background of the dragon festival.

E.g.张居正,字叔大,少名张白圭,江陵人,自幼聪明,有天才之说,十八岁就高中状元……

Zhang Ju Zheng, also called Shu Da or Bai Gui, was a native of Jiang Ling. Clever

and knowledgeable when he was a boy, he became a zhuang yuan (a title conferred on the one who came first in the highest imperial examination)at an early age of 18.

However, we will find that there are no corresponding words to zhuang yuan in English. Therefore, in translating it, an annotation is needed to explain it.The English interpretation inside the brackets is the annotation of zhuang yuan, who is the

number one scholar. Through the notes, Western tourists will be clearer about this person and his talent of study, thus avoiding the culture shock created by this unfamiliar word.

Beside amplification, omission is often used in translation. Chinese culture has a long history and there are artworks by ancient artists in most of the tourist attractions .Those masterpieces are written elegantly and excellently and have an evident poetic tendency in the language, such as a melodious cadence in wording and phrasing, and an elegant lyricism are rhythm. However, verbatim translations are not helpful in understanding the meaning and beauty of the original poem. In language form, Chinese tourist text stresses the harmony between man and nature with the use of descriptive rhetoric, while the English description of scenery is faithful to nature, by using simple and objective words and sentences. English tourism translation is different from literary translation, which is catered to the public reader, and the audience being ordinary foreign tourists. The aim of the translation is to make foreign tourists understand it and to be delighted to hear and see it. To gain the information of nature, geography, culture, and customs, tourism rendering must focus on the practicality and specificity of the translation. Therefore, on the basis of being faithful to the original text, appropriate omissions are necessary to make it easier for foreign tourists to understand.

E.g.泰山之松,千姿百态,风神秀仪。有傲立于巅峰的,横逸于峭壁的,更多的是林立于山野的

“Pines of Mt. Tai grow into different expressions and in thousand s of postures. Some lie on the steep cliff, and most grow in the mountain.”

The original description of Mount Tai uses a series of words and phrases to depict its grand sight. If it is translated word by word, the translation would be wordy and cumbersome and its effect would be counterproductive, and English readers would find it hard to appreciate. After deletion and combination, the translation is more fluent because it

has been adapted to the psychology of foreigners.

5. 2. 2 Translation of Geographical and Personal Names

There are lot of Geographical names and personal names in tourism attractions, which are difficult and important in tourism translation. Therefore, great attention has to be paid on translating it.

Transliteration and free translation of tourist attractions is suitable for the translation of attractions and scenic spots with less culture content,which will not cause understanding obstacles for tourists, such as: 北京(Beijing) , 八达岭(Badaling or Badaling Great wall), 承德避暑山庄(Chengde summer Resort) and so on. The method of transliteration and free translation are advocated by most people, for it can not only deliver the information of the scenic spots, but also make it easier for Westerns to understand. It has virtually promoted the communication of the tourists to communicate with Chinese culture.

However, the polysemy phenomenon of Chinese should be attached great importance in translation. For example, the Chin ese words “Lou” have many corresponding words in English, which can not be used causally. Hao Ranlou is translated into Haoran Mansion for its mansion building style while Yueyang Lou is translated as Yueyang Tower because of its tower’s shape. Tiananmen is translated into the Tian An Men Rostrum for it is a well known building whose construction is similar to that of the reviewing stand and rostrum.

Additionally, places with more cultural content should be translated in other ways. For example, in the tourist resort Hangzhou, “Tiger Spring”, reputed as the Hangzhou’s first spring, is often translated into “Tiger Run ning Spring”. However, this name is related to story of a monk named Xing Kong in Tang Dynasty. Because of lack of water, Xing Kong decided to move the temple. However, he dreamed one night that an immortal told him that two mighty tigers would move a fountain there. To his surprise, two mighty tigers came in the following day from Mountain Hengshan and dug a hole in the spot immediately. A spring then gushed forth. Therefore, the spring was named Hupao Spring. The translation of it should be Tiger Dug Spring instead of Tiger Running Spring.

5.2.4 Food Translation in Tourism

In addition to sightseeing, food culture is also an indispensible part of tourism. China

has a long history and is vast in territory, which has produced a complex and rich regional food culture .As a result, in translating the names of food, great attention has to be paid on the cultural differences between Chinese and Western countries, especially in the translation of raw ingredients and cooking methods.

For example, if we translated jiu cai he zi, a popular food in northern China, into "Chive Box", foreigners would be confused about this traditional snack. So, how to solve this problem? The author can not help but thinking of the word “dumpling”, which is not only confined to the meaning of jiaozi, the traditional food of China. It also has been widely accepted to express the meaning of other foods, such as traditional Chinese rice-puddings, boiled dumplings, and fried dumplings. Considering the production methods, materials, and the shape of jig cay he zi, “fried leek dumplings”is an appropriate translation.

Additionally, literal translation is also one of the best approaches for customers to know the raw materials and production methods. Literal translation also can be used for raw materials and cooking methods. The following are some examples:

(1) Steamed mandarin fish, (2) Salted beef, (3) Sweet and sour chicken, and (4) Braised pork with brown sauce.

5.2.5 Translation of Public Notices and Signs

As a simple guide or information carrier, the public sign exhibits its growing importance in cross-cultural communication since China’s Reform and Opening Up policy. However, common mistakes of Chinese-English translation of public signboards and notices, such as mistranslation, rigid translation, unidiomatic translation and lengthy translation make it hard for overseas tourists to understand them. For instance: Entrance Visa “(凭票入口)”, “Fee Park” (收费停车场), and “Ticket Office Fo r” (补票处), “Off Limits” (旅客止步). Therefore, in order to avoid this kind of problem, great attention has to be paid to those aspects.

For translating public signs, we have to adopt two approaches: free translation and literal translation. Literal translation is often used in informative public signs, which requires the accurate transmission of the original texts and is better for reserving the original text. For example:

Chang’ an Avenue, 长安街

Wang Fujing Street. 王府井大街

No Smoking, 禁止吸烟

No Parking. 禁止停车

Keep Silent 保持安静

China Town, 唐人

Free translation mainly conveys the meaning of the original text without the remaining the structures and figures of speech. It is mainly used in vocative public signs because Chinese and Westerns focus on different things in language. Therefore, translators need through understanding of English culture and search for more information before translating. For example,

讲究卫生,人人有责Keep Our City Clean.

失物招领Lost and Found

请勿践踏草坪Keep off the Grass

招聘Help Wanted

Translation of public signs and notices is an important part to connect with the outside world. In China, places like stores, shopping malls, restaurants, roads, or bus or train stations all were signs with two languages. Therefore, translators need to pay more attention and avoid mistakes.

6.0 Conclusion

This paper focuses on the necessity of processing culture differences in tourism translation and strategies for tourism translation. The necessity of cross-cultural communication in tourism translation is illustrated in terms of the cultural differences between the West and China, and it is now widely accepted that tourism translation should be carried out from the perspective of culture differences. The detailed discussion about the necessity of tourism translation can help clarify the existing problems of tourism language translation. Some strategies and skills are then proposed to improve tourism translation.

Tourism translation is a heatedly discussed topic. This paper only makes a skin-deep

study of it. More studies should be carried out in order to explore more practical strategies.

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Acknowledgements

I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Miss.Xu Xiuqin , who has given me valuable advice and enlightened me on a number of academic problems concerning my thesis. Thanks should also be given to my teachers and my classmates, who helped me a lot during the accomplishment of my thesis.

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9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美(西)家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪

6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用,“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现,农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展,并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善,因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建,尤其对农村养老制度的改革,建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看,我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人,使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾,基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出,成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老,许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系,已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷,运行中出现了很多问题,所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 (一)人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出,越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市,年龄结构出现“两头大,中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示:中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万,占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前,农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 (二)农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口,且大多在农村。据统计,未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多,截止2000年底,全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险,占全部农村居民的11.18%,占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外,据国家统计局统计,我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中,也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中,处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

跨文化交际论文中文

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Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式

英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word,5号新罗马(New Times Roman)字体,1.5倍行间距,将来方便打印和一起装订;英文中的图表要重新画,禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距,打印时,用B5纸,版面上空2.5cm,下空2cm,左空2.5cm,右空2cm(左装订)。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体,正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马(New Times Roman)12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中,图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中,页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式:序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式:序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式:序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.

跨文化交际论文

跨文化交际论文 学院:水产与生命学院专业:水产养殖专业10-4 姓名:黄运佳 学号:1001110411

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英文论文翻译

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摘要:谚语是一个民族吸取自己优秀文化的成果,其言简意赅、内涵丰富并在民间广泛使用。本文通过对英汉谚语文化差异的分析,力求加深对英汉谚语的理解,提高对英汉谚语的运用和翻译能力。 关键词:谚语文化差异翻译 1. 引言 谚语(proverb or saying)是人民群众在生产生活中提炼出来的智慧结晶,是一个民族的语言和文化的重要组成部分。《辞海》(2000年版,491页)是这样定义的:谚语是?流传于民间的简练通俗而富于意义的语句?。《朗文当代高级辞典》给谚语下的定义是:?a short well-known supposedly wise saying in simple language?。谚语和一个民族的历史背景、生活习惯、地理环境、民族心理、意识形态等是密切相连的。 2. 英汉谚语的文化差异基于不同的文化背景而形成的谚语有着较大的差别,以下将从审美角度、自然环境、宗教信仰、思想观念等几个方面对英汉谚语的差异进行分析。 2.1 审美差异在诸多英汉谚语差异中,最为典型的要属对待动物的态度了,其中,龙的例子最为人所熟知,在中国,龙代表帝王,象征吉利的动物,有不可思议的力量。因此有谚语?龙眼识珠,凤眼识宅?、?龙投大海,虎奔高山?。而英美却认为?dragon?是邪恶的象征,如sow dragon’s teeth等等。在汉语中习惯用老虎来形容勇敢、凶猛、威严,在西方,狮子常被尊为百兽之王。因此,我们在翻译含?lion?(狮子)的习语和谚语时不妨用?虎?取而代之则更符合中国人的认同感。如:come in like a lion and go out like a lam b 虎头蛇尾;like a key in a lion' s hide狐假虎威等。 2.2 自然差异中英两国所处的地域不同,自然环境、山川物产、气候差异与历史发展轨迹千差万别。英国乃岛国,英民族生活在四面临海的岛上,擅长航海,所以英语里有很多与?航海?有关的谚语:A smooth sea never makes a skillful mariner 平静的大海练不出好水手,To keep one’s head above water奋力图存;而汉民族生活在以农业经济为主的广袤大陆上,谚语很多和农业生产有关. 民以食为天;瑞雪兆丰年;四体不勤,五谷不分等。 2.3 宗教信仰差异宗教信仰是人们精神活动的一个方面,是民族文化的重要组成部分。基督教是英美国家的主要宗教信仰,而中国人受佛教和道家思想影响较大,由此产生了许多独具宗教特色的谚语,如佛教?不看僧面看佛面?、?放下屠刀,立地成佛?、?善有善报,恶有恶报?。再如道教?八仙过海各显神通?、?道高一尺,魔高一丈?、?福兮祸之所伏,祸兮福之所倚?、等等。而英国的典故主要来自《圣经》、古希腊神话等西方经典著作,如God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。Whom God would ruin he first sends mad.上帝欲毁灭之,必先使其疯狂。 2.4 思想观念差异英民族强调众生平等,Human blood is all of a color. 人类血的颜色是一样的。 A cat may look at a king人人平等;而汉民族却有较强的等级观念,家族讲家法,讲辈分;社会讲宗法,将尊卑。谚语中有?父母在,不远游?、?千里烧香,不如在家敬爹娘?。西方道德中,比较注重子女自己独立的人格,这一点体现在如?Children are not to be blamed for the faults of their parents.?的谚语中。还有?All stratagems are fair in love?、?Love is without reason?等就体现了男女平等 ,自由恋爱。英民族有着开拓进取、永争第一的勇气,?Keep up with the Jones. ?赶上富邻居,争比阔绰。而深受儒家?中庸?之道影响的汉民族则怕出头,?枪打出头鸟、出头的椽子先烂?等。 3. 翻译策略 正如刘宓庆说的:?文化翻译的任务不是翻译文化,而是翻译容载或含蕴着文化信息的意义。意义始终是我们关注的中心:它既是我们的出发点,又是我们的落脚点。?[1](p83)本着抛砖引玉的想法,笔者试从以下几方面谈谈英汉谚语的翻译策略。

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