The Development History and Prospects of APEC

Running title: The Development of APEC

The Development History and

Prospects of APEC

Course: English Writing

From:2014021556 Zhao Jiaxin 赵嘉欣2014021555 Zhao Xiaowen 张小稳

2014021552 Sun Liling 孙丽岭

.2014021554 Xiao Cuihong 肖翠红

2014021551 Qiao Dian 乔典

2014021549 Lu Yan 逯艳

Students of Group 5 , Class 4 , Grade 2014

Department of Internation Relation

Qingdao University

Date: December 14, 2014

Table of Contents

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Body

2.1 Development status of APEC

2.1.1. Economy policy

2.1.2.Cooperation in non-traditional security field

2.2.Problems in APEC

2.2.1.The imbalance of economic relations

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/315913020.html,petition-related problems

2.2.

3.The i nadequate enforcement of APEC’s rules

2.3.Some suggestions about the futher development of APEC

2.3.1.The 22nd APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Beijing

2.3.2.Suggestions

3 Conclusion

References

Abstract

In 21st century,economic globalization and regional integration have become two irresistible trends in our modern world. The world economic situation is becoming more complex. With the deepening of mutual cooperation and dependence, a new economic order is forming, which bring more opportunities as well as challenges. In order to adapt to the new environment, all kinds of regional economic integration organizations have built and played a more and more important role in modern world. The first ministerial meeting held in Canberra, Australia in 1989 marks the establishment of APEC,which opened a new chapter for economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacifia region. In the past 20 years, APEC has achieved enormous accomplishments in promoting cooperation and regional integration. However, all kinds of deficiencies were revealed in the meantime.Just like what Dr.Jae-Sung, Lee said, the Asia-Pacific countries are facing new challenges because of the changes of the economic order(2012).

In this paper, we will first discuss the development status of APEC, especially politics in economy field and non-traditional-security field. Then,we will talk about the main problems. The purpose of this paper is to given suggestions in developing APEC into a more successful association.

The Development History and Prospects of APEC

1.Introduction

Established in 1989, APEC now has developed into a most distinctive and influential regional economic cooperation forum in Aisa-pacific region. Now it has 21 members, which including China,America and Japan-the world's three largest economies. Since its formation, APEC has achieved tremendous gains and remarkable results in the economy, politics, culture and other fields, in the past 25 years, the average applied tariffs of APEC economies have fallen by more than 10 percentage points, contributing to a seven-fold increase in both intra-APEC merchandise trade and APEC' s total trade, as well as higher economic growth compared to the rest of the world. APEC provides a mechanism to solve regional problems and promote mutual cooperation. According to Anita Douglas, “ members account for around half of world trade, 41% of world population and 57% of world GDP” (2008, p. 170). There is no doubt that Asia-Pacific age is coming.

2.Body

2.1.Development Status of APEC

2.1.1.Economy policy

Since its formation, APEC had been embracing the spirit of equality and mutual benefit, mutual respect, tolerate and openness, flexibility, and mutual cooperation, and obey the principle of voluntarism.

The"Bogor declaration"was adopted in 1994 in Indonesia, which set a long term aspirational goal for liberalization of trade and investment,according to the declaration, developed countries in APEC should achieve this goal in 2010, and developing members will reach it in 2020.In order to achieve this goal, the leaders meeting is held every year in which leaders make key decisions about the further development of APEC. Trade is playing an important role in promoting employment and boosting the sustained development of economy. So, APEC reaffirmed the centrality of the multilateral trading system under WTO and tried to build the multilateral trading system, including promoted the Uruguay Round in 1994, initiated the Uruguay Round in 1994, and signed the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) in 1996. In order to support Liberalization of trade, APEC take measures to oppose all kinds of protectionism, and commit to not take actions on new investment and trade barriers. For the past 25 years, APEC has conducted a wide range of cooperation in economy, trade, green economy, investment, new technology and other areas.

2.1.2.Cooperation in Non-traditional Security Field

Anita Douglas writes that “ threats from terrorism,natural disasters,contamination of the food supply and pandemics, such as avian influenza, and other health-related challenges have the potential to undermine efforts to sustain economic growth, raise living standards and reduce poverty in the region”(2008, p. 171). In recent years, APEC's human agenda was reaffirmed by leaders of members over and over again. It deserves repeating because it is one of the most important points in maintaining the health development of APEC. A few examples of APEC's accomplishments in

non-traditional area in past 25 years include-the endorsement of APEC Counter-Terrorism Task Force by leaders in May 2003, which will help secure the region's economic, people,trade, and financial systems from terrorist attack, and the endorsement of Trade Recovery Program to facilitate the recovery of economy after the terrorist attack, as well as the establishment of the Energy Working Group (EWG) in 1990. To deal with the environment problems, APEC Energy Ministers Meeting was held in Beijing, China on 2 September 2014, Ministers set an agenda about developing new energy, including in power generation by 2030.An enissions-cut-plan was put forward by China and America in this year, which showed the China's firm resolution in addressing the environment issue.

2.2.Problems in APEC

Yet just when the APEC should celebrate its great accomplishments, the organization is showing signs of strain from heterogeneity among economies, intensified competition between great powers,and inadequate enforcement of APEC rules.

2.2.1.The Imbalance of Economic Ralations

As we all know, APEC includes developing countries and developed countries,there is no doubt that the gap between developing and developed countries. Because of the great differences in factors such as the development level, economy system, and resources. It is difficult for the members to achieve efficient cooperation, which leads to the imbalance of economic relations in this region. Unlike EU and NAFTA, the APEC is a loose association that spanning over the Pacific, which has a

wide dissimilarity in economic system ,level of development and ideology, so it is too wide to solve all the problems. In the meantime, a lack of mutual trust due to ideological confrontations also poses a threat to cooperation in the region. As a result, the number of sub-regional cooperation was increased in recent years, which impaired the function of APEC to a large extent. ASEAN is one of the typical examples.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/315913020.html,petition-related Problems

Dr.Jae-Sung,Lee said that “as traditional trade barriers are lowered and globalization progresses, markets are becoming increasingly integrated and competition stiffer”(2012, p. 57). This poses significant competition-related problems(2012). In 1970s, a few great powers such as America, Japan and Germany played the leading roles in world economy, which together account for more than a third of global trade. since 1980s, reform and opening policies was introduced, the economy of China has developed at high speed, and became the world's second largest economy in 2010, overtaking Japan. Even though the development of Japan's economy has been stagnant for past two decades, it still an important economic force in this region even world. The changes of economic order no doubt means the intensified competition among China, America, and Japan. And China and America competing with each other for the aim of the world's largest economy now. America regards APEC as an important part of its global strategy. The competition leads to tensions in this region, especially economic sphere, trade conflicts are increasing every year.

2.2.

3.The inadequate enforcement of APEC’s Rules

There are some deficiencies in APEC in the process of developing. The stagnant

of the development of economical and technological cooperation is one of the mainly problems. Presently, an efficient and perfect coordination mechanism has not established, the developing countries aim at shrinking with other countries, while the developed countries improve national power, economic and cooperation, and the Congress of Economical and Technological cooperation does not play any important role in trade and investment areas. Consequently, it is easy to meet agreements but difficult to put them into concrete practices. Now, APEC is confronting challenges which refer to consensus and autonomy and determined by various

members and different pursuit and others guiding 21 partners Together.

2.3.Some suggestions about the further development of APEC

2.3.1.The 22nd APEC Economic Leaders'Meeting in Beijing

The 22nd APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting was held in Beijing, China, in November. Embracing the theme " Shaping the Futher Through Asia-Pacific Partnership" , leaders reached a consensus in regional economic integration, innovation and connectivity, which are the three major topics of this meeting. The leaders determined to launch the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific(FTAAP), which will promote the regional integration and transfuse fresh blood to APEC's economic promotion. Leaders and ministers also made an agreement on the proposals of cross-border education, business travel card, transnational tourism and anti-corruption. The president of the People's Republic of China , Xi Jinping said that the declaration would be a powerful guideline to achieve APEC' s status in the Asian-Pacific region, and give full play to its role in the cooperation.

Facing all kinds of new challenges and opportunities accompanying with economic globalization,members of APEC realized the importance of reform. Under the new economic order, they must create new economic growth areas and try to improve innovation capability. Here are some suggestions.

2.3.2.Suggestions

First, establish a cooperation and credit mechanism to strength cooperation in economy, technology, education, culture and other fields. Members should settle their differences by using peaceful and proper means. Only in this way can they defuse the dangerous of rivalry and keep the security of this region. The mutual trust and respect are the basis of sustained development of APEC.

Second, members should focus on the future agenda of environment issues and deal with the relationship between economy and environment. When environment and economy are combined with each other,countries will take quite different measures based on their national interests. So, in order to solve the burden-sharing problem efficiently, the international trade system must support sustained development. The APEC has established a formal committee about this issue, but measures are just stay on paper. Effective measures should be taken as soon as possible. The future prosperity of APEC will depend on economic reform and growth. So members should accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development and economic restructuring, develop new energy,and explore new growth areas. The government of all countries in this region should strength macroeconomic policy coordination to create a good environment for the robust development of APEC.

Third, as for the competation-ralated-problems,APEC should formulate perfect laws and regulations to reduce the regional tension. It is necessary to launch a unified and substantive global rule. The mainly problem is how to identify challenges and opportunities and try to take advantage of oportunities to solve problems.

Last but not least, China, as the second largest economy and the largest developing country in the world, should take its responsibilities on the development of this region. China joint in APEC in 1991, and made a great contributions on the cooperation of the Asia-Pacific region. There are highly complementary in resources, economic system, agricultural trade, and development model among China, Japan, and Korea. In recent years, China's foreign trade volume with Japan and Korea has maintained a rising trend, and China's FTAs network has achieved great gains. Chen Shen writes that the FTA talks among the three countries was officially launched in november 2012. It thus violated the conventional order which sees agreement gradually expanding to cover goods, services, and eventually investment(2014).In APEC meeting in 2014, China appealed members to promote regional economic integration and cooperation. In the future, China should initiate and boost the process of the realization of the FTAAP, which will make a great contribution to the common prosperity of this region. An APEC Information Sharing Mechanism on RTAs/FTAs is necessary to reach this goal. China should also boost APEC's economic reform agenda, improve its ambitious goals and blueprints.

3.Conclusion

Now, the APEC is at a new turning point and enjoying a vast development

prospects. With joint efforts of all the members,the Asia-Pacific region has become one of the most potential regions in the world. Without doubt that APEC has achieved great accomplishments for the past 25 years, but there is still a long way to go.In order to bear the burden of the changes of the economic environment, APEC must ready to undergo drastic changes.

References

Shalendra D. Sharma,(2002).Beyond ASEAN and APEC:towards a new Asia-Pacific economic regionalism.EAST ASIAN REVIEW.V ol. 14, No. 3, Autumn 2002, pp.

37-48.

Iae-Sung,L.(2012).A study on APEC's economic cooperations under WTO.International Journal of Business Adminiatration.V ol.3,No.6,pp.55-57

Anita D.(2008).APEC in 2007-2008.UNISCI Discussion Papers.No 16,2008

Chen S.(2014).Asia-Pacific inclusive cooperation and China's strategic choice.ORIGINAL PAPER.July 27,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/315913020.html,/35469/7635611.html.

Robert W.& Frank V,(1998),The resources lie within.The Economist..November 7,,pp. 19. Freund, C. ,(2009). The trade response to global downturns.Historical Evidence. World Bank Policy Research Paper 5015. August.

Ahmed, S. (2009). Are Chinese exports sensitive to changes in the exchange rate?

International Finance Discussion Papers. No. 987

Gagnon, J. E. (2007). Productive capacity, product varieties, and the elasticities approach to the trade balance. Review of International Economics, V ol.4,pp, 639-659. Mansfield, D.E.&Helen M. (1999). The new wave of regionalism. International Organization.V ol 3,pp.589-627.

Broda, C., & David W. (2006). Globalization and the gains from variety. Quarterly Journal of Economics,May,pp. 541-585

(完整版)英国历史大事年表

英国历史大事年表 都铎王朝：1485～1603（近代英国开始） 1485年：亨利七世即位 【15世纪中叶，30年的玫瑰战争导致都铎王朝建立，获胜方南方大地主和新贵族的代表亨利·都铎加冕为王，是为亨利七世。都铎王朝正值资本主义在英国初升时期，产生了两位有名君主：亨利八世，为子嗣和婚姻问题与罗马教庭宣布决裂，成立英国国教（即圣公会）；伊丽莎白一世（1558~1603）确立了英国的海上霸权，正值文艺复兴时期，出现了莎士比亚。苏格兰国王詹姆斯四世被伊丽莎白指定为继承人，1603年，詹姆斯登上英格兰国王的宝座，成为詹姆斯一世，开始了斯图亚特王朝的统治，这为100年后（1707年）苏格兰与英格兰正式合并创立了条件。】 1558年：英国女王伊丽莎白一世即位，统治英国达45年之久 1564年：莎士比亚诞生 1588年：击败西班牙无敌舰队，树立海上霸权。【英国在1588年英西海战中的胜利，是一次以弱胜强的胜利，它再一次显示了在王权统治下的民族国家的力量。长期处在欧洲主流文明之外的岛国，第一次以强国的姿态向欧洲大陆发出了声音，并迅速进入世界海洋霸权和商业霸权的争夺中心。】 斯图亚特王朝1603～1714 1603年：80岁的伊丽莎白一世去世了。 苏格兰王詹姆士六世加冕成为英格兰的詹姆士一世，统一了英格兰和苏格兰 1620年：对新教徒的镇压激化，一批新教徒乘"五月花号"抵达美洲 1628年，《权力请愿书》 1640年，英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命，成为资产阶级革命的先驱。 1642～1651年：英国内战爆发 1649年：查理一世（詹姆士一世的儿子）被处决（1.30），克伦威尔宣布共和政体（5.19） 1660年：（查理二世）王朝复辟【詹姆斯二世（查理二世儿子）继承王位，后被罢黜。】 1676年：格林尼治天文台设立 1679年，人身保护法；托利党成立（1833年改称现名）

英语的发展史(中英文版)

一种民族语言（包括词汇）的发展与民族的历史密切可关。要了解英语语汇的发展史，不 可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，乃至英国的历史密不可分。 不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人，又称不列颠人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯萨大帝的 率领下侵入不列颠群岛，凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。直到公元 410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人， 撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。 语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：1、古英语时期，2、中古英语时期，3、现 代英语时期。 1、古英语时期（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年） 日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后，名自占领一些地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰 的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地，朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区，撒克森人占领了泰晤士河 以南的大部分地区。各个部落建立了一些小王国，出现了英国历史上的七国时代。直到公 元830年，阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以古英语时期存在着多种方言，主要方言有四种：西萨克森语，肯特语，莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。其它方言在形成 英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。 古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。复 合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如 for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。 古英语时期有两个重要的历史事件，给英语词汇带来较大的影响。第一件事是基督教传入 英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来到英国传教。罗马文化随着基督教传入了英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词进入了英语。 第二件事是北欧人入侵英国。从公元790年开始，大批斯堪的那维亚人在英国定居。丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的那维亚人和英国人频繁交往，所以有许多斯堪 的那维亚各国的词语进入了英语。 2、中古英语时期（公元1100—1500年） 公元1066年，诺曼人在征服王威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎 格鲁-萨克森军队，英王哈路德战死，英国被征服。这在历史上被称为诺曼征服。从此，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建统治之下。谨曼征服是英国历史上的重要转折点，对英语的发展有巨大的影响。 诺曼征服之后，谨曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年里，谨曼法 语成为英国的官方语言。普通人仍然讲英语，但英语的文字记载却几乎中断。中古英语一 般右以分为两个时期，1204年后，英语逐渐恢复主导地位。1362年英王爱德华三世首次 用英语向议会致词。十五世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。1476年，卡克斯顿把印刷术传入英国，

英国历史简介

［英国］英国简史(英文) 2006-1-23 页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】History Until 1707, this section deals primarily with English history. England and Wales were formally united in 1536. In 1707, when Great Britain was created by the Act of Union between Scotland and England, English history became part of British history. For the early history of Scotland and Wales, see separate articles. See also Ireland; Ireland, Northern; and the tables entitled Rulers of England and Great Britain and Prime Ministers of Great Britain. Early Period to the Norman Conquest Little is known about the earliest inhabitants of Britain, but the remains of their dolmens and barrows and the great stone circles at Stonehenge and Avebury are evidence of the developed culture of the prehistoric Britons. They had developed a Bronze Age culture by the time the first Celtic invaders (early 5th cent. B.C.) brought their energetic Iron Age culture to Britain. It is believed that Julius Caesar's successful military campaign in Britain in 54 B.C. was aimed at preventing incursions into Gaul from the island. In A.D. 43 the emperor Claudius began the Roman conquest of Britain, establishing bases at present-day London and Colchester. By A.D. 85, Rome controlled Britain south of the Clyde River. There were a number of revolts in the early years of the conquest, the most famous being that of Boadicea. In the 2d cent. A.D., Hadrian's Wall was constructed as a northern defense line. Under the Roman occupation towns developed, and roads were built to ensure the success of the military occupation. These roads were the most lasting Roman achievement in Britain (see Watling Street), long serving as the basic arteries of overland transportation in England. Colchester, Lincoln, and Gloucester were founded by the Romans as colonia, settlements of ex-legionaries. Trade contributed to town prosperity; wine, olive oil, plate, and furnishings were imported, and lead, tin, iron, wheat, and wool were exported. This trade declined with the economic dislocation of the late Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops to meet barbarian threats elsewhere. The garrisons had been consumers of the products of local artisans as well as of imports; as they were disbanded, the towns decayed. Barbarian incursions became frequent. In 410 an appeal to Rome for military aid was refused, and Roman officials subsequently were withdrawn.