大学体教期末考试——运动解剖学名词解释与简答 (1)
名词解释
1. 骨的理化性质：指骨中含有有机质和无机质，有机质使骨有弹性；无机盐类使骨质坚硬。
2. 静力工作：指肌肉持续收缩，长度不变，使环节在某一位置固定，以维持一定姿势。
3.肝小叶：肝小叶是构成肝的基本结构和功能单位，呈棱柱状。在中央静脉周围排列着肝细胞、肝血窦和胆小管。
4.淋巴管道：包括毛细淋巴管、淋巴管、淋巴干和淋巴导管。
5. 白质：在中枢神经系统内，主要由有髓鞘的神经纤维聚集而成。因为髓鞘色泽亮白，称为白质。
6、远固定：指分析四肢肌肉工作时，若肌肉以其远侧端为定点、近侧端为动点进行收缩。
7、对抗肌：指与原动肌作用相反的肌肉
8、离心工作：又叫退让工作。其特点是：肌力矩小于阻力矩；环节朝肌拉力相反方向运动；肌肉变长、变细、变硬。
9、神经节：在周围神经系统内，由功能和形态相同的神经元胞体聚集在一起，称神经节。
10、气血屏障：指肺泡与周围毛细血管间的气体交换，需要经过肺泡上皮、上皮的基膜、内皮的基膜和内皮细胞四层结构。
11、体循环：指血液由左心室搏出，经动脉各级分支到达全身的毛细血管，经各级静脉流回右心房。
12、单关节肌：指仅跨过一个关节的肌肉
13、定点：指肌肉收缩时，相对固定或运动幅度较小的附着端。
14、原动肌：指以主动收缩直接完成动作的肌肉。
15、动力工作：肌肉收缩产生的力使环节位置改变，肌肉长度有变化，这类工作称为动力工作。
16、静脉：指引导血液回心的血管。
17、肌节：两条相邻Z线之间的一段肌原纤维称为肌节，每个肌节都由1/2I带+A带+1/2I带组成。
18、动点：指肌肉收缩时，相对运动或运动幅度较大的附着端。
19、动脉：指引导血液离心的血管。
20、复关节：两个或两个以上的关节包在一个关节囊内且能单独运动构成复关节
21、感觉传导路：指由感受器至大脑皮质有多次突触连接的神经元链
22、内分泌腺：又称为无管腺，其分泌的激素直接渗入血液和淋巴，随血液循环送至全身。
23、肌肉起点：指肌肉靠近身体正中面或在肢体近端的附着处。
24、骨龄：指骺及小骨骨化中心出现的年龄和骺与骨干愈合的年龄。
25、近固定: 指分析四肢肌肉工作时，若肌肉以其近侧端为定点、远侧端为动点进行收缩。
26、向心工作：又叫克制工作。其特点是：肌力矩大于姐力矩；环节朝肌拉力方向运动；肌肉变短、变粗、变硬。
27、神经核：在中枢神经系统内，由功能和形态相同的神经元胞体聚集在一起，称神经核。
28、肾单位：又称泌尿部，肾单位包括肾小体和肾小管两部分。
29、心传导系：心传导系是由特殊分化的心肌纤维构成，包括窦房结、结间束、房室结、房室束和浦肯野氏纤维
30、多关节肌：指跨过两个或更多关节的肌肉
31. 组织：由细胞和细胞间质组成的细胞群体结构，是构成机体器官的基本成分。
32. 肺的呼吸部：终末细支气管再分支为呼吸性细支气管，继续分支为肺泡小囊，其壁上均为肺泡开口连通肺泡，总称为肺的呼吸部。
33. 肌肉的物理特性：指肌肉具有伸展性、弹性和粘滞性。
34. 肺的导气部：指主支气管从肺门进入肺后，反复分支直至直径相当于0.35～
0.5 mm的终末细支气管。
35. 神经：在周围神经系统中，神经纤维集合成束，被结缔组织包裹，称为神经。
简答题
1.简述神经元的分类
根据神经元的胞突数目,可分为假单极神经元、双极神经元、多极神经元。根据神经元的功能，可分为感觉神经元、运动神经元、联络（中间）神经元
2. 根据肩关节的结构，说明肩关节的运动功能。
基本结构：肩关节是由肱骨头与肩胛骨的关节盂构成球窝关节。肩关节的辅助结构有关节盂唇、喙肱韧带、盂肱韧带、喙肩韧带、肱二头肌长头腱。肩关节可以进行屈伸、外展内收、旋内旋外、环转、水平面屈伸运动。
3. 对立定跳远起跳蹬伸阶段时，下肢环节运动原动肌工作进行解剖学分析。
立定跳远起跳蹬伸阶段下肢环节运动的原动肌工作分析
关节名称关节运动重力矩肌力矩主要原动肌固定形式工作类型髋关节伸屈伸臀大肌远固定向心工作膝关节伸屈伸股四头肌远固定向心工作足关节屈伸屈小腿三头肌远固定向心工作
4. 空气经何途径入肺？为何快而浅的呼吸不利于气体交换？
空气经呼吸道的鼻、咽、喉、气管、主支气管入肺。肺的组织结构是由肺的导气部和肺的呼吸部所组成，肺的呼吸部是气体交换的场所，快而浅的呼吸可能只使气体经过呼吸道和肺的导气部，未能进入肺的呼吸部，而不能进行充分的气体交换。
5. 简述内分泌腺的结构特点。
内分泌腺因在结构上无排泄的导管，又称为无管腺。内分泌腺一般由上皮深陷或外突发育分化而成，由结缔组织包裹或分隔，内分泌腺和内分泌组织周围及其实质内有丰富的毛细血管和淋巴管，分泌的激素直接渗入血液和淋巴，随血液循环送至全身。
6、上皮组织和结缔组织各有何特点？
上皮组织的特点是细胞多，排列有规则；细胞间质少，只有基质，无纤维；分布于体表、体腔的内表面；无毛细血管、毛细淋巴管；有极性，分游离面和基底面；有丰富的神经末梢。
结缔组织的特点是细胞少，排列无规则；细胞间质多，既有基质，又有纤维；分布全身各器官之间；有丰富的毛细血管、毛细淋巴管；有神经末梢；无极性。
7、从膝关节的构造，分析其关节的运动。
基本结构：膝关节是由股胫关节和股髌关节构成的椭圆屈戍关节。股胫关节由股骨和胫骨相应的内、外侧髁关节面构成椭圆关节；股髌关节由股骨的髌面和髌骨关节面构成屈戍关节。辅助结构：半月板、翼状襞、髌上囊和髌下深囊、前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带、腓侧副韧带、胫侧副韧带、髌韧带。膝关节主要能进行屈伸，屈膝时还能进行旋转运动。
8、对“俯卧撑”动作撑起阶段的上肢肌肉工作情况进行解剖学分析。
俯卧撑撑起阶段环节运动的原动肌工作分析
关节名称关节运动重力矩肌力矩原动肌固定形式工作类型肩胛骨前伸后缩前伸前锯肌近固定向心工作肩关节屈伸屈胸大肌远固定向心工作肘关节伸屈伸肱三头肌远固定向心工作桡腕关节伸屈伸腕伸肌远固定向心工作
9、简述尿液的形成和排出体外的途径。
当血液流经肾小球时，血浆内的成分除血细胞、蛋白质和脂类外，都能过肾的滤过屏障滤入肾小囊腔内而形成原尿。原尿流经肾小管时，原尿中对人体有用物质，如葡萄糖、氨基酸、水分等经肾小管重吸收进入血液，原尿经肾小管重吸收剩余下来的物质，如代谢产物尿素、尿酸及肾小管分泌的氢、氨、钾和剩余的水分，形成终尿。终尿经过集合管、乳头管、肾小盏、肾大盏、肾孟、输尿管、膀胱和尿道排出体外。
10、简述神经系的组成。
神经系统由中枢神经系统和周围神经系统两部分组成。中枢神经系统包括位于颅腔的脑和位于椎管的脊髓。周围神经系统是脑和脊髓以外的神经成分，依其分类方法不同可有不同的名称：根据连结部位可分为与脑相连的脑神经和与脊髓相连的脊神经；根据神经兴奋传导方向，分为把神经兴奋传入中枢的传入神经和把神经兴奋传出中枢的传出神经；根据分布范围可分为分布到体表和运动系统的躯体神经和分布于平滑肌、心肌和腺体的内脏神经。其中内脏运动性神经又称自主神经系统，即植物性神经系统，依其结构和功能不同又分为交感神经和副交感神经。
11、试述骨盆的构成，举例说明骨盆的运动。
骨盆由两块髋骨、一块骶骨和一块尾骨，以及连结它们的关节、韧带和软骨构成。以腰骶关节为支点时，骨盆带动下肢相对躯干运动；以髋关节为支点时，骨盆带动躯干相对下肢运动。骨盆在髋关节处可绕冠状轴作前、后倾运动，如腹背运动；绕矢状轴作侧倾运动，如体侧屈运动；绕垂直轴作向左、右旋转运动，如体转运动；还可以做环转运动，如“腰绕环”动作。
12、为什么说小肠是消化吸收的主要场所？
小肠粘膜和粘膜下层突向肠腔内形成许多环状的皱襞。皱襞上有许多绒毛，绒毛的单层柱状上皮能吸收营养物质。绒毛内的毛细淋巴管吸收脂肪酸；毛细血管吸收葡萄糖、氨基酸和部分脂肪酸。
小肠腺能分泌肠液，小肝分泌的胆汁以及胰腺分泌的胰液也运到小肠。肠液、胆汁、胰液能分解糖、脂肪和蛋白质。
小肠是消化管最长部分，可分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠3段。这有利用食物在小肠内进行充分的消化、吸收
13、简述周围神经系的组成。
周围神经系统是脑和脊髓以外的神经成分，依其分类方法不同可有不同的名称：根据连结部位可分为与脑相连的脑神经和与脊髓相连的脊神经；根据神经兴奋传导方向，分为把神经兴奋传入中枢的传入神经和把神经兴奋传出中枢的传出神经；根据分布范围可分为分布到体表和运动系统的躯体神经和分布于平滑肌、心肌和腺体的内脏神经。其中内脏运动性神经又称自主神经系统，即植物性神经系统，依其结构和功能不同又分为交感神经和副交感神经。
14、简述髋关节的结构，关节类型及其关节的运动。
（1）关节基本结构：髋关节由髋臼和股骨头构成球窝关节。（2）关节的辅助结构：髋臼唇、髂股韧带、耻股韧带、坐股韧带、股骨头韧带。（3）髋关节可以进行屈伸、外展内收、旋内旋外、环转运动。
15、举例说明动力性动作的分析步骤。
动力性动作分析包括动作要点描述、动作划分阶段、动作分析制表和动作综合评价4个步骤。
如哑铃弯举动作。（1）动作要点描述：哑铃弯举动作是发展运动肘关节的肌肉力量一种练习方法。（2）动作划分阶段：哑铃弯举动作可以分为举起和放下两个阶段。（3）动作分析制表：
如哑铃弯举的举起阶段上肢环节运动的原动肌工作分析
关节名称关节运动重力矩肌力矩主要原动肌固定形式工作类型肘关节屈伸屈肱二头肌近固定向心工作
（4）动作综合评价：哑铃弯举动作是发展肱二头肌等肌肉力量。
16、心脏各腔有那些出入口和瓣膜？瓣膜有何功能？
右心房：三入口：上、下腔静脉口、冠状窦口；出口：右房室口。
右心室：一入口：右房室口、三尖瓣；出口：肺动脉口、肺动脉瓣。左心房：四入口：肺静脉口；出口；左房室口。
左心室：一入口：左房室口、二尖瓣；出口：主动脉口、主动脉瓣。瓣膜能防止血液逆流。
17、小肠壁有哪些结构与功能相适应？
小肠粘膜和粘膜下层突向肠腔内形成许多环状的皱襞。皱襞上有许多绒毛，绒毛的单层柱状上皮能吸收营养物质。绒毛内的毛细淋巴管吸收脂肪酸；毛细血管吸收葡萄糖、氨基酸和部分脂肪酸。
小肠腺能分泌肠液，小肝分泌的胆汁以及胰腺分泌的胰液也运到小肠。肠液、胆汁、胰液能分解糖、脂肪和蛋白质。
小肠是消化管最长部分，可分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠3段。这有利用食物在小肠内进行充分的消化、吸收
18、简述呼吸系统的组成及各自功能。
呼吸系统由呼吸道和肺两部分组成。
呼吸道包括鼻、咽、喉、气管和主支气管。鼻、咽、喉为上呼吸道，气管、主支气管为下呼吸道，其主要功能是输送气体。
根据肺的功能，肺的组织结构可分为导气部和呼吸部。肺的导气部具有输送气体的功能。肺的呼吸部具有气体交换的功能。
19、试述交感神经和副交感神经在结构上的主要区别。
主要区别交感神经副交感神经
低级中枢的部位脊髓胸1-腰3侧角脑干和脊髓骶2-4副交感核神经节的位置椎旁节、椎前节器官旁节、器官内节
周围部的分布范围节前纤维短，节后纤维长；
末稍分支多；
几乎遍及全身，范围较广泛节前纤维长，较节后纤维短；末稍分支少；
大部分血管、汗腺、立毛肌无
20、对正面屈体扣球落地阶段，下肢环节运动的原动肌工作进行分析。
对正面屈体扣球落地阶段，下肢环节运动的原动肌工作
关节名称关节运动重力矩肌力矩主要原动肌固定形式工作类型髋关节屈屈伸臀大肌远固定离心工作膝关节屈屈伸股四头肌远固定离心工作踝关节伸伸屈小腿三头肌远固定离心工作21、试述脊柱的组成、整体观和运动功能。
成人脊柱由24块椎骨、1块骶骨和1块尾骨以及连结它们椎间盘、关节和韧带装置组成。前面观脊柱，椎体从上到下逐渐加大，骶骨的耳状面以下又变小。侧面观脊柱，具有4个生理弯曲包括颈曲、胸曲、腰曲和骶曲，颈曲和腰曲向前凸，胸曲和骶曲向后凸。后面观脊柱，可见棘突于背部形成一条纵嵴。脊柱能够进行屈伸、侧屈、旋转和环转运动。
22、从肘关节的结构，分析其关节的运动。
（1）关节的基本结构：肘关节由肱尺关节、肱桡关节和桡尺近侧关节包在一个关节囊内构成复关节。肱尺关节由肱骨滑车与尺骨的滑车切迹构成屈戍关节；肱桡关节由肱骨小头与桡骨的关节凹构成球窝关节；桡尺近侧关节由桡骨的环状关节面与尺骨的桡切迹构成车轴关节。（2）关节的辅助结构：加固肘关节的韧带有：尺侧副韧带、桡侧副韧带、桡骨环状韧带。（3）运动：肘关节可以绕肱桡关节和肱尺关节进行屈伸运动，绕肱桡关节和桡尺近侧关节进行了旋转运动。
23、对原地纵跳动作下落阶段，下肢环节运动的原动肌工作情况进行分析。
髋关节屈屈伸臀大肌远固定离心工作膝关节屈屈伸股四头肌远固定离心工作踝关节伸伸屈小腿三头肌远固定离心工作
24、简述内脏运动神经与躯体运动神经在结构和功能上的区别。
（1）所支配的效应器不同（2）所支配神经纤维成分不同（3）中枢所在部位不同（4）传出通路的结构不同（5）神经分布形式不同（6）神经纤维的结构不同（7）神经损伤征象不同
25.简述三种肌肉组织的结构特点。
肌组织分骨骼肌、平滑肌、心肌三种。
构成骨骼肌的基本成分是骨骼肌细胞。细胞呈圆柱形，多核，有横纹，分布并附着于全身骨骼上，其收缩力量大，是随意肌。
构成平滑肌的基本成分是平滑肌细胞。细胞呈梭形，只有一个核，无横纹，
其收缩力量小，是不随意肌。
构成心脏肌层的基本成分是心肌细胞，细胞呈短圆柱形，有分支，细胞核为卵圆形，一般只有一个核，位于细胞中央。心肌也有横纹，但不如骨骼肌明显。其收缩力量小，也属不随意肌。
26．从小肠的结构说明小肠的功能。
小肠粘膜和粘膜下层突向肠腔内形成许多环状的皱襞。皱襞上有许多绒毛，绒毛的单层柱状上皮能吸收营养物质。绒毛内的毛细淋巴管吸收脂肪酸；毛细血管吸收葡萄糖、氨基酸和部分脂肪酸。
小肠腺能分泌肠液，小肝分泌的胆汁以及胰腺分泌的胰液也运到小肠。肠液、胆汁、胰液能分解糖、脂肪和蛋白质。
27．举例说明上肢带关节的整体运动。
通常以肩胛骨的运动来描述上肢带关节的运动。肩胛骨的上提和下降运动，如提拉杠铃耸肩；肩胛骨的前伸和后缩，如扩胸运动；肩胛骨的上回旋和下回旋运动，如单手肩上投篮动作。
28.简述结缔组织的结构特点和分类。
结缔组织是人体内构造复杂、形态多样、种类繁多的一类基本组织。其特点是细胞数量少，细胞间质多，细胞散于间质中。细胞间质包括纤维和基质，它们对结缔组织的构造和功能有着重要意义。结缔组织按其形态结构和功能可分疏松结缔组织、致密结缔组织、网状结缔组织、脂肪组织、软骨组织、骨组织、血液与淋巴7种。
29.对俯卧撑下降阶段，上肢环节运动的原动肌工作进行分析，完成动作分析制表。
俯卧撑下降阶段环节运动的原动肌工作分析
关节名称关节运动重力矩肌力矩原动肌固定形式工作类型肩胛骨后缩后缩前伸前锯肌近固定离心工作肩关节伸伸屈胸大肌远固定离心工作肘关节屈屈伸肱三头肌远固定离心工作桡腕关节屈屈伸腕伸肌远固定离心工作
30.泌尿系统由哪些器官组成，简述终尿的形成。
泌尿系统由肾、输尿管、膀胱、尿道4部分组成。当血液流经肾小球时，血浆内的成分除血细胞、蛋白质和脂类外，都能通过肾的滤过屏障滤入肾小囊腔内而形成原尿。原尿流经肾小管时，原尿中对人体有用物质，如葡萄糖、氨基酸、水分等经肾小管重吸收进入血液，原尿经肾小管重吸收剩余下来的物质，如代谢产物尿素、尿酸及肾小管分泌的氢、氨、钾和剩余的水分，形成终尿。
31.简要说明关节的屈伸、外展内收、旋转三种运动的基本形式。
屈伸是运动环节在矢状面内绕冠状轴的运动。一般是向前运动为屈，向后运动为伸。外展内收是运动环节在冠状面内绕矢状轴的运动。一般是运动环节的末端远离身体正中面运动为外展，靠近正中面运动为内收。
旋转是运动环节在水平面内绕垂直轴的运动，又称回旋。一般是运动环节向前向内旋转为旋前（内），向后向外旋转为旋后（外）。
(完整word版)大学英语一期末考试题以及答案
精心整理 大学英语（一） 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services.
C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1
6. A. Breakfast. B. Dinner. C. A 5 dollar gift card. D. Bus service to the airport. 10. A. Make an appointment with her. B. Talk with her about a new order.
C. Send her an email about the shipment. D. Call her back when receiving the shipment. Directions: This part is to test your ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.
北体运动解剖学资料全
北体运动解剖学资料 绪论名词解释——三无 运动解剖学 人体解剖学的一个分支， 它是在人体解剖学基础上研究体育运动对人体形态 结构产生的影响和发展规律，并探索人体结构与体育技术动作关系的一门新兴科学 动作分析法 对人体各种体育动作进行解剖学分析， 着重研究运动过程中关节和肌肉的工作 和探讨人体器官与体育动作之间关系。 运动解剖学的标准解剖姿势 人体直立，两眼向前平视，肢在躯干两侧下垂， 手掌向前， 两足并立，足尖向前 第一章 人体的基本构成 名词解释——历年1个 2008 运动终板 是躯体运动神经与骨骼肌纤维之间的特化连接结构，呈椭圆形板状。它 的功能是将神经冲动传给骨骼肌， 引起肌纤维收缩。 指运动神经末梢缠绕肌纤维束形成的板 状结构，它是效应器 哈佛氏系统 又称骨单位， 位于长骨骨干骨密质的、 外环骨板之间，
呈圆桶状， 由同心圆排列的哈佛氏骨板和中央一条哈佛氏管组成， 是长骨干起支持作用的主要结构单位 神经组织 是神经系统的主要构成成分。 由神经元（即神经细胞）和神经胶质所组成。 具有接受刺激和传导兴奋以及支持、保护和营养作用 神经元 胞体和突起两部分组成。 具有接受刺激和传导兴奋的功能，也是神经活动的基本功能单位。 骨组织 由大量钙化的细胞间质和几种细胞组成， 即骨基质和骨细胞， 骨原细胞， 成骨细胞和破骨细胞。 骨组织的功能是支持、连接、保护、储存钙磷、造血等 软骨 软骨组织及周围的软骨膜构成， 是固态的结缔组织， 对机体有一定的支持和保护作用。 可分为透明软骨，纤维软骨和弹性软骨。 透明软骨 分布较广， 成人的关节面软骨，肋软骨， 呼吸道的一些软骨都是这种软骨。 新鲜时呈半透明状，较脆，易折断。 纤维软骨 分布于椎间盘纤维环， 关节盘和耻骨联合等， 是由大量平行或交错的胶原纤维排列而成， 软骨细胞较少。
大学英语期末考试(4)及答案
**** 大学课程考核试卷 xxxx---xxxx学年第一学期xxxx级xxxx专业（类） 考核科目大学英语三课程类别必修课考核方式闭卷卷别 B （注：考生务必将答案写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的无效） I. Listening Comprehension (30 marks) Part 1: Short dialogues (10 marks, 1 mark each) Directions: Listen to the short dialogs and then choose the correct answers to the questions. 1. A. She did not take the shopping list along with her. B. She did not write a shipping list. C. She does not want to shop in a crowded supermarket. D. She wants to finish shopping quickly. 2. A. Write a statement for the woman. B. Revise what the woman will write. C. Fill in forms for the woman. D. Apply to an American university for admission. 3. A. Contemporary women no longer want to obey their husbands. B. Modern girls no longer love their husbands. C. At the marriage ceremony the bride should promise to obey her husband. D. At the marriage ceremony the bride should show loyalty to her husband. 4. A. She is weak in doing projects. B. She is weak in studies. C. She tends to work whole-heartedly. D. She is not willing to start a project. 5. A. The football match should be called off. B. The meeting should not include new items. C. The meeting should have another two items. D. The football should be included in the agenda. 6. A. It is important to offer an online friend a drink. B. It is delightful to get a drink from an online friend. C. Ensure that nobody puts anything harmful into your drink.
大学英语精读1-期末考试卷及参考答案
大学英语专业精读1 期末考试卷 I. Word formation （40%） A. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs.给出下列动词的相应名词形式。（10%） 1. discover 2.depend 3.amaze 4.add 5.display 6.renew 7.suppose 8.treat 9.addict 10.accelerate B. Give the corresponding nouns for the following adjectives. （10%） 1.weak 2. angry 3. free 4. quick 5. clear 6. long 7.wide 8. sad 9.happy 10. moderate C. Give the corresponding verbs for the following nouns. （10%） 1. gardening 2. failure 3. fertilizer 4. enduring 5. mixture 6.liberation 7.alternative 8.result 9.satisfaction 10.requirement D. Give the corresponding synonyms for the following words and expressions. （10%） 1.barely 2. chilly 3. now and then 4. many 5. clever 6. turn up 7. keen 8. club 9.handsome 10.sensible II. Translate the Chinese into English. （30%） 1. We’ll stick by you___________________________________________（无论发生什么事）. 2. Keep in touch with your cultural roots, ___________________(无论你在世界何地). 3.We’ll bring the hostage home,___________________________（无论有多困难）. 4. I feel that you young people should understand____________________（生活中总是充满着机遇和挑战）. 5. When she learned____________________（她已经被那所大学录取）, she almost jumped for joy. 6.You must admit_________________________（所有这一切都表明我们的努力没有白费）. 7.He was running a great risk when he insisted_________________________________（地球是绕着太阳转的）. 8. The visitors were greatly impressed by________________________（这个村子过去30年所取得的成就）. 9. First-year college students are generally not clear about______________________________（他们应该从大学获取什么）. 10._____________________________（农民最想得到的东西）is just one thing. It is land. III. Translate the following sentences into English. （30%） 1. 我们现在缺少人手，你来得正好。 2. 已经有好几个同学在考虑竞选学生会主席。 3. 她警告我不要和那种追求个人名利的人交往。 4.多年来我们学校培养了很多学生，大多数都在各个部门重要岗位任职。 5. 她原以为哲学是非常枯燥的东西，可后来方发现它非常有意思。 6.他父亲刚过五十，可头发已经灰白了。不过，除此以外，他没事。 7.这里的老师和学生都认为学英语没有什么捷径。 8.我知道放弃这个机会十分愚蠢，但我别无选择。 9.有一天，那座新楼突然倒塌，楼里很多人都被埋了。 10.一种长久的友好关系要求双方都十分真诚。
大学英语B级期末考试题与答案
Test Seven, Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (15 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to give proper answers to questions. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. A) Mary is not here, because she is ill. B) No, it isn't. C) Yes, it is. D) We are ready. 2.A) I am not hungry. B) But the price is too high. C) I like doing some cooking. D) I want to have a rest. 3.A) No, you can't. B) Yes, you can. C) I want a seat near the window. D) That's all right. 4. A) Thank you. B) I agree with you. C) Me, too. D) A little better. 5.A) It's snowing now. B) I like it. C) Yes, the grounds are white. D) it sounds good. Section B Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 6.A) $16. B) $32. C) $8. D) $64. 7.A) Patient and doctor. B) Waitress and customer. C) Wife and husband. D) Secretary and boss. 8. A) Worried and frightened. B) Quite unhappy. C) Very relaxed. D) Angry with the professor. 9. A) The woman was late for coming. B) The woman asked the man to wait. C) The man was annoyed by her late coming. D) The man was quite all right. 10. A) Young people are quick in making decisions. B) They seldom stay long on one job. C) They are easy to lose jobs. D) They are too eager to succeed. Section C Directions: In this section you will hear a recorded passage. The passage is printed in the test paper, but with some words or phrases missing. The passage will be read three times. During the second reading, you are required to put the missing words or phrases on the Answer Sheet in order of the numbered blanks according to what you have heard. The third reading is for you to check your writing. Now the passage will begin. Dick was a sailor on a big ship. It went to Japan and Australia, so Dick was often on the ship for some months at a time. When he (11) up in the morning and looked out, he only (12) the sea, or sometimes a port. When he was twenty-three, Dick married and bought a small (13) with a garden in his wife's town. It was (14) away from the sea. Then he had to go back to his ship, and was away (15) home for two months. He went from the port to the town by bus, and was very happy to see his wife again.
运动解剖学名词解释
绪论 名词解释——三无 运动解剖学——人体解剖学的一个分支，它是在人体解剖学基础上研究体育运动对人体形态结构产生的影响和发展规律，并探索人体结构与体育技术动作关系的一门新兴科学 动作分析法——对人体各种体育动作进行解剖学分析，着重研究运动过程中关节和肌肉的工作和探讨人体器官与体育动作之间的关系。 运动解剖学的标准解剖姿势——人体直立，两眼向前平视，上肢在躯干两侧下垂，手掌向前，两足并立，足尖向前 第一章人体的基本构成 名词解释——历年1个 2008运动终板——是躯体运动神经与骨骼肌纤维之间的特化连接结构，呈椭圆形板状。它的功能是将神经冲动传给骨骼肌，引起肌纤维收缩。指运动神经末梢缠绕肌纤维束形成的板状结构，它是效应器 哈佛氏系统——又称骨单位，位于长骨骨干骨密质的内、外环骨板之间，呈圆桶状，由同心圆排列的哈佛氏骨板和中央一条哈佛氏管组成，是长骨干起支持作用的主要结构单位 神经组织——是神经系统的主要构成成分。由神经元（即神经细胞）和神经胶质所组成。具有接受刺激和传导兴奋以及支持、保护和营养作用 神经元——胞体和突起两部分组成。具有接受刺激和传导兴奋的功能，也是神经活动的基本功能单位。 骨组织——由大量钙化的细胞间质和几种细胞组成，即骨基质和骨细胞，骨原细胞，成骨细胞和破骨细胞。骨组织的功能是支持、连接、保护、储存钙磷、造血等 软骨——软骨组织及周围的软骨膜构成，是固态的结缔组织，对机体有一定的支持和保护作用。可分为透明软骨，纤维软骨和弹性软骨。 透明软骨——分布较广，成人的关节面软骨，肋软骨，呼吸道的一些软骨都是这种软骨。新鲜时呈半透明状，较脆，易折断。 纤维软骨——分布于椎间盘纤维环，关节盘和耻骨联合等，是由大量平行或交错的胶原纤维排列而成，软骨细胞较少。 弹性软骨——分布于耳廓和会厌等，间质中间有大量交织成网的弹性纤维，弹性软骨有较强的弹性。 软骨膜——出关节面软骨以外，软骨的表面均覆有较致密的结缔组织。分为内外两层。主要是为软骨供应营养。
大学英语期末考试(A)
大学英语期末考试（A） 第一部分：单选题 1. The starting current of an a.c. motor is_____ the rated current. A. the same as B. much larger than C. less than D. equals 2. With a_____ load the voltage and current are in phase. A. pure resistance B. capacitive C. inductive D. None of the above 3. The emergency generator or emergency battery is connected to_____ on most large ships. A. distribution boards B. section boards C. emergency switch boards D. main switch boards 4. Switchboards may be of the dead-front type in which all live parts are installed behind_____ and only the operation handles and instruments are on the front. A. the capstan B. the collector C. the panels D. the surface 5. Remote control means that_____. A. the system is manned manually B. the system is situated remotely from the operator C. the system is controlled automatically D. all the above 6. The difference between measured and desired values is called_____. A. make-up B. desired value C. deviation D. set value 7. Prior to any overhaul work on electric equipment, it is important to ensure the circuits are_____. A. live B. dead C. excited D. on line 8. Before starting an engine by air ,the engine must _________ A. be turned by a turning gear for at least one minute B. be turned by a turning gear for at least two minutes C. be turned at least one complete turn D. be turned at least two complete turns 9. Shore power must be_____ during dock repair. A. disconnected B. switched off C. cut off D. connected 10. The switchboards for a.c. systems differ from the d.c. switch gear in that the open type panels are generally_____ and the dead-front switch gear is the common rule. A. permissibly B. permissible C. no permissible D. not permissible 11. Current changing in direction and rising and falling in value is_____.
《大学英语(1)期末考试卷A
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▆■■■■■■■■■■■■ —__________C A. Yes, I am . B. No, I don’t. C. No, I’ve never been there. D. Certainly, I went there. 三、语法与词汇：30%(答案必须填在答卷表格里,否则不得分) 1. We all believe that computer ______ smaller and smaller in the coming years.C A. can be become B. will be got C. will be changed D. can turn 2. He ___________________ not to leave waste paper in public places any more.B A. warns B. warned C. is warned D. was warned 3. That factory _________ nearly 50 years ago. A. has been built B. had built C. was built D. has built 4. Don’t worry. Everything will _____________ in time. A. be finished B. finish C. finished D. be finishing 5. Her application for the position _______________ by the boss. A. was refused B. was refusing C. refused D. is refusing 6. He__________ the Communist Party_____________2002.D A. has joined, in B. has joined, since C. joined, on D. joined, in 7. Jack_________ in the street when I_________ on him.D A. walked…called B. was walking …was calling C. walked … was calling D. was walking …called 8. “Where is Mary?” “She__________ to school.”C A. will go B. has been C. has gone D. went 9. This time last year I___________ my holiday in the countryside.B A. have B. was having C. am having D. have had 10. I’m sorry that I__________ you had been there already.B A. won’t know B. didn’t know C. don’t know D. haven’t known 11. By the end of 2020 China _____________ much stronger and richer.D A. will become B. would become C. is becoming D. will have become 12. It _______________ years since I last saw you.D A. was B. is C. will be D. has been 13. I __________ my homework now.C A. finish B. finished C. have finished D. had finished 14. The room _____________ often cleaned by the worker.D A. has B. will be C. was D. is 15. The railway ______________ in three years.D A. is complete B. will completed C. has completed D. will be completed 四．英译汉：30% Drinking habits vary widely among Americans. Some families never serve any drinks, others have them before dinner, or perhaps after dinner. You are more likely to be offered a cocktail before dinner than wine with the meal. If you do not get used to American cocktails, you can ask for something else. Moreover, drinks may be poured over ice. （翻译答案必须填写在第1页答卷上，不要在此处答题，否则不得分）
大学英语一级期末考试试题
大学英语一级期末考试试题（B卷） 课程名称:《大学英语读写I 》任课教师签名: 大学英语教学部（一教） 出题教师签名: 题库审题教师签名: 张文君_____ 考试方式（闭）卷适用专业 07级化工与制药学院、材料学 院、理学院、经管学院和 法学院共58个班 考试时间（ 120 ）分钟 Part I. Reading Comprehension (2’X20=40’) Directions: Read the following three passages carefully and do the multiple-choice questions. Passage One Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They spoil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong things. The key to preventing or treating behavior problem is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do. Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of “come here, sit”, it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you pleasantly if they accept that you are in charge. Tainting should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and more safely allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal. 1. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to _______. A) worsen in modern society B) be just part of their nature C) occur when they go wild D) present at threat to the community 2. The primary purpose of obedience training is to ________. A) enable the dog to regain its normal behavior B) teach the dog to perform clever tricks C) make the dog aware of its owner’s authority D) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior 3. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is _______. A) an extreme measure in obedience training B) a good way to teach the dog new tricks C) the foundation for dogs to perform tasks D) essential to solve the dog’s behavior problems 4. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters? A) To show their willingness to obey. B) To show their affection for their masters. C) To avoid being punished. D) To win leadership of the dog pack. 5. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner________. A) will enjoy a better family life. B) can give the dog more freedom C) can give the dog more rewards D) will have more confidence in himself Passage Two: Once upon a time there was a wise man that used to go to the ocean to do his writing. He had a habit of walking on the beach before he began his work. One day he was walking along the shore. As he looked down the beach, he saw a human figure moving like a dancer. He smiled to himself at the thought of someone who would dance on the beach. So he began to walk faster to catch up. As he got closer, he saw that it was a young man and the young man wasn't dancing, but instead he was reaching down to the shore, picking up something and
2016-2017-1 运动解剖学 复习资料
2016-2017-1 运动解剖学复习资料 名词解释 向心收缩：肌肉收缩产生的肌力矩大于阻力矩，肌纤维收缩变短克服阻力做功,使运动环节朝向肌拉力方向运动的工作，称为向心收缩。 离心收缩：肌肉收缩产生的肌力矩小于阻力矩，肌纤维在此过程中渐渐被拉长，运动环节朝向肌拉力相反的方向运动的工作，称为离心收缩。 灰质：在中枢神经系统内，神经元的胞体及树突集中在一起，该部位色泽灰暗，称为灰质； 白质：在中枢神经系统内，神经元的轴突和长树突集中在一起，该部位色泽亮白，称为白质。 前纵韧带：前纵韧带位于椎体前面，宽厚而坚韧，纵贯脊柱全长，上起自枕骨大孔前缘，下止第一或第二骶椎体前壁，有防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出的作用。 后纵韧带：位于椎管前壁，椎体后面，细而坚韧，上起自枢椎并与覆盖枢椎体的被膜相续，下止骶中管前壁，有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。 近固定：当骨骼肌收缩时，起点相对固定，称为近固定，此时起点为定点，指点为动点； 远固定：当骨骼肌收缩时，止点相对固定，称为元固定，此时止点为定点，起点为动点。 矢状面：矢状面是指沿前后方向，将人体纵切为左右两部分的切面； 冠（额）状面：是指沿左右方向，将人体纵切为前后两部分的切面。 单关节肌：跨过一个关节的肌肉叫单关节肌； 多关节肌：跨过两个或两个以上关节的肌肉叫多关节肌。 原动肌：在完成某一动作中起主要作用的肌肉或肌群称为原动肌。 对抗肌：与原动肌作用相反的肌群成为对抗肌，位于原动肌的对侧。 椎孔：椎体与椎弓围成的孔称椎孔，全部椎骨的椎孔共同构成椎管，容纳脊髓。椎间孔：两个相邻椎骨的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 神经核：在中枢神经内，形态与功能相似的神经元胞体聚集在一起称为神经核。神经节：在周围神经内，形态与功能相似的神经元胞体聚集在一起称为神经节。弹性足弓：足的内侧纵弓由跟骨、距骨、舟骨、三块楔骨和内侧三个跖骨构成，该弓曲度较大，弹性好，缓冲能力强。 支持足弓：足的外侧纵弓由作为后支柱的跟骨，作为弓顶的骰骨和前支柱外侧的两个跖骨构成，此弓曲度校、弹性差，主要是支持体重和支撑。 加固工作：是指关节周围（或两侧）的肌肉共同持续收缩，以对抗关节由于外力牵拉作用可能产生分离的工作。 固定工作：是指关节运动轴两侧互相拮抗的肌肉共同收缩，其力量互相平衡，使受力作用的环节保持固定不动的工作。 知识点 以下关节需要掌握其组成、运动及周围肌肉： 肩关节髋关节 肘关节膝关节
大学英语期末考试写作必背范文
Is It Better to Buy or Rent? The price of housing has kept increasing in recent years, which causes a big headache for people living in cities. A lot of people cannot afford to own a real estate property, so they choose to rent instead of buying an apartment. This group of people does not want to bear burden of mortgage so that they opt for a practical solution. Renting an apartment makes them have a place to stay and thus they can focus on work as well as personal life. Some other people, however, believe that an apartment owned by themselves makes them feel safe and relieved, so they are willing to sacrifice some other aspects of life to borrow money from the bank to buy an apartment. As far as I am concerned, to buy or to rent is all about it will be better to rent first and wait for the good timing when the price is going down to buy. Topic 2: On Job Hopping It seems that nowadays, very few young people are willing to stay in a job position for long, let alone for the whole life. They change jobs constantly. This results from several factors. Firstly, young people like fresh things, and it is easy for them to be fed up with old routine work. So when they stay in a position for a while,the excitement will fade out. They are quite realistic and not willing to waste time in a job they are not interested in. Thirdly, some young people are not satisfied with current salary, believing they deserve better pay. In my opinion, constant job hopping will not benefit young people in their career development. Every job has its own merits and young people can certainly learn something from it as long as they are patient and wise enough. Every job experience is valuable down the career path and young people shall be able to make the most of it. Topic 3: Online Social Network Modern people will be no stranger to online social network. Facebook, Renren and Kaixin001 are probably the most populous networks among Chinese netizen. In these networks, people interact with each other, be it a stranger or a friend, and have a lot of fun in the virtual world. This phenomenon could be a result of the fast development of the Internet and people's great interest of the virtual world. I think it is a very good new platform for people to keep in touch. But it should not be overused. Firstly, some people are addicted to it, which makes them want to get online 24 hours a day. When people spend too much time on one thing,they will naturally have not enough time for study and for work. Secondly, online social network change people's behavior of interacting with others. In virtual world, you just click the mouse and type in words instead of having a face-to-face talk. This will not benefit people's long term friendship, and even harm their interpersonal relationships in real world.