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ENHANCED DETERMINISTIC DESIGN: APPLICATION TO A MICRO CNC MACHINE DESIGN

ABSTRACT

This paper introduces an enhanced deterministic design

approach for the design of a micro mechanical system with

the objective to achieve better accuracy through

miniaturisation. The methodology of design encompasses

optimisation using Taguchi technique, finite element

modelling, and, added functions considering a number of

micro physical problems that may characterise the micro

mechanical system. Typical micro physical problems of a

micro milling machine were enumerated with possibilities to

include some of them within the overall methodology was

observed. Micro physical effects may not all have a known

model. An objective function was created to satisfy part of

the specifications. An example of a vertical column of the

micro mill was designed and evaluated within the concept of

the proposed design methodology. Initial results and error

assessment measured on the micro machine are presented.

Keyword: Deterministic design, Tapered Egg Bridge,

vertical column, design parameters, stiffness, deflection,

natural frequency, Finite element method, Taguchi method,

mathematical model.

INTRODUCTION

The actual production of micro-parts is performed by

standard machine tools consuming high energy, occupying

large space and requiring large air-conditioned

environments; therefore it is important to save driving

energy, space and resources in controlling the surroundings

(e.g. temperature, humidity) by applying the concept of

micro-factory and robust design of micro-machines. Various

approaches to design mechanical systems are established and

could be summarised as creative concept followed by

deterministic modelling[1, 2], axiomatic design[3], robust

design known as Taguchi method[4], customer centred

product[5], and, systematic design [6, 7]. The aspects of

virtual design could also be introduced to ease the design

process with less or no prototypes to check for performance

and economic reasons.

The exact mathematical model

This is a highly accurate mathematical representation of

the expected assembly configuration of the micro mechanical

system/sub-system being designed. The model which may be based on existing methods of modelling such system configuration, should be improved to reflect the presence of specific issues that characterise the micro mechanical system. Effort should be made to lump micro physical problems which relate to the micro mechanical system within its model. The objective of the design should also follow directly from these specific characteristics of the micro mechanical system. The mathematical model could then be executed in established commercially available software like MATLAB for simulating the system.

The CAD model

Solid (CAD) model of a micro mechanical system, e.g. a micro machine tool could be developed using existing software e.g. Pro Engineer and Abaqus. Static, dynamic and thermal analysis could be conducted on the solid model e.g. Abaqus, and the output could be used directly with Taguchi method or in conjunction with the combination of the mathematical model and Taguchi method to conduct robust analysis of the design concept. However, important components of the CAD model are the material and section properties as well as the loading of and interaction between members of the solid model assembly. Where necessary, the micro physical problems relating to the solid model assembly should be identified and appropriately addressed during the construction of the model. Selection of model parameter and determination of simulation objective should also consider the micro issues that specify the system, so that the simulation represents closely the actual system under consideration. The output in terms of dimensions is returned to FEM for final analysis.

Fig. 1: General design steps

The technology gap between micro and macro/standard mechanical system design could be associated with steps 3 and 4. By taking care of the issues specific to micro mechanical systems within its design method at the said steps high quality product and accuracy could be achieved. The design methodology will encompass a few critical steps such as the choice of design concepts/parameters that may secure higher system quality. The inclusion of critical system conditions to the appropriate steps in the design method is highly important to converge towards a more ‘exact’ system. The sequence Design-Analysis-Performance could then be used as a continuous iteration with respect to the performance quality. The census of the factors that may affect the performance is necessary for an eventual minimisation of error and enhancement of accuracy of the micro mechanical system. It is important to assess the physical phenomena at small scale and check their effect over the machine performance [10]. Based on this background this study has proposed an enhanced deterministic design method for the design of micro mechanical systems.

The purpose of this paper is an attempt to build up a

design procedure for micro machines for which it is believed that standard procedures are not sufficient. The method includes some optimisation computation and shape functions combined with the deterministic method in one streamline.

Fig. 2: The enhanced deterministic design method.

Though the components of the methodology are well known to the design community, they are combined in a unique way with special consideration of the specific characteristics of the micro mechanical system to reflect the essential micro physical phenomena of the system. The proposed method would be useful in the design of different types of micro machine tool configurations and its subsystems, thereby enabling a 'right design' the first time of the machine tool. The micro physical problems associated to the micro mechanical system would be lumped within the mathematical model which often represents the combination and/or relationships between members of the micro mechanical system in terms of its quality. For the individual members of the system the components of the proposed design approach being utilised may be limited to the CAD model and Taguchi method. In this case, it may be difficult to represent the micro physical phenomena within the strategy but they obviously indicate or facilitate the understanding of the objective functions of the design being considered.

Fig. 3: Lumped parameter model of the micro mill.

a) Accuracy of the dimensions of machine tool

elements/components. As the machine elements are produced mainly by mechanical machining, machining error up to 1μm (and more) may appear in the dimensions of the micro machine elements. This could be classified as assembly error and it would affect the overall accuracy of the machine tool when such components are assembled.

b) The standard bolt preload required for joining components or members of a micro machine tool together would likely distort the members of the machine since they are averagely slender. Although the deformation (also classified as assembly error) may not be very high but it would have high impact on the machine tool accuracy since sub-microns machining of concern.

c) The cutting force and/or any slight rise in temperature could easily propagate through and deform the assembled

components of a micro machine. As tiny tool and small part to be machined are easily deformed, the thermal and cutting force induced deformation is worthy of consideration.

d) The relative motion error between adjacent members

of a micro machine tool due to the allowed gap between the bolt and the hole that accommodate the bolt is not negligible.

e) The extra run-out added to the spindle run-out caused

by the assembly of the micro cutting tool and the spindle through the collet. Usually, the run-out is much smaller than the tool diameter hence neglected, but in the case of micromachining, the run-out cannot be ignored [16] due the size aspect ratios and high speed spindle.

f) Very high spindle speed required for a tiny tool in

order to realize both an efficient cutting speed and a productive metal removal rate. This would result in high excitation frequency on the assembled machine tool components. Consider a simple lumped parameter model of the micro mill which could represent its dynamic behaviour along the cutting direction (Fig. 3).

g) For a given cutting force F, the spindle-collet

assembly as well as the tool would have to run at very high speed for high efficiency. But, the bolted joints in Fig. 3 are weak in micro machines [17].

This means that the high excitation frequency resulting from the spindle-collet-tool assembly is easily transmitted through the joint area 3 and 2 into the machine column. However, if the natural frequency of the column is not high enough, any close excitation frequency could trigger a resonance in the structure.

Fig. 4: Micro machine vertical column design concepts. Even if the concepts in Fig. 4(a) and 4(b) exhibit better stiffness than the conventional concept, the reduction in the spindle overhang will not improve much. Hence, the rectangular bridge concept Fig. 4c was considered. This design has been employed for mounting the Z-ram in precision coordinate measuring machine (CMM) structure. The approach was extended and improved to develop the conceptual design of column presented in Fig 4d and Fig 4e. This structure is expected to reduce considerably the overhang distance of the spindle from the column. Because of the concentrated load resulting from the weight of the motorised z stage, the spindle holder and the spindle, the deformation of the centre of the rectangular bridge about the

X, Y, and Z global coordinate of the micro mill becomes a

critical issue that requires consideration.

To achieve this, it becomes necessary to extend and to

improve on the rectangular bridge through developing

conceptual design of the tapered arch bridge (Fig 4d) and the

tapered egg bridge (Fig 4e) after due consideration of the

facts below;

a) It is obvious that an arch can be stiffer than a

rectangle and that the egg shape is naturally stiffer

through its poles. Both arch and egg can then resist

higher force under compression compared to a

rectangular bridge.

b) A three legged structure would give an optimum

design to produce a forced balance in all direction in

precision design.

c) It is much easier to formulate a three legged

structure with force balance in all directions from a

tapered structure rather than a rectangular structure.

CONCLUSION

A design method proposed for enhanced deterministic

design of micro mechanical system considering micro

physical problems appearing at microscale, has been

presented. The method was adopted for the design of the

vertical column of a micro milling machine with respect tothe objective functions generated from the identification of

micro physical problems of the micro machine tool including

low deflection and high natural frequencies. The tapered egg

bridge structure concept was selected for the micro mill and

evaluated using the proposed design approach. Three design

parameters namely bridge thickness (T), width of each of the

bridge’s leg (W) and bridge height (H) are identi fied as

likely to influence the structure characteristics. Taguchi

method was used alongside FE modelling to evaluate and

predict the influences of the identified design parameters on

the characteristics (deflection and natural frequency) of the

structure. The bridge thickness (T) has the major influence

on its deflection (77.23%) and natural frequency (74.94%).

The width of each leg (W) contributes more to the deflection

(20.97%) than to the natural frequency (5.72%) while the

height (H) contributes more to the natural frequency

(19.34%) than to the stiffness (1.78%). An investigation of

how each design parameter, at its various levels, influences

the characteristics at the same level of the other two was

conducted. This provides precise information on the

direction of change required, for each design parameter, to

‘optimize’ the characteristics of the tapered egg bridge.

Based on the result of this study, the design parameters could

be adequately adjusted to achieve any required

characteristics of the tapered egg bridge column and similar

designs. Further analyses on thermal effects are also

satisfied. This has permitted to build a micro CNC milling

machine with promising performance expected in machining

process.

AKNOWLEDGMENT

The author acknowledges the contribution of his PhD

student Mr Tunde Ogedengbe in the work presented in this

paper. He is also grateful to the School of MACE at the

University of Manchester, the support of EU project

I*PROMS, and the support provided by the Deanship of

Scientific Research at King Fahd University of Petroleum &

Minerals (KFUPM).

增强确定的设计：一种微型数控机床设计中的应用

摘要

本文介绍了一种增强的确定性设计用于微机械系统的设计方法目的通过实现更好的精度小型化。的设计方法包括利用Taguchi方法优化，有限元建模，并添加功能，考虑一些微理问题可以表征微机械系统。一个典型的微物理问题微型铣床列举的可能性包括一些他们在整体的方法观察。微物理效应CTS未必都有一个已知的模型。一个目标函数的建立是为了满足一部分规格。的垂直列的一个例子微型机的设计和概念内的评价所提出的设计方法。初步结果和误差在微机测定评价了。

关键词：

确定性设计，锥形蛋桥，

垂直的柱，设计参数，刚度，挠度，

固有频率，有限元法，田口方法，

数学模型。

引言

微型零件的生产实际进行标准的机器工具，能源消耗高，占用空间大，需要大量的空调环境；因此节省驾驶的重要性能源，控制环境的空间和资源（如温度，湿度）的概念

微机械设计的微型工厂和强大的。各种方法设计机械系统的建立和可以概括为创意概念之后确定性模型[ 1，2 ]，公理设计[ 3 ]，鲁棒性设计被称为田口方法[ 4 ]，以顾客为中心

产品[ 5 ]，并且，系统的设计[ 6，7 ]。这方面的虚拟设计也会被引入到简化设计

少用或不用原型过程检查性能经济原因。

精确的数学模型：

这是一个高度精确的数学表示的微机械的预期的装配结构系统和子系统的设计。该模型可以

基于现有的建模等系统的方法配置，应改进以反映存在的具体问题所特有的微机械系统。应努力把微观物理问题涉及到微机械系统内它的模型。设计的目的，还必须遵守直接从微观具体特点机械系统。该数学模型可以被在建立商业上可用的软件一样，执行模拟系统的MATLAB。

CAD模型：

固体（CAD）的微机械系统的模型，例如微机械工具可以使用现有的软件如Pro工程师和ABAQUS。静态，动态和热分析可以对实体模型，如进行ABAQUS，和输出可直接用田口

方法或与该组合连接进行稳健的数学模型与田口方法的设计理念分析。然而，重要的的CAD 模型构件截面的材料和性能以及载荷之间的相互作用实体模型的装配部件。在必要时，本微物理问题有关的实体模型的装配应识别和适当处理时该模型的构建。模型参数的选择

仿真目标的确定应考虑微观问题，指定系统，使仿真与实际系统下的代表考虑。在尺寸方面的输出返回最后对有限元分析。

图1：一般设计步骤

技术差距的微观和宏观/标准机械系统的设计可以与步骤3相关4。通过关心的问题具体到微观机械系统设计方法在说步骤产品质量高，精度可达到。的设计方法包括几个关键步骤

如设计概念/参数可能的选择高质量的安全系统。关键系统包含条件在设计方法上适当的步骤汇聚到一个更精确的系统非常重要。序列分析设计的性能可以作为一个相对于连续的迭代性能质量。可能的因素调查影响性能的最终是必要的的误差和精度的提高最小化微机械系统。重要的是要评估在小规模的物理现象，并检查他们的影响在机器的性能[ 10 ]。基于此本研究提出了一个增强的背景对微设计确定设计方法机械系统。本文的目的是试图建立一个微型机，它被认为设计程序标准的程序是不足够的。方法包括一些优化计算和形状函数

结合在一个简化的确定方法。

图2：增强确定性设计方法。

虽然该方法的组件是很好的已知的设计界，它们结合在一随着具体特殊考虑的独特方式

微机械系统的特点，以反映该系统的微物理现象的本质。提出的方法可以在不同的设计是有用的微型机床的结构和类型子系统，从而使“设计”的第一次机床。相关的微物理问题微机械系统将集中在数学模型常代表组合和/或微构件之间的关系在质量方面的机械系统。对个人本系统的提出了组件的成员的设计方法是利用可能只局限于CAD模型与田口方法。在这种情况下，它可能是困难的为代表的微观物理现象的但他们明显的策略或方便的设计目标函数的理解考虑。

图3：微型机的集总参数模型。

A）对机床的尺寸精度元件/组件。由于机器元件主要以机械加工，加工误差到1μM（更）中可能出现的尺微机械元件。这可以被归类为装配误差，这会影响的总体精度当这些部件组合机床。

B）加入所需的标准螺栓预紧力组件或微型机械工具的成员在一起可能会扭曲机器的成员，因为他们平均纤细。虽然变形（也分为装配误差）可能不会很高但它将对机床精度高的影响亚微米加工的关注。

C）切削力和/或任何轻微的温度上升可以很容易的传播变形的组合一个微机械部件。当小工具和小部分要加工容易变形，热切割力致变形是值得考虑的。

D）之间的相邻构件相对运动误差由于允许的间隙之间的一个微型机床

螺栓孔，容纳螺栓是不可忽略的。

E）额外的运行添加到主轴偏心引起的通过对微切削工具组件和主轴通过夹头。通常，跑出去是远远小于刀具直径因此被忽视，但如果微机械加工，运行不可忽视的[ 16 ]由于尺寸方面比和高速主轴。

f）非常高的主轴转速所需的一个小小的工具为了实现一个高效的切割速度和金属去除率的生产。这将导致高在组合机床激振频率组件。考虑一个简单的集总参数模型微粉碎机可以代表其动态行为沿切割方向（图3）。

G）对于一个给定的切削力，主轴夹头装配以及工具将运行在非常高的效率高，速度。但是，在图3的螺栓连接在微机[ 17 ]弱。这意味着，由于高激发频率主轴夹头工具组件很容易通过联合区3和2在机柱。然而，如果该列的自然频率不高，任何关闭激励频率可能引发的共振结构。

图4：微机械垂直柱的设计概念。

即使在图4的概念（一）和4（b）显示出更好的刚度比传统的概念，在减少主轴悬将没有多大改善。因此，本矩形桥的概念图4c被认为是。这设计了用于安装在Z-RAM

精密坐标测量机（CMM）结构。该方法被扩展和改进的发展在图4D和4E栏图提出了概念设计。这种结构将大大减少从柱的主轴悬伸距离。因为的集中载荷的重量所造成的机动Z

阶段，主轴座，主轴，该变形的中心的矩形桥了X，Y，和Z的微机成为全球坐标

关键的问题需要考虑。为了实现这一目标，就必须扩大和提高对矩形桥通过发展的锥形拱桥的概念设计（图4D）和锥形蛋桥（图4E）考虑后下面的事实；

A）很明显，可以比一个拱矩形，蛋形自然是硬的通过极点。两拱和鸡蛋可以抵抗

高压缩比下的力矩形桥。

B）一三条腿的结构将提供一个最佳设计制作一个强制平衡在所有方向精度设计。

C）它是制定的一三条腿的容易多了从各个方向的力平衡结构锥形结构，而不是一个矩形结构。

结论

提出了提高确定性设计方法微机械系统考虑微观设计出现在微尺度物理问题，已经提出了。该方法采用的设计一个相对于目标函数从鉴定产生微铣床立柱微物理问题的微型机床包括

低变形和高频率。锥形蛋桥梁结构的概念被选定为微型机使用所提出的设计方法的评价。三设计参数，即桥的厚度（t），每个的宽度桥的腿（W）和桥梁高度（H）被确定为可能影响结构特征。田口方法与有限元建模的探讨和应用预测所确定的设计参数的影响特点（挠度和固有频率）的结构。桥的厚度（t）具有重大的影响（77.23%）对其挠度和固有频率（74.94%）。每条腿的宽度（W）有助于偏转（20.97%）比自然频率（5.72%）而高度（H）有助于固有频率（19.34%）比刚度（1.78%）。调查每个设计参数，在不同的水平，影响在其他两个相同水平的特征进行了。这提供了准确的信息要求的改变方向，每一个设计参数，对

“优化”的锥形蛋桥的特点。本研究的结果的基础上，设计参数得到充分的调整来实现任何所需的的锥形蛋桥柱和类似的特征设计。进一步的分析也对热效应满意的。这允许建立一个微型数控铣床与预期的有前途的性能，机加工过程。

知识

作者承认他的博士的贡献学生在进行ogedengbe先生提出的工作纸。他还感谢发生在学校曼彻斯特大学，欧盟项目的支持我的舞会，并由院长提供支持法赫德国王石油大学及科研矿物质（KFUPM）。

英语原文及其翻译

Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all

人名的翻译

许多人认为，人名属于专有名词，翻译起来很简单，照音直译就行了。然而,“照音直译”只是一个笼统的原则，实际做起来远非这么简单。一、英文名字中译 1．同其他类型的专有名词一样，英文名字译成汉语一般采用音译。如: Smith 译成“史密斯”，不译成“铁匠”；Hunter 译成“亨特”, 不译成“猎人”；Mr. Green 译成“格林先生”, 而不译成“绿先生”。但是英文的发音与汉语完全不同，找发音近似的汉字来表达，并非易事。我们现在流行的许多译名，其实并不十分准确，或者说至少用的不是与其原英文名字发音最接近的汉字，比如：Edward 译成汉语是“爱德华”, 其实“爱德瓦”似乎更接近；著名侦探小说中的人物Holmes 译成“福尔摩斯”，其实“霍姆斯”似乎更佳。再如英国大诗人Samuel C.T. Coleridge, 那个姓不该译为“柯勒瑞基”, 因为中间的 e 是不发音的，所以应该译为“柯尔律治”。但是这些译名已经约定俗成，不必再改了。由此可见，人名音译时, 用什么汉字来表述有一个约定俗成的问题。许多英汉词典都附录有常用的人名，包括姓(family name)、名(given name) 和中间名(middle name)。另外,《世界人名翻译大词典》、《世界人名译名手册》、《近代来华外国人名词典》等都为我们提供了丰富的参考资料,可供查阅。音译时除了表音的汉字是约定俗成之外，音译的方法也如此。比如，英国剧作家George Bernard Shaw, 按习惯译成“萧伯纳”，不但把他的姓移到了前面，而且其中的Bernard 也没有按标准音译作“伯纳德”。意大利航海家Christopher Columbus 译作“哥伦布”，也没有完全按照标准音译。随着中国经济与文明的迅速发展，中国文化越来越受世界各国人民的推崇，有些外国人也起有中国名字。比如，著名的来华传教士、参加翻译《几何原理》的Mattbien Ricci, 中文名字叫利玛窦；诺贝尔文学奖得主、著名美国女作家Pearl Buck，中文名字叫赛珍珠。美籍华人也常有英、汉两种名字，如著名物理学家丁肇中教授，英文名字是Samuel Chao-chung Ding；著名的羽西化妆品公司的总裁靳羽西女士，英文名字是Yue Sai Kan。这些名字在英汉互译时都应谨慎处理。二、中文名字英译中文名字英译一般采用汉语拼音，姓译成一个词，名译成一个词，双名的两个字的英译中间不加连字符，如Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao。但有些仍沿用习惯的拼法，如孙中山译为Sun Yat-sen, 蒋介石译为Chiang Kai-shek。少数民族的人名不能按照所用汉字的发音，而是要根据原来的民族文字，如司马义·艾买提是Ismail Amat。香港的人名英译时不能按普通话读音译，如董建华按广东话发音译作Dong Chee Hwa。有些人取了英文名字，要尊重他们的选择，如霍英东的英文名字除了写作Ying Dong Fok 外，又作Henry Fok；李小龙的英文名字是Bruce Lee; 成龙的英文名字Jacky Chan；周润发的英文名字是Chow Yun-fat；周杰伦的英文名字是Jay Chou。由于汉语同音字太多，而且音译后不标出四种声调，因此将中国人的名字译成英文后再回译成汉语，除了知名人士外, 几乎很难准确。有些英文名字在用作人名和商标名称时译法不一样。比如：McDonald 是一个常见的姓氏，

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网页制作上常用的英文翻译关于我们：About Us 作者：Author 公司：Company 联系我们：Contact Us 版权：Copyright 邮箱地址：Email Address 首页：Home 登录：Login 会员名：Member Name 密码：Password 产品：Products 真实姓名：Real Name 注册：Register 网站地图：Site Map 用户名：User 版主：Moderators 主题：SubjectTopics 标签：Tags 积分数：Credits 精华贴数：Digestposts 关键字：Keyword

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文献翻译英文原文

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/305283803.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

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国家地区英文名及读音/国家英文名和音标/国家英文名及读音/// Africa[5AfrikE]非洲 Algeria[Al5dViEriE]阿尔及利亚 Angola[AN5^EulE]安哥拉 Azores[E5zC:z]亚述尔群岛(在北大西洋,属葡萄牙) Benin[be5nin]贝宁湾(几内亚湾一部分,靠西非的尼日利亚、贝宁和多哥等国) Botswana[bCt5swB:nE]博茨瓦纳(位于南非共和国内,于1966年独立) Burkina Faso[b\:9ki:nE 5fAsEJ]布基纳法索 Cameroon[5kAmEru:n]喀麦隆 Cape Verde[keip v\:d]佛得角[塞内加尔西部](非洲最西端) Central Africa[5sentrEl5AfrikE]中非 Chad[tFAd]乍得 Comoros[5kCmErEus]科摩罗 Congo[5kCN^Eu]刚果 Cote d Ivoire[kEut]科特迪瓦注：Ivoire 未查到！ Djibouti[dVi5bu:ti]吉布提[非洲] Egypt[5i:dVIpt]埃及 Equatorial Guinea[7ekwE5tC:riEl5^ini]赤道几内亚 Eritrea[7eri5tri(:)E]厄立特里亚 Ethiopia[7i:Wi5EupjE]埃塞俄比亚 Gabon[^a5b][国名]加蓬(位于非洲中西部,首都利伯维尔) Gambia[5^AmbiE]冈比亚(非洲西部沿海一殖民地,1965年独立,首都Bathurst[5bAWE(:)st]巴瑟斯特(冈比亚首都班珠尔) Ganary Is加那利群岛（Is=Island/Islands) 注：Ganary尚未查到 Ghana[5^B:nE]加纳 Guinea[5^ini]几内亚 Guinea-Bissau[5^ini bi5sEu]几内亚比绍共和国 Ivory Coast[5aivEri5kEust]象牙海岸注：今为Cote d Ivoire科特迪瓦 Kenya[5ki:njE, 5kenjE]肯尼亚 Lesotho[lI5su:tu:]莱索托(非洲南部一王国, 首都Maseru)(西非国家 Liberia[lai5biEriE]利比里亚 Libya[5libiE]利比亚（北非国家） Madagascar[mAdE5^AskE]马达加斯加岛 Malawi[mB:5lB:wi]马拉维 Mali[5mB:li:]马里 Mauritania[7mC(:)ri5teinjE] 毛利塔尼亚 Mauritius[mE5riFEs]毛里求斯(非洲岛国)

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网站建设中常用英文，网站导航栏目英文翻译。公司简介PROFILE 或者COMPANY Profile 或者Company 或者about us 公司设备Equipment 公司荣誉Glories 企业文化Culture 产品展示Product 资质认证quality certification 企业规模Scale 营销网络Sales Network 组织机构organization 合作加盟Join in Cooperation 技术力量Technology 经理致辞Manager`s oration 发展历程Development history 工程案例Engineering Projects 业务范围Business Scope 分支机构Branches 供求信息Supply & Demand 经营理念Operation Principle 产品销售Sales 联系我们Contact Us 信息发布Information 返回首页Homepage Home 产品定购order 分类浏览Browse by category 电子商务E-Business 公司实力Strength 版权所有Copy right 友情连结Hot link 应用领域Application Fields 人力资源Human Resource HR 领导致辞Leader`s oration 企业资质Enterprise qualification 行业新闻Trade news 行业动态Trends 客户留言Customer Message 客户服务Customer Service 新闻动态News & Trends 公司名称Company Name 销售热线Sales Hot-line 联系人Contact Person 您的要求Your requirements 建设中In construction

英文翻译(原文)

GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

(全英文论文)英汉人名比较及翻译

原创毕业论文公布的题目可以用于免费参考案例教学法在商务英语口语教学中的应用讨论式教学法在英语专业泛读课中的应用莎士比亚四大喜剧的双关语的翻译技巧怎样提高英语口语中英习语文化及翻译的研究论灰姑娘中神力的象征意义中美商务谈判中通过“面子观”分析恭维语从对照艺术看羊脂球的人物形象塑造英语新词的特点与翻译解析呼啸山庄中希刺克里夫性格形成的原因从文本类型角度看企业外宣材料的翻译外交翻译中的语言的准确性探讨珠三角企业的诚信危机与信誉重建坏消息商务英语函电中模糊语的语用功能分析从逍遥骑士看美国反正统文化-嬉皮士大学校园语码转换的原因分析 XX学院英语专业学生课堂焦虑调查中国古诗春怨英译对比赏析本题目是全英文原创论文，需要完整可以联系QQ：805 99 0749 中学英语教师课堂反馈对学生焦虑的影响解读献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰花中“玫瑰”的象征意义无名的裘德中裘德悲剧原因分析探析西方洋节在中国流行的原因在跨文化的视野下看英语商业广告的语言特色英汉颜色词的比较和翻译影响直译与意译方法选择的因素影响中学生英语听力的因素解读飘中斯嘉丽的个性和命运英汉翻译中的词性转换交际法在大学英语词汇教学中的作用小说秀拉中的存在主义探析中英禁忌语比较论了不起的盖茨比中盖茨比理想主义的破灭埃德加爱伦坡一桶蒙特亚白葡萄酒中的恐怖气氛论英语教学中交际法应用的困境及解决浅析我国中小企业电子商务现状与对策爱默生论自助中的个人主义迷失的美国梦--解读夜色温柔中主人公的悲惨命运目的论视角下旅游景区公示语误译的研究简?爱的爱情观翻译专业学生自主学习能力调查与分析

英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文

文档简介一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night

中文翻译小子：我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了福利放送！！

如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧

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