文艺复兴时期英国文学概述

文艺复兴时期英国文学概述

文艺复兴时期文学 (15 世纪后期-17 世纪初) 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15 世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，

提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔( Thomas More, 1478-1535 )是

英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》( Utopia )批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia 现已成为空想主义的代

名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》 ( The NewAtlantis )、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels )、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》( Erewhon) —直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙?斯宾塞 (EdmundSpenser, 1552-1599 )

的长诗《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的”斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯?培根(Francis Bacon，1561-1626 )是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》

( Essays )，共58 篇。这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，

随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16 世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗?马洛(Christopher Marlowe , 1564-1593 )冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》 ( Tamburlaine )、《浮士德博士的悲剧》 ( The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus )、《马耳他岛的犹太人》( The Jew of Malta )

等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情

节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉?莎士比亚( William Shakespeare ,

1 564- 1 6 1 6 ) ，他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部(一说39 部)戏剧。莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》( A Midsummer Night's Dream )、《威尼斯商人》( The Merchant of Venice )，悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》( Romeo and Juliet )、《哈

姆莱特》(Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》(Othello )、《李尔王》(King Lear)、《麦克白》(Macbeth), 历史剧《亨利四世》( Henry IV )，传奇剧《暴风雨》( The Tempest )等。莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象，展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面，宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。他的剧作思想内容深刻，艺术表现手法精湛，历经几个世纪，长演不衰。莎士比亚是语言大师，他娴熟地运用英语，将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。与莎士

比亚同时或稍后还有一批剧作家在进行创作，本?琼森( Ben Johnson , 1572-1637 )是其

中最主要的作家，莎士比亚曾在他的喜剧《人人高兴》( Every Man in His Humor )中扮演

角色。琼森的讽刺喜剧《狐狸》( Volpone )、《练金术士》( The Alchemist )揭露了当时社会人们追逐金钱的风气，喜剧性很强。

英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)

.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have

自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)

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英国文学--古英语-文艺复兴

英国文学（1） -----古英语—文艺复兴 Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance Period I. 古英语（文学）Old English—Anglo-Saxon, language spoken by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes 449 (the Anglo-Saxon Invasion) -1066 (the Norman Conquest) Beowulf-- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons （最高成就） Anglo-Saxon Chronicle II. 中世纪英语(文学) Medieval (Middle) English—With the three languages intermingling, Old English developed into Middle English 1066 - middle 14th century

1. Romance—the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England （封建英国最流行的文学形式，取材 于贵族，为 贵族而作）2. 民间流行文学—Piers the Plowman by William Langland (written version) the Ballads (oral form)（英国民间文学最重要的一个分支） 3. 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer ----the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity) The Canterbury Tales---the first time to use ―heroic couplet‖英雄双韵体诗4. 文学术语----Alliteration；Epic;

第三章 文艺复兴时期文学

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文艺复兴时期的英国文学简介

第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学 2.1 文艺复兴 “文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。代表人物莎士比亚。 欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。 首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。 地理和科学的新发现。哥伦布达伽马 16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革 文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。 2.2 英国文艺复兴 根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段: 第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。 代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》 第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。 代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌 第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。 代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根 文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。 2.3代表作家及作品 2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More） 出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。希望其成为律师 1504，26岁成为下院议员。反对亨利七世，退出政坛。 15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。 因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。

文艺复兴时期英国文学概述

文艺复兴时期英国文学概述 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈

文艺复兴时期英国文学

文艺复兴时期英国文学 1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about? 2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama? 3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time? 4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama? 5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features? 6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work? 7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8. What was the most important translation of the time? Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet? 3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character? 4. What is blank verse? 5. What is soliloquy? Text study 1 Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” 1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy? 2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism? 3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure? Text study 2 The Merchant of Venice / The Trial Scene Pre-reading The most interesting character in this play is Shylock. Some people think him as a cruel miser, deserving his punishment while others consider him a victim of discrimination. From what you know of the play, what do you think of this character? To what extent does this character deserves our sympathy? Discuss with your classmates. Discussion 1. After reading the “trial scene”, have you changed your idea about Shylock? Refer to the questions in Pre-reading, and try to defend your position with evidence from the text. 2. Portia gives an eloquent speech on mercy when she tries to persuade Shylock to give up his bond. Consider the punishment received by Shylock, do you think the Christians are being merciful to Shylock?

The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结

The Renaissance This is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced. ------F. Engles <1> Brief introduction ?Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain. ?“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. ?Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe; ?Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. During the period of Renaissance: 1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken, 2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged, 3. national languages and cultures took shape, 4. art and literature flourished Brief introduction ?There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied. ?The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation． ?Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe． Examples: ①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； ②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； ③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron； ④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China； ⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world． <2>Essence and features ?Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. （另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to: to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe; to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life. ?Features: there are two striking features ①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.

英国文艺复兴时期

Chapter I The Renaissance Period (一) 文艺复兴时期概述 1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定 （2）历史文化背景 2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响 （2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点 （3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响 3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释 I. 应用 Definitions of the Literary Terms: 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. ？ 4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. 5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideas of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,

英美文学选读-英国-文艺复兴时期-练习题汇总

英美文学选读选择题 1. _______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. Beowulf D. The Legend of Good Women 2. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. A．William Langlan d’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3. With classical culture and the（）humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing. A. French B. German C. Italian D. Greek 4. During the reign of_______, England started its Religious Reformation and broke away from Rome. A. Henry VII B. Henry VIII C. Edward VI D. Queen Elizabeth 5. The Protestant movement, which was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption and superstition of the Middle Ages, was initiated by _______. A. Francis Bacon B. Martin Luther C. Thomas More Utopia D. William Shakespeare 6．The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT_________. A．the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture B．the vast expansion of British colonies in North America C．the new discoveries in geography and astrology D．the religious reformation and the economic expansion 7. In Renaissance, the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to do the following EXCEPT ______. A. getting rid of those old feudalist ideas B. getting control of the parliament and government C. introducing new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie D. recovering the purity of the early church, from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church 8. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism? A. Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.

英美文学选读-英国-文艺复兴时期-练习题汇总(选择大题)

I．Multiple Choice Old and Medieval Period 1. ____ Beowulf ___, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. D. The Legend of Good Women 3. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely __ B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales____________. A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___. A.Piers Plowman B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C.Confessio Amantis D.The Canterbury Tales 1. ____ A. B. George Gordon Byron C. Edmund Spenser D. Robert Browning 1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of B.

外国文学之文艺复兴时期

文艺复兴时期 人文主义文学的基本内容 1、以人为中心，赞美人的美好，反对神的权威。《哈姆雷特》 2、宣扬个人解放，反对禁欲主义，追求人生幸福。《第十二夜》 3、追求自由平等，反对等级观念。《终成眷属》《十日谈》只有品德使生时平等的我们发生 了贵贱之分 4、崇尚理性，反对蒙昧。知识就是力量。《巨人传》《堂吉诃德》 人文主义思想的出发点是人性论 反封建更偏重伦理道德与生活，而不是推翻封建主义，后者是启蒙文学的目的。 反宗教是在承认宗教的前提下，偏于揭露教会的腐败与黑暗 文艺复兴时期文学的地位 是欧洲近代文学的开端，也是希腊文化之后欧洲文学是的有一个高峰 欧洲文艺复兴时期文学的特点 1、这一时期的文学具有反封建反宗教的特色 2、在现实主义的基础上具有浓厚的浪漫主义色彩。具体表现为形象的夸张，抒情的气氛， 对乌托邦未来的向往。 3、这一时期是欧洲主要国家文学诞生的时期 这一时期现实主义的特征 1、反映广阔的社会现实 2、忠于现实的同时又浓厚的浪漫主义色彩，主要表现为形象的夸张，抒情的气氛和对乌托 邦的向往 3、在人物塑造上达到新的高度，塑造了许多典型的形象，如堂吉诃德，哈姆雷特。 悲喜剧混合：这是文艺复兴时期的首创，突破了古希腊、罗马戏剧悲剧喜剧的严格界限。在一出戏里，悲剧喜剧因素结合。有意大利剧作家瓜里尼首创的田园诗体悲喜剧混杂剧。这是新剧种对美学的戏剧范畴的发展。 悲喜剧因素混杂在一起，丰富了作品的表现力，增强了作品的感染力。莎士比亚喜剧为悲喜剧提供了范例。《威尼斯商人》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 流浪汉小说：商业化的产物，地理大发现和世界旅行的直接后果。《小赖子》 人性概念的发展 人性是有价值判断的，有人性美，也有人性丑。并非说到人性都是好的。这是对作品评价的一个尺度。 人性是一个发展的概念，它为社会文化条件所决定，随着科学、哲学、历史的发展而不断流动变迁。 《十日谈》描写的某些人性在当时曾对社会的发展起进步作用，具有历史的合理性，发展到今天则走向自己的反面，成为腐朽没落的东西。比如纵欲的渲染和损人利己的肯定。意大利 美术三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔 文学巨星：薄伽丘，彼特拉克，但丁 彼特拉克：十四行诗，主要描写爱情 薄伽丘：《但丁论》 《十日谈》1、自然性：肯定情欲，歌颂爱情 2、社会性：要求平等，维护尊严 3、阶级性：肯定享乐，宣扬利己 4、个性：赞美聪明，歌颂进取