Emotion in Human-Agent Interfaces

Emotion in Human-Agent Interfaces

Peter Wallis, Roger Moore, Petra Fagerberg, Marc Cavazza and Yorick Wilks COMPANIONS Consortium: State Of The Art Papers 3, January 2006

Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in the implications and applications of emotional behaviour in the human-computer interface (Picard 1997). In particular, research has focused on interactive systems involving visual and/or vocal modes of communication, where the user and/or the system may exhibit both positive and negative expressive behaviour in the course of an ongoing dialogue. Such behaviour can lend naturalness to an otherwise artificial situation, but it can also be exploited to enhance the communicative effectiveness of a human-agent interface; for example, a system may detect the emotional state of a user (from the look on their face, or from the tone of their voice) and act accordingly, or it may signal a problem by adopting suitable emotional behaviour itself (by generating appropriate facial and/or vocal expressions).

Current research in this area revolves around virtual manifestations of human-agent interfaces known as ‘Embodied Conversational Agents’ (ECAs): speech-enabled animated characters that can act for example as a receptionist, a tour guide or a personal tutor (Cassell et al 2000, Pelachaud and Poggi 2001, Beskow et al 2005). The ability of an ECA to detect and exhibit emotional behaviour is believed to be an important requirement for achieving effective and naturalistic human-computer interaction (Bates 1994). Emotion and Behaviour

The formal study of emotion in human (and animal) behaviour has a long history, from the early observational work of Charles Darwin (1872) up to the recent emergence of ‘Affective Science’ (Davidson et al 2003) as a cohesive discipline. Over that period, three main categories of psychological model of human emotion have emerged.

The earliest ‘discrete’ theories of emotion (stemming from Darwin’s work) hypothesised the existence of a small number of basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust (Ekman 1999). In such theories, it is supposed that these emotions are based on specific physiological response patterns to external stimuli.

Another early model of emotion is the ‘dimensional’ approach (Wundt 1874) in which a wide variety of emotions are mapped into a low-dimensional space. For example, the coordinates of a hypothesised two-dimensional representation of emotion would reflect subjective aspects of behaviour such as feelings of positivity vs. negativity and active vs. passive. Cowie et al (2001) use such a scheme as the basis for FEELTRACE, a computer-based tool for emotion annotation.

The third, and most recent, theoretical view of emotion is the ‘componential’ model. This approach emphasises the variability of different affective states, and links the production of an emotion to the appraisal of a situation with respect to an organism’s needs and goals (Scherer 2001).

Both dimensional and appraisal-based approaches have been sources of inspiration for affective interface systems. The former have been generally used to augment traditional user interfaces, while the latter have been used to define agent’s emotion in terms of their internal cognitive mechanisms (e.g. anticipation of plan success or failure, see (Gratch, 1999)).

Previous Relevant EU-funded initiatives

SAFIRA (IST-1999-11683) was one of the first EU-funded projects specifically dedicated to affective computing. Its objectives were to create a framework to enrich interactions and applications with an affective dimension. It planned to implement a toolkit for affective computing combining a set of components addressing affective knowledge acquisition, representation, reasoning, planning, communication and expression. Another objective of the project was to verify under which conditions the hypothesis that emotion, as well as other affective phenomena, contributes to improve rationality and general intelligent behaviour of the synthetic characters, thus leading to more believable interactions between humans and computers. The project has released a toolkit and has generated a number of demonstrators: “FantasyA”, a novel kind of affective computer game, the “Influencing Machine”, an affective ambient intelligence system and “James the Butler”, an affective ECA. James is a Personal Sales Assistant (PSA) that employs intelligence and adaptive reasoning methods to provide active, collaborative assistance to a customer of an online store. James is an agent that amplifies or modifies the

motivational state of an agent and its perceived bodily state. It has the ability to perceive and produce the visual (animated expressions), verbal and non-verbal signals and regulate the flow of information between service agents, the interface agent and the user. These capabilities enable James to engage in complex interactions with customers via natural social communication rather than complex command languages, or direct manipulations.

NECA (IST-2000-28580) was dedicated to multi-modal communication with animated synthetic personalities. A particular focus in the project lies on communication between animated characters that exhibit credible personality traits and affective behavior. The key challenge of the project is the fruitful combination of different research strands including situation-based generation of natural language and speech, semiotics of non-verbal expression in situated social communication, and the modelling of emotions and personality. The project developed several demonstrators, among which the eShowroom, that featured ECA as car sales assistants. In this demonstrator, personality profiles could be defined for agents that determined inter-agent dialogues.

MAGICSTER (IST-1999-29078 ) was concerned with the development of believable conversational interface agents which make use of gaze, facial expression, gesture and body posture as well as speech in a synchronised fashion. The project also intends to evaluate the use of conversational agents in laboratory conditions to determine which aspects of the embodied agent are relevant to various situations of human-computer interaction. Finally, the project aimed to develop and document the agent architecture and components to enable other research and development teams to prototype and evaluate new versions of the agent interface in new domains and for novel tasks. MAGICSTER contributed important developments to the field of affective ECA, such as the APML markup language. The project produced several demonstrators of emotional dialogues with ECA (Cavalluzzi et al., 2003) some integrating state-of-the-art ECA (the “Greta” agent) with state-of-the-art dialogue toolkits (the TRINDI system). The emotional model was derived from the OCC approach.

PF-STAR (IST-2001-37599) addressed three crucial areas of user interfaces: technologies for speech-to-speech translation, the detection and expressions of emotional states, and core speech technologies for children. The project has produced a variety of results in the field of affective dialogue; on the relation between users’ emotional states and dialogue progression (Batliner et al., 2004) and on how emotions influence articulatory patterns with application to MPEG-4 encoding of talking faces (Beskow, 2004). The system has produced several prototypes and toolkits to develop talking heads supporting emotional display (Cosi et al., 2004).

VICTEC (IST-2001-33310) developed ECA as part of a tutoring system educating children on bullying issues. It is based on the generation of empathy towards virtual actors being bullied by fellow children as part of an interactive narrative. The FearNot! System developed as part of the project includes NL communication features supporting the recognition of speech acts to give advice to the virtual actors. The prototype has been used to stage real-world evaluations in schools.

NICE (IST-2001-35293) was a Human Language Technology project developing Multimodal conversation with virtual characters in an edutainment context. It was dedicated to children and teenagers, introducing them to a virtual character of H.C. Andersen. NICE implemented Multimodal dialogue based on speech and gesture recognition.

HUMAINE (IST-2004-507422). The rapid growth of academic research in affective computing has resulted in the formation of an EU-funded network of excellence: ‘Human-Machine Interaction Network on Emotion’ (HUMAINE) funded under the Framework 6 IST Programme. Started in 2004, HUMAINE involves around thirty different laboratories and incorporates research across a wide number of disciplines and applications. The project’s research is organised into six thematic areas: theories of emotion

from physical signals to emotionally significant features and vice versa

patterns of signs that convey emotion in interactions

functions of emotion-related elements in communication and persuasion

emotion in cognition and action

usability of emotion-oriented systems

HUMAINE aims to contribute to “the development of systems that can register, model and/or influence human emotional and emotion-related states and processes”.

Computers obviously do not experience emotion in the same way as people, but less obviously perhaps,

emotion plays an essential role in the everyday doings of human beings. At first blush, the emotions that come to mind are those Cowie and Schr?der (2005) call episodic emotions and include fear, happiness, anger and so on. The categories of emotion of primary relevance to our day to day doings are however the pervasive emotions. These include moods (cheerful, gloomy, irritable, listless, depressed, buoyant) Interpersonal stances (distant, cold, warm, supportive, contemptuous) attitudes (liking, loving, hating, valuing, desiring) and affect dispositions (nervous, anxious, reckless, morose, hostile). These emotions are pervasive in the sense that the decisions we make every minute are influenced by some underlying mechanism that surfaces in behaviour that is described in these terms.

Cowie and Schr?der talk of the watershed issue for HUMAINE being an understanding of 'really natural language processing' and emphasise the fact that a conversation with a machine is an affective loop for which, like playing a drum (to use H?ok's example) the user behaviour should be reflected in the user experience. Direct applications of an understanding of emotion in dialog would include things like trouble shooting in automated call handling systems - if the agent could recognise when the caller has (or was about to have) a negative experience, what conversational strategies would relieve or avoid the situation? This issue has been addressed directly (see Brahnam (2005) for example) but is there some underlying explanation for why and when we experience emotion, and why and when we expect others - including synthetic characters and ECA - to experience emotion?

Emotion and Interaction

As outlined above, the HUMAINE umbrella includes many different approaches to studying emotion, some of which are based on a strategy that has proved so successful in computational linguistics over the last decade. By tagging a corpus of speech or text - or in the case of ECA, of video - with markers indicating the emotion being expressed at that point, machine learning techniques or statistical analysis can, it is felt, tell us something important about the nature of emotion in human interaction. Marking up corpora for emotion is a much more dubious task than marking up for part-of-speech, and its consistency and value has not yet been shown. .

However, significant activity has been dedicated to emotion markup langages and other a priori definitions of emotional categories that would be used to control the animation of virtual agents

Mel Slater and colleagues (2000) have designed a system, Acting in Virtual Reality, where the user expresses her emotions by changing the characteristics of a drawn face. The user can influence the eye brows and the mouth of that face. The mouth can express happy, neutral and sad, while the eye brows can express surprised, neutral and angry. By interacting with both the mouth and the eye brows at the same time the user can create more complex expressions. It is also possible for the user to affect some body parts of her avatar. The emotions are carried out by the user's avatar in a virtual rehearsal system. The system was set up to be used by actors to see if they could rehearse a play in virtual reality that in the end was going to be performed on a real stage. The actors who were not previously familiar with each other met in the virtual reality four times for a one hour rehearsal each time. Then they met a fifth time for a live performance in front of an audience. Even though the actors did not think the system could replace real rehearsal they all learnt to master the program and to use its qualities. One of the actors compared it to talking on the telephone which is not like a real life meeting but still very effective and interesting.

ExMS is a system where the user explicitly states her emotions (Persson 2003). ExMS is an avatar-based messaging system where users can create short pieces of animated film to send to each other. The idea is that each user chooses an avatar that she can identify herself with and by using the library of animated expressions specific to her character she can express feelings, reactions and moods in the messages she sends to her friends. One disadvantage with ExMS was that the avatars had so much character in themselves so that it sometimes was hard for people to see themselves and their own expressions represented through their avatars.

Another communicational system where users explicitly state the emotion they want to communicate is used in CHATAKO, a speech synthesis system developed to assist people with communication problems (Iida et al. 2000). In CHATAKO the user writes what she wants to say and then chooses if she wants to say it with a female or a male voice and what emotional value she wants that voice to have. The prototype has three emotions to choose from; joy, anger and sadness.

These two systems are examples of applications that support emotional communication. The first two are creative and fun and CHATAKO is an important solution for people with speech problems. However, they do not fulfill the physicality and ambiguity of an affective loop that we want to create. Even if the expressivity in Acting in Virtual Realty and CHATAKO was to be extended on there were other problems with personality and open interpretation experienced in ExMS where there were more expressions to choose from.

The principal applications making use of emotional ECA consist of Information Access (e.g. user emotion recognition in SMARTKOM, (Streit et al., 2004)), Training and Tutoring systems, as well as entertainment systems (i.e. interactive storytelling featuring ECA as virtual actors).

We can identify from the state-of-the-art a set of important research problems that characterise ECA-based affective interfaces. These problems can be listed as:

?Empathy is an important concept to characterize the quality of the relation established between users and ECA. The benefits of Empathy in communication have been reviewed by

(Martinovski et al., 2005) who also studied the linguistic manifestations of empathy (or its

rejection) in dialogue. It should also be noted that depending on the application, empathy can be

exerted by the ECA towards the human (Prendinger et al., 2004) or by the human towards the

ECA (as in the FearNot! System introduced above).

?Politeness is a recurring topic in ECA. Politeness can be an important part of a information access system or a tutoring system, although in some cases the tutoring system precisely

consists in acquiring elements of politeness and proper behaviour, for instance in another

language and culture, as in the Tactical Language Training System developed at the University

of Southern California. It should be noted that both sides of politeness are explored: agents

politeness (Johnson et al., 2004) and users politeness (or rudeness, see (Kopp et al., 2005)).

?Humour. The importance of humour for ECA has been discussed as early as 2002 by Nihjolt (2002), who related its implementation to the use of emotional modelling (e.g. using the OCC

model). ECA typically involve multimodal humour through co-ordinated non-verbal behaviour

and humorous language generation. Humour is however not limited to “jokes”; in some cases

humour can also be represented by witticisms and punchlines, for instance within an interactive

storytelling context featuring virtual actors (Cavazza et al., 2004) (Cavazza and Charles, 2005).

?Naturalness, which can be defined as the endeavour to provide believable communication rather than “system prompts” uttered by an agent, tends to be taken for granted in recently developed

systems and to disappear behind more specific relational modes, such as those listed above.

.

Emotion in Language and Speech

According to Scherer (2003), systematic research into the effect of emotion on the voice started in the 1960s when psychiatrists took an interest in diagnosing affective states from vocal expressions. Since then, psychologists, linguists, phoneticians and engineers have also become involved, culminating in 2000 with an international workshop on ‘Voice and Emotion’ and a subsequent special issue of the journal Speech Communication (Douglas-Cowie et al 2003).

One of the first demonstrations of adding emotion to synthetic speech resulted from the work conducted by Ian Murray at Dundee University (Murray and Arnott 1993). Murray developed a system called ‘HAMLET’ which used rules to alter voice, pitch and timing of the commercially available DECTalk speech synthesiser. DECTalk is an example of a ‘formant-based’ text-to-speech system which has the characteristic that it provides parametric control over the content and characteristics of the output voice, hence it is easy to manipulate in order to introduce expressive behaviour. Similar work took place at MIT (Cahn 1990) and other early work combined the generation of both vocal and facial expression (Henton and Litwinowicz 1994). In his review of emotional speech synthesis, Schr?der (2001) concluded that it was not yet usable in many real life applications due to the restriction of using a few basic emotions, the simplicity of the models for intonation and timing and the lack of naturalness of formant-based speech synthesisers.

Recent years have seen a significant upsurge of interest in the recognition of emotion in speech, particularly for applications such as call-monitoring for ‘Interactive Voice `Response’ (IVR) systems,

e.g. to detect a complaint. As in speech synthesis, much of the relevant research is directed towards the

identification of a few basic emotions such as happiness, anger and sadness. Such investigations fall under the wider heading of the recognition of ‘Speech under Stress’ (Moore 1996); a broad area of research that encompasses the full range of external and internal ‘stressors’ that can condition the speech production process (for example, cognitive load, physical and mechanical stressors, physiological constraints, psychological stress and emotion). Interest has also been fuelled by recent coverage in the popular press of how financial institutions such as insurance companies are beginning to use so-called 'Voice Stress Analysis' (VSA) on incoming telephone calls in order to detect (and deter) deception - although it must be stated that scientific opinion is divided about the effectiveness of such devices (Haddad et al 2002).

Many studies on the recognition of emotion in speech have investigated the use of prosodic features, i.e.

the influence of emotion on the patterning of the pitch, intonation and timing in speech signals. More

general stress analysis techniques also use spectral features, and much experimental work has been done using a variety of different pattern classifiers such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), artificial neural networks (ANNs) or Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). In general, such research has shown that, given sufficient training data, it is possible to classify the emotional content of speech with a reasonable degree of accuracy, e.g. ~65% for four basic emotions (Yildirim et al 2004). In a recent study, Rigoll et al (2005) demonstrated an ability to classify utterances taken from an automotive application with an accuracy of 74% using acoustic information only, 60% using linguistic information only, and 83% using both (for seven basic emotions).

Emotional Content and Dialogue Management

Emotion as a computational topic in artificial intelligence goes back to the speculations of Sloman (REF) and the implementation of Colby’s PARRY (Colby 74), the first robust conversational agent in the early 1970’s which had a simple screen dialogue interface. PARRY had internal variables FEAR and ANGER which rose and fell according to keywords in the human dialogue partner’s input, and whose values selected a response at each turn from the alternatives available as responses to the given input. From the late 1980s there was a general consensus in the natural language processing community that assembling the knowledge about Language and the world was going to be a key problem for any useful natural language system. The solution, for those interested in whole systems, was to have their conversational agent play a constrained role. Hence, PARRY played the role of a patent with paranoia, and Weizenbaum's ELIZA (Weizenbaum 1966) program played the role of a Rogerian psychologist. Later work also focused on roles that, at first blush, could be construed to have no emotional content such as a virtual teacher (Zukerman 2001) or virtual assistants in the form of the ever patient library assistant or (un)smiling butler (AskJeeves). As discussed above however, the pervasive emotions influence our moment by moment decisions, and in order to make virtual tutors and advisors believable, these virtual humans must have some understanding of the human emotional landscape. Capturing such information is key to creating believable characters of any kind. Those coming from a background of dialog systems have however have tended to see the issue as one of politeness.

Walker et al (97) introduce Linguistic Style Improvisation in which texts are generated by decomposing a conversational goal into a series of speech-acts. Parameters to this planning process are social distance and power relations that must be accounted for in the management of politeness. REA (Cassell 99) is a virtual real-estate agent that shows real humans through virtual houses. In order to do this REA must manage her interpersonal relationship with the human. The role of real-estate agent is more flexible than the formal roles of teacher or Rogerian psychologist, and the changing role is reflected in REA's measure of social distance. Franco (Estival 03) is an ECA designed as a virtual assistant in a military command and control centre. Such an agent must not only be able to convey information, it must do it in a manner that obeys the rules of social relations. Once again the approach taken was to see the problem as one of politeness (Wallis 01). Recent work within the scope of HUMAINE has embraced the notion of politeness and Rehm and André (05) are marking up video with politeness markers.

A more recent trend has been the adoption of more sophisticated models of emotions based on cognitive modelling, such as the OCC model (Ortony et al., 1988) and the Oatley model (Oatley and Johnson-Laird, 1987). This can be explained as a consequence of the development in the past few years of more sophisticated ECA comprising cognitive, affective and communicative modules.

One illustration of this approach is given by research carried out at the Institute of Creative Technologies (ICT) of the University of Southern California, in particular the Mission Rehearsal Exercise (MRE) project. This military training application is dedicated to crisis situations in peacekeeping operation and features emotional ECA throughout the cast of virtual actors, from military personnel reacting to the trainee’s orders or shifting blame on fellow virtual agents, to civilians caught in dramatic situations as part of the mission being rehearsed. The MRE system features emotional ECA that incorporate user emotion detection, ECA emotional modelling related to the agent’s cognitive model and a complete spoken dialogue system. The system has been used to experiment the role of emotion in dialogue (Traum et al., 2004). In addition, its various components are sufficiently integrated to support the processing of global communication situations such as social judgements and attribution of responsibility (Mao and Gratch, 2004), modelling how agents cope with situations (Marsella and Gratch, 2003), etc.

Several projects have beed dedicated to emotional ECA at the Center for Advanced Research in Technology for Education (CARTE) of the University of Southern California, with specific emphasis on ECA with social skills, politeness, etc. For instance, the tactical language training system (Johnson et al.,

2005) develops tools to support individualized language learning, and apply them to the acquisition of tactical languages: subsets of linguistic, gestural, and cultural knowledge and skills necessary to accomplish specific tasks. Other projects have been dedicated to the impact of emotions in learners using Interactive Tutoring Systems featuring ECA.

The “Fa?ade” system (Mateas and Stern, 2004) is an interactive narrative application, in which the user communicates through Multimodal dialogue with artificial actors evolving in a virtual 3D world. The main mode of user interaction is through (written) dialogue with the virtual characters; the multimodal aspects corresponding to the physical interactions resulting from user navigation in the virtual world (which select deictic references to virtual world objects or characters). The user input is interpreted as speech acts that in turn affect the emotional status of the virtual actors, altering the course of the narrative.

Other recent research has developed emotional models to assist the control of user-system dialogue itself, and this shall be of particular relevance to future ECA systems, especially those based on spoken dialogue systems.

?Bosma and Andre (2004) have introduced a method to disambiguate dialogue acts using emotional data, with the goal of improving the communication between users and ECA. The underlying hypothesis is that the meaning of utterances in dialogue is closely correlated to the user’s emotional status, and that the emotional status can even assist in determining the actual meaning of two textually identical utterances. Their system processes natural language input through finite-state systems that contain variable weights for various dialogue acts and obtains these weights from a Bayesian network computing the user’s emotional status (using application history as well as input from physiological sensors).

?Riccardi and Hakkani-Tur (2005) have studied the grounding of emotions in spoken dialogue systems in the context of AT&T’s “How May I Help You System” (Gorin et al., 2002). This work essentially addresses the impact of the user state on machine dialogue strategies and machine’s performance. Although the emotional model is restricted to a positive/negative rating (towards the system), this work demonstrated that the recognition of emotional patterns (including temporal patterns) could be used to improve dialogue strategies and to predict speech recognition errors.

Developing dialog systems for ECA that more than simply demonstrate the possibility takes considerable resources. For instance, one long running project at the University of Bielefeld that has developed Max (Kopp et al, 05). A recent incarnation of Max has been running for 18 months as a guide in the Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum in Paderborn, Germany. Max incorporates an emotion system which keeps track of, for example, obscene or politically incorrect wordings in the user input. Repeated insults will put the agent in an extremely bad mood which eventually results in Max leaving the scene. This abusive behaviour is not bought on by a lack of politeness on behalf of the agent; it appears to be spontaneous and extremely common amongst dialog systems in public places. These recent findings close the loop between the emphasis on politeness in the earliest dialogue systems (PERRY, ELIZA) It seems something is missing from our common understanding of what natural language processing is about. The Companions approach to Emotion

The paradigm we advocate is somewhat different from the popular corpus and mark-up approach, and rests on investigating and modelling not human-human behaviour involving emotions but on the behaviour of humans to machines, which is now an established and attested type of behaviour, and what behaviour in humans towards machines we should be seeking to elicit in a cooperative interface like a COMPANION (Wilks 2004). This interaction type is quite distinct (de Angeli 01) and human-human dialogue corpora may not be relevant to its modelling.

The intention is to embrace the notion of an 'affective loop' and develop a series of spoken language dialog systems that provide varying degrees and kinds of (pervasive) emotional feedback. Rather than "understanding" what is being said, or grounding information state updates (for example, Kreutel 2000) the primary aim will be to provide feedback that engages the user in the process of conversation. In other words, the COMPANIONS approach aims at grounding emotional aspects in the semantic content of human-agent communication, rather than resorting to an a priori ontology of affects.

From a technical perspective, a further challenge consists in developing a proper HLT approach supporting this process of engagement through dialogue. This approach should include semantic principles underlying the automatic processing of various aspects of human-ECA bonding, including

politeness, empathy, humour, etc. These semantic principles should also underlie the representation of dialogue acts in a way which would be compatible with the experiments in dialogue control planned in COMPANIONS.

Like playing a drum, the user's emotional response should have an obvious link, via the system, with the user's actions. Measures of success might include the extent to which a user treats the system as if it is human. For example, does the system allow the user to "willingly suspend their disbelief" or not, and how often does a system get used voluntarily. In the context of HUMAINE's stated aim of trouble shooting in automated call handling systems, it is quite shocking just how much verbal abuse conversational agents receive (de Angeli 05) and the extent to which systems can "push back" as part of this affective loop is an open question.

Bibliography

Ask Jeeves, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/396674051.html,

Bates J (1994). The role of emotion in believable agents, Communications of the ACM, 37(7), 122-125.

Batliner, A., Hacker, C., Steidl, S. N?th, E. Haas, J. (2004). From Emotion to Interaction: Lessons from Real Human-Machine-Dialogues. In E. Andre', L. Dybkiaer, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (eds.) Affective Dialogue Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2004

Beskow, J. Cerrato, L., Granstrom, B. House, D. Nordenberg, M. Nordstrand, M. Svanfeldt,G., (2004). Expressive Animated Agents for Affective Dialog Systems. In E. Andre', L. Dybkiaer, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (eds.) Affective Dialogue Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2004

Beskow J, Edlund JG and Nordstrand M (2005). A model for multi-modal dialogue system output applied to an animated talking head. In Minker, W, Bühler, D and Dybkjaer, L (eds) Spoken Multimodal Human-Computer Dialogue in Mobile Environments, Text, Speech and Language Technology, 29, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Bosma, W. and Andre, E (2004). Exploiting Emotions to disambiguate Dialogue Acts, Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent User Interface, IUI 2004, Funchal, Madeira, ACM Press pp. 85-92. Brahnam, Sheryl, Strategies for handling customer abuse of ECAs in:Abuse: the darker side of Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT '05), edited by Antonella De Angeli, Sheryl Brahnam and Peter Wallis, Rome,

September 2005.

Cavalluzzi, A., De Carolis, B., Carofiglio, V., Grassano, G (2003). Emotional Dialogs with an Embodied Agent.

User Modeling: 86-95

Cavazza M., Martin O., Charles F., Mead S.J., Marichal X. and Nandi A., (2004). Multi-modal Acting in Mixed Reality Interactive Storytelling. IEEE Multimedia, July-September 2004, Vol. 11, Issue 3.

Cavazza, M. and Charles, F., (2005). Dialogue Generation in Character-based Interactive Storytelling. AAAI First Annual Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference, Marina del Rey, California, USA, AAAI Press.

Cahn JE (1990). The generation of affect in synthesised speech, journal of the American Voice Input/Output Society, 8, 1-19.

Cassell, J., Bickmore, T., Billinghurst, M., Campbell, L., Chang, K., Vilhjalmsson, H. and Yan, H. Embodiment in Conversational Interfaces: Rea in "Proceedings of the CHI'99 Conference", Pittsburgh, PA 520-527 1999 Cassell J, Sullivan J, Prevost S and Churchill E (2000). Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press Cambridge. Colby (Kenneth Mark) Roger C. Parkinson and Bill Faught Pattern-Matching Rules for the Recognition of Natural Language Dialogue Expressions American Journal of Computational Linguistics, 1974

Cosi, P. Fusaro , A. Grigoletto, D. Tisato, G. (2004). Data-Driven Tools for Designing Talking Heads Exploiting Emotional Attitudes", In E. Andre', L. Dybkiaer, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (eds.) Affective Dialogue

Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 101-112.

Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Votsis G, Kollias S, Fellenz W and Taylor J (2001). Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 18, pp.32-80.

Cowie R. and Marc Schroder Piecing Together the Emotion Jigsaw in "MLMI 2004, LNCS 3361" edited by S.

Bengio and H. Bourlard Springer-Verlag Berlin 305--317 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/396674051.html,/aboutHUMAINE/ 2005 Damasio, A. R. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain, Grosset/Putnam, New York. 1994 Darwin C (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, John Murray, London.

Davidson R, Scherer KR and Goldsmith H Eds. (2003). Handbook of Affective Sciences, Oxfrod University Press. de Angeli (Antonella) Graham I. Johnson and Lynne Coventry The unfriendly user: exploring social reactions to

chatterbots in "Proceedings of The International Conference on Affective Human Factors Design" edited by Helander, Khalid and Tham, ASEAN Academic Press London, 2001

de Angeli (Antonella) Stupid Computer! Abuse and Social Identity in "Abuse: the darker side of Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT '05)" edited by Antonella De Angeli and Sheryl Brahnam and Peter Wallis, Rome (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/396674051.html,/) September, 2005

Douglas-Cowie E, Cowie R and Campbell N Eds. (2003). Speech and emotion, Speech Communication (special issue), 40(1-3).

Eisna, Roos Usable Technology for Older People: Inclusive and Appropriate (UTOPIA)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/396674051.html,/projects/UTOPIA/

Ekman P (1999). Basic emotions, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Dalgleish T and power M (Eds.), John Wiley, New York, 301-320.

Estival (Dominique) Spoken Dialogue for Virtual Advisers in a semi-immersive Command and Control Environment in "SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue", Sapporo, Japan

(citeseer.ifi.unizh.ch/646935.html) July 2003.

Gorin, A.L., Abella, A., Alonso, T. Riccardi, G. and Wright, J.H. (2002), Automated Natural Spoken Dialog, IEEE Computer Magazine, vol. 35 (4) pp. 51-56.

Gratch, J. (1999). Why you should buy an emotional planner. Proceedings of the Agents'99 Workshop on Emotion-based Agent Architectures (EBAA'99)

Gratch, J. and Marsella, S. Evaluating a Computational Model of Emotion Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (Special Issue on the Best of AAMAS 2004) 2005

Haddad D et al (2002). Investigation and evaluation of voice stress analysis technology, US Dept. Justice, AFRL Report No.193832.

Henton C and Litwinowicz PC (1994). Saying and seeing it with feeling: techniques for synthesizing visible, emotional speech, Proc. 2nd ESCA/IEEE Workshop on Speech Synthesis, 73-76.

Iida, A., Campbell, N., Iga, S., Higuchi, F., and Yasumura, M. (2000) A Speech Synthesis System with Emotion for Assisting Communication, ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion, Belfast.

Johnson, W.L., Rizzo, P., Bosma, W., Kole, S., Ghijsen, M., van Welbergen, H. (2004) Generating Socially Appropriate Tutorial Dialog. In E. Andre', L. Dybkiaer, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (eds.) Affective Dialogue Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2004, pp. 254-264.

Johnson, W.L., Vilhjalmsson, H. and Samtani, P. (2005). The Tactical Language Training System (Technical Demonstration), , The First Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment, Marina del Rey, CA, AAAI Press.

Kopp (Stefan), Lars Gesellensetter , Nicole Kramer and Ipke Wachsmuth A Conversational Agent as Museum Guide - Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Application in "5th International working conference on Intelligent Virtual Characters" (http://iva05.unipi.gr/index.html) 2005

Kreutel J. and Colin Matheson Modelling Dialogue using Multiple Inferences over Information States in "Proceedings of ICOS-2, 2nd Workshop on Inference in Computational Semantics", Dagstuhl, 2000

Mao, W. and Gratch, J. (2004). Social Judgment in Multiagent Interactions, in: Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2004), New York, 2004.

Marsella, S. and Gratch, J. (2003). Modeling Coping Behavior in Virtual Humans: “Don't Worry, Be Happy," in: 2nd International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2003), Melbourne, Australia, July 2003

Martinovski, B., Traum, D., and Marsella, S. (2005). Rejection of empathy and its linguistic manifestations in Procedings of Conference on Formal and Informal Negotiation, FINEXIN, Canada: Ottawa.

Mateas, M. and Stern, A. (2004). Natural Language Processing In Facade: Surface-text Processing. Technologies for Interactive Digital Storytelling and Entertainment (TIDSE 2004), Darmstadt, Germany.

Mei Si, Stacy C. Marsella and David V. Pynadath Thespian: Using Multi-Agent Fitting to Craft Interactive Drama in The Fourth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems (AAMAS 2005), Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Moore RK Ed. (1996). Speech under stress, Speech Communication (special issue), 20(1-2).

Muller, T.J., Hartholt, A., Marsella, S., Gratch, J., Traum, D.R. Do You Want To Talk About It? A First Step Towards Emotion Integrated Dialogue. In: E. Andre, L. Dybkjae r, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (Eds.),

Affective Dialogue Systems: Tutorial and Research Workshop, ADS 2004, Kloster Irsee, Germany, June 14-16, 2004

Murray IR and Arnott JL (1993). Towards the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: a review of the literature on human vocal emotion, J. Acoustical Society of America, 93, pp.1097-1108.

Nijholt, A. (2002). Embodied Agents: A New Impetus to Humor Research. In: The April Fools Day Workshop on

Computational Humour, O. Stock, C. Strapparava & A. Nijholt (eds.), Proceedings Twente Workshop on Language Technology 20 (TWLT 20), ISSN 0929-0672, ITC-IRST, Trento,Italy, pp. 101-111.

Oatley, K. and Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1987). Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotions, Cognition and Emotion 1(1):29-50.

Ortony, A., Clore, G., Collins, A. (1988) The Cognitive Structure of the Emotions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Pelachaud C and Poggi I (2001). Towards believable interactive embodied agents, Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents workshop on Multimodal Communication and Context in Embodied Agents, Montreal. Persson, P. EXMS: an animated and avatar-based messaging system for expressive peer communication, In Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work, pp. 31-39, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. 2003.

Prendinger, H., Dohi, H., Wang, H., Mayer, S. and Ishizuka, M. (2004). Empathic Embodied Interfaces: Addressing Users' Affective State: Embodied Interfaces That Address Users' Physiological State. In: E. Andre, L. Dybkjae r, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (Eds.), Affective Dialogue Systems: Tutorial and Research Workshop, ADS 2004, Kloster Irsee, Germany, pp. 53-64

Picard, R. Affective Computing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 1997

Rehm M and E. André. Informing the Design of Embodied Conversational Agents by Analyzing Multimodal Politeness Behaviors in Human-Human Communication. In: AISB Symposium for Conversational

Informatics, 2005.

Riccardi, G. and Hakkani-Tür, D. (2005). Grounding Emotions in Human-Machine Conversational Systems. In: M.

Maybury, O. Stock, W. Wahlster (Eds.) Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment: First

International Conference, INTETAIN 2005, Madonna di Campiglio, Italy, Springer-Verlag, pp. 144-154. Rigoll G, Müller R and Schuller B (2005). Speech emotion recognition exploiting acoustic and linguistic information sources, Proc. SPECOM, Patras, Greece, 61-67.

Scherer KR, Schorr A and Johnstone T Eds. (2001). Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.

Scherer KR (2003). Vocal communication of emotion: a review of research paradigms, Speech Communication 40, 227-256.

Schr?der M (2001). Emotional speech synthesis: a review, Proc. Eurospeech, Allborg, Denmark, 561-564. Slater, M., Steed, H. A. and Gaurau, P. M. (2000) Acting in Virtual Reality, In Proceedings of the third international conference on Collaborative virtual environments, pp. 103-110, San Francisco, California, United States. Streit, M., Batliner, A. and Portele, T (2004). Cognitive-Model-Based Interpretation of Emotions in a Multi-modal Dialog System. In: E. Andre, L. Dybkjae r, W. Minker, P. Heisterkamp (Eds.), Affective Dialogue Systems: Tutorial and Research Workshop, ADS 2004, Kloster Irsee, Germany, June 14-16, 2004, pp. 65-76.

Sundstr?m (Petra) Exploring the Affective Loop, PhLic Thesis, Stockholm University, Sweden, 2005.

Turunen (Markku) Esa-Pekka Salonen, Mikko Hartikainen, Jaakko Hakulinen, Kristiina Jokinen, Jyrki Rissanene, Kari Kanto, Antti Kerminen, William Blacm, Allan Ramsay, Adam Funk, Andrew Conroy, Paul Thompson, Mark Stairmand, Bj?rn Gamb?ck, Magnus Sahlgren, Fredrik Olssom, Maria Cheadle, Preben Hansen, and Stina Nylander AthosMail: a Multilingual Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System for the E-mail Domain in

"Robust and Adaptive Information Processing for Mobile Speech Interfaces (DUMAS Final Workshop)"

edited by Bj?rn Gamb?ck and Kristiina Jokinen (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/396674051.html,/729314.html) August, 2004 Walker, M., Cahn, J., and Whittaker, S. (1997). Improvising Linguistic Style: Social and Affective Bases for Agent Personality . In Proceedings of the Conference on Autonomous Agents, AGENTS97.

Wallis, P., Helen Mitchard, Damian O'Dea and Jyotsna Das, Dialog Modelling for a Conversational Agent in "AI2001: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 14th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"

edited by Markus Stumptner, Dan Corbett and Mike Brooks, Adelaide Australia, Springer (LNAI 2256) 2001 Weizenbaum (Joseph) ELIZA - A Computer Program For the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine Communications of the ACM vol 9(1) January 1966

Wilks, Y. (2004) Companions : a new paradigm for agents. Proc. International AMI Workshop, IDIAP, Martigny,CH.

Wundt W (1874). Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie, Engelmann, Leipzig.

Yildirim S et al (2004). An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech’, Proc. InterSpeech, Jeju, Korea. Zukerman (Ingrid) and Richard McConachy WISHFUL: A Discourse Planning System that Considers a User's Inferences Computational Intelligence vol 17(1) Blackwell Publishers Boston MA & Oxford UK, Februrary 2001

中国文化心理学

1、“中国文化心理学”不是指中国的文化心理学，而是指中国文化里的心理学，即中国文化里所蕴含的心理学；广义的中国文化指中国人在社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 2、评判方法：专家评判法、特色比较法、历史考察法 3、证明中国文化里有心理学： （1）内容相似论证法（简便易行） 弱点：它只能从中国文化里找出与西方心理学思想类似的心理学思想，而不能找出与西方心理学思想不同的、体现中国文化自身特色的心理学思想，因内容相似论证从方法论上属于一种求同研究。所谓求同研究，指在研究中国文化心理学时，以现代心理学的概念与体系为参照，找出中国文化里与外国的心理学思想类似的心理学思想。 求同研究的优点是较易做，并且在全球化大背景下，求同研究易让来自不同国家或地区的研究者找到“对话”的语境或桥梁，从而使得不同研究者在研究同一主题时，尽管研究的角度可以不同，但可以彼此相互”对话“，而不是各自”独白“，这既有助于来自不同文化圈的心理学研究者彼此认识到各自研究的独特文化价值，也有助于文化心理学的健康成长。 （2）基本问题论证法（最佳） 这就为中国文化尤其是中国传统文化里所蕴藏的、具有自身特色的心理学思想留下了生存空间，也使在中国文化心理学的研究中贯彻求异研究原则称为可能。 4、社会化：是个体通过与社会的交互作用，适应并吸收社会的文化，称为一个合格的社会成员的过程。 5、“做人”，实指一个生物性个体（自然人）通过自身的努力而转变成一个社会性个体（社会人），成为一个合格的社会成员的过程。 6、社会化中中国文化有三种观点：一是习性论；二是慎染说；三是童心失说（1）习性论突出了个体心理社会化的“结果”，即“性与习成” （2）“染不可不慎”：慎染说，指谨慎对待环境的教化对个体品行的影响的一种观点。“近朱者赤近墨者黑” （3）“然童心胡然而邃失也”： 童心失说，一个人只有保持童 心，才能做一个真人；反之，一 个人一旦失去童心，就变成假 人，说假话，做假事。 7、中国人的社会化理论 （1）它所持的是多因素论。（遗 传、环境、教育和主体性） （2）重视环境在个体社会化中 所起的巨大作用。 （3）推崇“少成若天性，习惯 成自然”的道理。 （4）突出了双主体的作用。（充 分认识到不同环境对人的人格 影响不一样） 8、自我，又叫自我意识，指个 人对自己身心状况、人—我关系 的认识，情感以及由此产生的意 向。包含三种成分：自我认知， 它指对自己各种身心状况、人— 我关系的认知；自我情感，它指 伴随自我认知而产生的情感体 验。自我意向，它指伴随自我认 知、自我情感而产生的各种思想 倾向和行为倾向。 9、“我”的称谓： （1）从自己与他人的关系：君 臣、父子、夫妇、兄弟、朋友（显 示出中国文化强调做人要有“共 生”取向） （2）重素质尤其是品质：寡人、 不才 （3）推崇自谦乃至自贬：小可、 奴才、老朽、在下 中国文化为了彰显社会我的的 地位与价值，不惜忽略乃至压抑 个体我的地位与价值；西方文化 则相反，为了凸显个体我的地位 与价值，很少花力气去讲社会我 的地位与价值。 10、中国人自我表现的特点 （1）重礼节，“油多不坏菜，礼 多人不怪”；重视长幼尊卑之序， 提倡在适当的“场合”做适当的 “行为”——“场依存性” （2）怕“出格”指一个人在自 我表现时，惧怕与多数人不一样 的心态。“人怕出名猪怕壮”、“枪打出头 鸟” （3）好兜圈子： ~1习惯用带有模糊或弹性空间的词语来 与人交流。“一语双关”、“锣鼓听音，听 话听声”、“这是我同学” ~2喜用间接方式表达自己的想法。“虽 然，但是” ~3习惯用复数代词来称自己与他人。不 用“我、你、他”，多用“我们、你们” （4）喜含蓄 ~1体现在日常生活中的与人交往里。 ~2表达心情如喜悦之情的方式中。“笑 不露齿”、“会心一笑” ~3体现在审美观念和所创造的艺术品 里。中国建筑一般都用照墙、照壁或者 假山之类的装饰物，室内有屏风。 （5）表里不一。“不坐、不坐” （6）内外有别。“圈子心理”指一个人 在与他人交往时，有意无意地产生一种 划圈子的心理习惯。 11、“真和”指真正意义上的和谐人际 关系。一是交往双方都从心底彼此尊重 并接受对方合情合理的个性特征，并相 互鼓励对方发展自己的健全人格；二是 做到“心和”，即交往双方都要从心底彼 此友爱，从心底彼此理解对方合乎道义 和法律的所作所为，在此基础上再通过 民主协商对话、互融互让或适度竞争等 方式来寻求一种协调一致的关系。“管仲 和鲍叔” 12、“伪和”指虚假的和谐人际关系。 （1）“面和心不和”：交往双方表面关 系和谐，但心中彼此怨恨对方，或一方 对另一方心存不满甚至怨恨。 （2）以“同”代“和”：以自我为中心， 抹杀其他人的个性，从而谋求一种无差 别的一致性人际关系。 产生原因：一、交往双方或一方没有真 正理解“和”与“同”的本质差异，误 将“同”视作“和”；二、在特定场合或 特定群体内部（军队），有时“同人心” 往往能产生巨大力量，“二人同心其利 断金”；三、管理者出于方便管理的需要， 往往喜欢以“同”代“和”；四、受中国 传统“群体优先”思维方式的深刻影响。 当群体利益与个人利益相矛盾时，一些 人自愿或被迫放弃自己的个性。

周晓虹《现代社会心理学》笔记+考研真题详解(第12章 文化对人格及社会行为的影响)【圣才出品】

第12章文化对人格及社会行为的影响 12.1复习笔记 一、情感、动机与文化 1．儿童早期的情感发展 （1）在本世纪初的社会心理学中，有关儿童早期情感发展的基本历程是由弗洛伊德描述的。在他看来，每个人从小到大都要经历一系列先后有序的“心理一性”发展阶段，儿童在这些阶段中获得的经验决定了他的成年人格特征。而在这一发展中，具有决定作用的是所谓“俄迪浦斯情结”（恋母情结）或“伊列克缀情结”（恋父情结）。 （2）英国人类学家马林诺夫斯基提出了相反的观点。他认为影响儿童早期情感发展的不是“性”这样的本能因素，而是具体社会的家庭制度、家庭组织形式以及育儿方式。 2．青春期危机 （1）美国文化人类学家玛格丽特·米德的研究 米德详细研究了三个相邻小村中的50名姑娘后发现，和生物学因素相比，文化因素对发育有着更为重要的意义。 （2）1983年，澳大利亚人D．弗里曼著作《米德与萨摩亚：一个人类学神话的形成与破灭》。他认为，尽管“文化是由非遗传过程形成的，但如果不把文化同比它古老得多的系统发育引起的与文化有关的结构联系起来考虑，就无法充分理解文化本身。” 3．文化、亚文化与成就动机 成就动机的影响因素： （1）宗教信仰的影响

新教能够通过教育人民具有自主性（成就动机）来达到发展经济的目的，而其他文化也可以通过别的途径刺激人民的成就动机，从而达到发展经济的目的。所以，与其说宗教信仰与经济发展有关，不如说宗教信仰与成就动机的关系更为直接。 （2）家庭与学校教育 麦克莱兰的研究发现，新教徒所具有的强烈的成就动机，往往来自于父母亲的家庭教育。他们鼓励孩子在控制环境方面（如在伙伴面前的自信心、能够独立处理困难）独立自主，是孩子们长大以后产生强烈的成就追求的原因所在。 （3）社会阶层 西方许多研究都发现，人们的社会经济地位对成就动机的影响比宗教信仰因素还要高得多。一般说来，中产阶级的子女，在学校以及后来的生活中，容易接受强烈的追求成功的社会压力的影响，而社会地位较低阶层的子女，其成就动机则较低。 二、文化与认知 1．文化对感知觉的影响 （1）英国文化人类学与心理学家w．H．R．里弗斯发现居住在几内亚沿海的托列斯海峡默里岛民和英国人相比，较容易出现“横竖错觉”，但不易出现“缪勒一莱依尔错觉”。 （2）对知觉的影响，60年代由M．西格尔率领的一批由文化人类学家和心理学家组成的调查队又进行了一次历时6年的大规模跨文化研究。结果发现造成不同文化成员在视错觉上有所差异的某些规律： ①住在“木器化”世界（即方形环境）中、具有理解三维图形的二维表象能力的民族（如美国人），比住在“非木器化”世界中的民族（如住在圆形环境中的布须曼人和祖鲁人），容易产生“缪勒一莱依尔错觉”；

以控制情绪为话题的英语作文

以控制情绪为话题的英语作文 以控制情绪为话题的英语作文 You must control and direct your emotions not abolish them. Besides, abolition would be antimissile task. Emotions are like a river. Their power can be dammed up and released under control and direction, but is cannot be held forever in check. Sooner or later the dam will burst, unleashing catastrophic destruction. 你必须控制并导引你的情绪而非摧毁它，况且摧毁情绪是一件不可能的事情。情绪就像河流一样，你可以筑一道堤防把它挡起来，并在控制和导引之下排放它，但却不能永远抑制它，否则那道堤防迟早会崩溃，并造成大灾难。 Your negative emotions can also be controlled and directed. PMA and self-discipline can remove their harmful effects and make them serve constructive purposes. Sometimes fear and anger will inspire intense action. But you must always submit your negative emotions--and you positive ones--to the examination of your reason before releasing them. Emotion without reason is a dreadful enemy. 你的消极心态同样也可被控制和导引，积极心态和自律可去除其中有害的部分，而使这些消极心态能为目标贡献力量。有的时候恐惧和生气会激发出更彻底的行动，但是在你释放消极情

操作手册产品使用说明

JBKL型燃烧器PVC全自动 操作手册 大庆国科盛鑫节能环保设备制造有限公司 前言 我国是全世界自然资源浪费最严重的国家之一，在59个接受调查的国家中排名第56位。另据统计，中国的能源使用效率仅为美国的26.9%，日本的11.5%。为此，近年来我国推行了多项节能减排政策措施。目前，为了实现“十一五”规划中确定的单位GDP能耗降低20%的目标、主要污染物排放总量减少10%的约束性指标，国务院发布了继续加强节能工作的决定，节能减排工作迫在眉睫。 在举国重视节能减排工作的大形势下，我公司自主创新，目前已经自主研发9项国家专利技术，全部是节能减排燃油燃气燃烧器技术。我公司发展势头强劲，不断创新探索，为全国节能减排事业做出自己应有的责任。 我公司研发节能减排燃烧器过程中发现，目前小型取暖锅炉普遍使用的国内外燃烧器采用的程序控制工艺是：锅炉出口水温度到达给定值上限后，电磁阀关闭，炉灭火。锅炉出口水温度降到下限时锅炉重新启动，送风机进行3-5分钟炉膛扫线，这时大量冷风进入炉膛里，把炉膛温度大幅降下来，扫完炉膛后，重新喷燃气点火升温，这样消耗燃气量增加。因此我公司燃烧器程序控制是采用自动调节阀来控制燃气喷大小量，锅炉出口水

温平稳，安全运行，提高节能减排数据。 JBKL型燃气燃烧器的设计说明 JBKL型燃烧器主要是针对目前燃气燃烧器喷咀存在的问题而设计的。存在的问题是： 1、目前国内外使用的燃气喷咀是直线喷燃气方式,国际上燃烧器技术较发达的意大利、法国、德国等国家的相关技术也是直线喷燃气方式。燃气是靠自身压力通过燃气喷咀直线喷入炉膛里的，燃气压力而产生的冲力使燃气与空气在推进的一段距离内不容易混合好，因此燃气在逐步扩散中与空气边混合边燃烧，这样炉膛内的火型长，高温度热量停留在炉膛内的受热时间短，使排烟温度升高，导致热效率降低。当加负荷增加燃气压力时冲力增大，烟气在炉膛内的流速加快，排烟温度迅速升高，热效率更低。 2、目前油田加热炉、炼油厂加热炉使用的配风器都是配直流风方式，直流风和燃气混合时出现各走各的现象，完全燃烧所需要的时间长，需要大量的配风才能满足燃烧，在运行时高温度烟气向前的推动力很大，当加负荷加大配风量时，推动力更大，这是加热炉热效率低的重要因素。 针对这样的问题，我们紧紧抓住安全运行、稳定燃烧、快速完全燃烧、配备最佳空气、控制最佳烟气流速和提高炉热效率的关键因素，对锅炉燃烧器相关的结构和部位进行研究和开发，并采取了以下几点措施： 1、燃气压力设计在燃气喷枪管内，运行时燃气冲力产生真空度，利用这个动力把空气吸进来，燃气和空气提前有效地混合，缩短了燃烧的过程和时间，喷出的混合气体立即迅速燃烧，高温度的能量停留在炉膛内的时间长，排烟温度低，提高热效率。

如何应对负面情绪 How to Deal With Negative Emotion_英语作文

如何应对负面情绪How to Deal With Negative Emotion Life is a journey. We will see different scenery and learn to grow up. Nobody can live easy life all the time, and they must have gone through some hard time. The one who can conquer the difficulty will be stronger. While those who can’t deal with the negative emotion will miss the beautiful scenery. Wise men can find the ways to remove bad mood. 生活是一场旅程，我们将会看到不一样的风景并学习成长。没有人能一直过着一帆风顺的生活，他们都会经历一些艰难的时刻。那些能够克服困难的人会变得更强。而那些不能处理负面情绪的人会错过美丽的风景。智者总能找到方法来消除坏心情。 In the modern life, a lot of people do the same things every day, then the repeating routines are easy to frustrate them. They feel life is meaningful and why they have to sit in the office to work for a whole day. The negative emotion makes them lose themselves. At this time, they need to slow down their life pace. A trip is the best way to relax and forget about the annoyance. It opens your vision and helps you to find the answers.

跨文化心理学试题及答案

第一章： 1.跨文化沟通具有下列哪些特征？ A.是一个比较普遍的现象 B.仅仅发生在与外国人面对面的交流中 C.已经有数千年的历史了 D.是一种常见的生活事件 ACD 2.文化具有下列哪些特征？ A.文化是后天习得的 B.文化是可以共享的 C.文化以符号为基础 D.文化是一种动态过程 A,B,C,D 3.你怎样让一个法国人知道你很不耐烦了？ A.拍拍你的嘴唇并且打一个长长的哈欠 B.无声的模仿吹长笛 C.用中指和食指按你的鼻子 B 4.在Belay的综合性三维度模型中，跨文化敏感性是情感角度的跨文化沟通能力。 A.对 B错 A 5.文化意识是指对影响自我、思维和行为的文化有所了解，让人们理解差异性和共同性。 A.对 B.错 A 第二章： 1.美国的主导文化模式包括下列哪些特征？ A.个人主义 B.集体主义 C.物质主义 D.竞争 ACD 2.根据霍夫斯泰德的价值观维度，以下倾向于个人主义价值观的国家有？ A.美国 B.澳大利亚 C.中国 D.日本

AB 3.请判断以下观点的对错：每一个个体都拥有多重文化身份，例如种族身份、民族身份、性别身份、地域身份、网络或幻想身份等，这些身份彼此合作，任一身份都是环境的产物。 A.对 B.错 A 4.男性气质文化是指大男子主义盛行的文化。 A.对 B.错 B 5.开放思维包括个体表达自己的想法，并倾听或接受他人的观点。 A.对 B.错 A 第三章： 1.在高情境文化中，情境和非言语对理解说话者想要表达的意思非常重要。这个表述是正确的吗？ A.对 B.错 A 2.在有些文化中，人们更愿意表达自己的情绪，有更丰富的肢体语言，这种文化是： A.中性文化 B.感性文化 C.高情境文化 D.低情境文化 B 3.相比于高情境文化中的人，在谈话中，当双方很长一段时间都不说话时，来自低情境文化的人会觉得不舒服。 A.对 B.错 A 4.下列关于成就型文化与附属型文化不正确的描述是： A.在附属型文化中，将一个人身份地位和所属的组织联系起来是很重要的。 B.在附属型文化中，初次见面的人可能相互问“你学的是什么”、“你从哪里毕业的”。 C.成就型文化与附属型文化可以同时存在于一个群体内。 D.成就型文化的管理者总是希望别人能够顺从他。 D

外卖产品操作流程及标准 (1)

百度外卖产品操作操作流程 接单： 1：平台会提前一小时下单，（前期是电话下单，后期会接入点餐系统）门店在接单后制作产品，对产品按计量包装好后放入制定位置，平台骑手会在规定的时间进行取餐 2：后厨在接单后15分钟内必须出完所有产品，打包好后装入食品袋放入门店指定的位置。 产品范围： 6种锅底:菌王糊辣鸳鸯锅、菌王柠檬鸳鸯锅、菌王酸汤鸳鸯锅、菌王鲜辣鸳鸯锅、菌王养颜木瓜鸳鸯锅、菌王滋补鸳鸯锅、菜单上除果汁与果酒所有产品。产品标准： 菌王糊辣鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤，包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同现有的菌汤标准） 2：糊辣底料一袋，包装规格900克/袋（含配糊辣锅的辅料，如子弹头，灯笼椒，醪糟，冰糖等，搅拌均匀装袋，标准和现有的标准一样）

菌王柠檬鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤，包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同现有的菌汤标准） 2：柠檬底料一袋，包装规格900克/袋,（含香茅草、柠檬叶、鲜红小米辣、搅拌均匀装袋、配制标准同现有的柠檬锅底标准） 菌王酸汤鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤，包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同现有的菌汤标准） 2：配制成品酸汤900克（含香茅草、木姜子油、番茄片、香菜段，搅拌均匀装袋、配制标准同现有的酸汤锅底标准） 菌王鲜辣鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤，包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同

现有的菌汤标准） 2：鲜辣底料一袋，包装规格900克/袋（含鲜辣底料，高汤,泡小米辣，姜片，大葱，搅拌均匀装袋、标准和现有的鲜辣锅底标准一样） 菌王金汤鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同现有的菌汤标准） 2：金汤锅底一袋，包装规格900克/袋（含，金汤底料，木瓜，枸杞，党参，当归，大枣，搅拌均匀装袋，标准和现有的金汤锅底标准一样） 菌王滋补鸳鸯锅 1：配制好的成品菌汤，包装规格900克/袋，（含香菇片，鸡油，配制标准同现有的菌汤标准） 2：配制好的成品滋补汤，包装规格900克/袋，（姜片，大枣，枸杞，鸡油，配制标准同现有的滋补锅标准一样） 打包器皿：

产品部产品上线操作流程及规范

产品部产品上线操作流程及规范 一、编写本流程和规范目的 为提升平台的整体形象以及消费者的用户体验，提升平台竞争力，便于产品部对产品上架操作的规范化、正规化，明晰与供应商的合作流程及规范，特制定此流程及规范。 二、本标准的适用范围 本流程及规范适用于产品部在主动选择或筛选供应商提供的产品是否符合平台要求，以及产品部在与意向供应商接洽时的具体操作内容方面。在产品的初选、评估到最后上线均适用与本流程及规范。 三、术语与定义（无） 四、招商工作中的内容与规定 1.招商工作流程

2.在平台上线产品必须为平台可经营的产品 平台可经营种类为：农副产品、水果、预包装食品、进口酒类、国产酒类、非酒精饮料及茶叶、电子产品、日用百货的销售、礼品鲜花、小饰物、小礼品。平台销售的产品主要为农副产品、水果、预包装食品及中高端生活类用品。尤其以绿色生态农产品及其加工制品为主要发展方向。 3.供应商资质必须符合平台的标准 主体：与四翁合作主体必须为国家法律承认的企业法人或其自然人代表。生产企业名优企业优先。 资质：与四翁合作主体需向四翁提交营业执照、税务登记证（地税、国税）、商标注册证、组织机构代码证及其它必须的相关许可。 产品：产品有较强的市场卖点及售价优势，适合于互联网销售及物流运输。并提供产品的宣传图样若干，及产品详细信息（类似于淘宝及京东商城样式）。 五、职责与权限 1.商品上线前供应商需提供的资料及其他相关事宜 1.1 供应商需提供给平台需上线的产品图片，具体要求如下：600*600Px 主图1-3张(高清无码，无不相关水印、logo），产品详情图3-6张（无不相关水印、logo,宽与高500px*1500px，像素达到72的宝贝描述详情图），必须与所销售产品实物相吻合且附带产品介绍的文字资料。所有图片必须为高清图片，创意艺术拍摄并精修，图片明亮美观，能激起顾客的购买欲望，手机拍摄像、未处理照片不予采纳。 1.2 产品详情图中需包含产品的产地、主要成分、产品规格、产品保质期、使用说明及禁忌。图片清晰美观，布局合理。 1.3 为保证平台的美观及整体档次，平台有权利对产品形象不合格的产品予以下架或不上架处理。供应商无法提供合格图片的，可委托平台协助拍摄处理产品图片，费用由供应商承担。 1.4 产品包装符合物流运输要求，安全性强，稳定性高，避免运输过程中发生损坏。 1.5 产品上架前，供货商需向平台提供不少于2个购买单位的商品体验装，以便于平台了解体验此产品。体验装必须与供货商所提供给平台销售的

形容情绪的英文词语

形容情绪的英文词语 在生活中经常有很多心情无以言说，用英文表达就更难了！别急！这里选取的例句，可都是摘自外媒新闻的原句，都是些最最常用地道的用法哦！以下是带来形容情绪的英文词语的相关内容，希望对你有帮助。 1. abandoned forsaken by owner or inhabitants 被主人或者居民抛弃； Adopted children must face issues of abandonment as they grow older. 2. aggressive characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight 富有侵略性的人或者好斗的； But Bowser could appoint new and aggressive leaders in other city agencies, where Gray’s appointees have tended to be more cautious. —Washington Post 3. alienated

socially disoriented 分不清方向或者目标； The more vigilant Allen was, the more resentful and alienated Nicholas became, and the worse things got. —Class Matters 4. apathetic showing little or no emotion or animation 对事情缺乏兴趣，无动于衷； “And some people are able to inspire otherwise apathetic young people to vote.” —Forbes (Oct 21, 2014) 5. ashamed feeling guilt or embarrassment or remorse 感觉内疚，尴尬，惭愧； Then, ashamed and embarrassed, he disappeared under a duvet and grieved. —BBC (Nov 4, 2014) 6. astonished filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise 充满巨大的惊喜； Oh my God, he sputters, clearly astonished by the claim.

灌封胶产品操作指南

灌封胶产品操作指南 一.灌封前的准备： 工具：搅拌棒（筷子），塑料杯，电子称 分别打开A，B两个容器， 1.首先，检查A胶底部有无沉淀，如有沉淀，必须先将沉淀搅拌起来，直到搅拌均匀为止。 2.同样方法，检查B胶 3.塑料杯放置于电子称上，电子称去皮清零。 4.将搅拌好了的A胶，直接倒入塑料杯中（根据用量要求取用，单次混合不低于50克） 5.根据A胶用量，取出一定比例的B胶（按照说明书中的比例），倒入塑料杯中。 6.用搅拌棒（筷子）顺着一个方向，充分搅拌塑料杯中的胶水（这一步很重要！必须充分搅拌均匀，杯壁要刮到）。如果一次混合100克以内的话，时间一般在3分钟左右，混合量大的话，时间适当延长。 7.将混合好的胶水，静置5分钟左右（目的是排泡），再灌封到产品中。 二.灌封产品 工具：混合好胶的杯子，需要灌封的产品。 操作步骤： 1.检查需要灌封的产品是否有灰尘，助焊剂，松香，油污等残留物，如发现残留物，必须用洗板水或酒精清洗干净，晾干。 2.灌封的产品，底部或者边缘不能有缝隙，否则可能发生胶液渗漏。如有缝隙，可以预先用硅橡胶填缝堵漏。 3.将装有胶水的杯子慢慢倾倒（不要一股脑倒下），顺着一个点，流满产品周围。 4.根据产品要求，选择灌封厚度。 三.固化产品 根据产品要求，可以选择常温固化或者热固化。 1.常温固化：室温干燥环境中静置即可，无需做任何处理。 2.热固化，直接将产品置于恒温箱中，加热处理。 四.注意事项： 1.环氧树脂灌封胶在固化的过程中会放热，混合量越大，放热越大，固化时间相应也会缩短。

2.加成型灌封硅胶，对于含有磷，硫，胺等化学物质的材料，接触到的地方，会产生“中毒”（不凝固）的情况，请一定要注意。 3.单组分硅胶或者缩合型硅胶都不会深层凝固，单组分硅胶，凝固深度不超过3mm，缩合型灌封硅胶，凝固深度不超过8mm。

如何面对情绪 How to Face Emotions(初中英语作文)

如何面对情绪How to Face Emotions 初中英语作文 We are not god, so we will have the emotions all the time, when we meet difficulties, we will feel distressed, when we are treated unfairly, we will be angry. We must learn to deal emotions, so that we can move on. When the emotions come, we must tell ourselves to calm down, we can get angry for a while, but not all the time, only when we calm down can we think in a clear way. We can also find a way to relieve our emotions, like going to KTV or just talking to friends. We have to face emotion problems now and then, if we do the right thing, then all is well.我们不是上帝，因此我们总是会有情绪，在我们遇到困难时，会感到沮丧，在我们得到不公平的待遇时，会生气。我们必须学会处理情绪，这样才能向前看。当情绪来临的时候，我们必须告诉自己要冷静，我们可以生一会气情绪问题，但是不能一直生气，只有当我们冷静下来，才能清楚地思考。我们也能够找到方法来处理我们的情绪，比如去唱歌，或者和朋友聊天。我们不得不时而不时地面对，如果我们的处理正确，然后一切都会好起来。 1

荣格心理学与中国文化

荣格心理学与中国文化 高岚申永荷 美国著名心理学史家布雷德和墨菲等人，都表示他们的共识：认为心理学的第一个故乡在中国。实际上，许多西方著名的心理学家，在其理论和体系形成的过程中，确实受到了中国文化的深刻影响。卡尔·荣格和其分析心理学便是一个例证。 1、维尔海姆的影响 国际心理分析协会主席托马斯·科茨（Thomas Kirsch）博士，在1994年8月访问中国的一次演讲中提出，就荣格心理学思想的形成而言，理查德·维尔海姆（Richard Wilhelm）影响，远远超过了弗洛伊德或其他人。实际上，荣格自己也承认这一点，他曾经明确表示，“维尔海姆给了我无限的启迪，我受他的影响，远远超过了其他任何人。”而维尔海姆所给予荣格的启迪，也就是中国文化对于荣格的启迪；维尔海姆对于荣格的影响，也就是中国文化对于荣格的影响。 荣格在20年代初期便结识了维尔海姆，那正是荣格自己在其心理学的研究中最为关键，同时也是最为艰难的时期。与弗洛伊德正统精神分析的分裂，使得荣格面临许多压力。他希望自己能够有一种理论的根基，来帮助他整理自己的研究，使他能够有足够的力量和勇气，来抗衡他所面临的压力。1923年，荣格曾专门邀请维尔海来到苏黎士，在其主持的“心理俱乐部”中，介绍与评论中国的《易经》，介绍与讲解中国文化。荣格与维尔海姆广泛地讨论了中国文化的意义，讨论了西方的心理学和精神分析理论的发展。使荣格感到惊讶的是，在维尔海姆看来，西方无意识研究的发现，早就存在于中国古老的文化之中了。维尔海姆认为，荣格以及弗洛伊德所致力与探求的无意识心理学，正是中国文化思想或中国文化心理学中所固有或所包含的东西。 荣格自己曾有过这样的表示：“维尔海姆一生所从事的工作，对我来说是如此的重要和具有价值，是因为他为我解释与证实了我过去一直在追求、在思考、在向往，以及在从事和研究的东西。”荣格说，“维尔海姆的工作，给我们带来了中国文化的基因，给我们带来了一种足以从根本上改变我们世界观的中国文化基因。”荣格深深敬佩于维尔海姆的“汉学”，以及他对于中国哲学，对于中国文化的深刻理解。荣格曾经说过，我甚至不能用“影响”一词，来描述中国文化和中国思想与维尔海姆的关系，因为实际上，维尔海姆完全被中国文化所征服了，被同化了。面对这样一位汉学家，面对这样一位汉学家所代表的深远的中国文化，荣格将其作为自己终生的良师益友，也作为自己心理学的深远背景。 2、荣格心理学的秘密 在我们的理解中，中国文化是一种充满了心理学意义的文化；这种心理学的意义，具体而生动，表现着一种实在的生活的价值。荣格和维尔海姆把他们合著的《金花的秘密》一书，称之为“中国生命与生活之书”，也便代表了他们对中国文化之理解的一个侧面。 而这里的“生命与生活”，实际上也就是一种“心理学”。Cary F·Baynes在《金花的秘密》一书英译本的前言中写道：“心灵必须依赖于科学，将其作为现实世界中的导向；而科学也必须转向心灵，来寻求生活的意义。这就是《金花的秘密》所展示的观点。通过维尔海姆和荣格的共同努力，我们第一次有机会来理解和欣赏，能够在许多方面满足我们的需要的东方智慧。在《金花的秘密》中，这种东方的智慧脱离了形而上学的描述，而置之于心理学的体验之中。

产品介绍和使用指南

产品介绍和使用指南 第一部分产品说明书 ?产品名称 电信运营知识服务平台（to.） ?内容概要： 《电信运营知识服务平台》是一个专业、权威、海量、时效的知识服务平台。平台以面向电信运营商的知识服务为目标，对资源进行深度整合和系统化构建，内容涵盖国内外最新行业发展、市场营销、网络建设、网络维护、网络支撑、企业管理等知识，实现海量数据的科学收录和快速检索，促进行业知识共享。 ?编委简介（专家队伍） 杨青，中国通信学会咨询部主任，MBA，高级工程师 李珊，中国信息通信研究院新技术新业务研究室副主任，高级工程师 黄秀清，北京邮电大学副教授，博士 万华平，北京联通运维部经理，高级工程师 范宇梅，《中国通信》杂志社责任编辑，高级工程师 ?核心竞争力：“唯一”“第一”“权威”“品牌” 专业、权威、全面的知识服务系统，助力电信运营商转型、创新、发展！ ?应用价值： 功能价值： 一站式检索：跨库检索全面超越了以往的单一的、面向单库的检索方式，真正实现了“一站式”检索，满足文献调研与情报分析对查全、查准的要求。此外，检索结果可以进行分组筛选、排序浏览，可以快速有效获取关键文献信息。 文献知网节：帮助用户通过分析文献之间的引用、相似、相关、同类读者推荐等相互关系，建设海量文献的知识网络，实现对研究主题相关文献的全面、系统跟踪调

研。 文献可视化分析：通过图形的方式直观展示文献分组结果的趋势、分布、数量比较，比较同一研究方向内不同内容的趋势，比较不同研究方向的趋势，帮助用户更直观、清晰的获取信息。 内容价值： ● 国家战略、行业规划、行业政策的原文及解读 ● 行业关注问题、技术前沿及热点应用的揭示及评论 ● 国内外运营商的动态及分析 ● 电信资费、流量经营、渠道管理等电信市场营销方面的方法与案例 ● 战略管理的理论及案例 ● 预算管理、税务管理、核算管理、会计等财务管理方面的方法、案例 ● 招聘、培训、绩效管理、激励机制、劳动关系管理、企业文化等人力资源管理方面方法、案例 ● 企业内部控制及风险管理、项目管理、法律事务、投 资融资及商业模式等方面的观点、案例 ● 移动通信网、数据通信网、智能网、接入网、传输网、 动环系统等网络建设方面的规划方案、技术方法 ● 运维管理、网络管理、网络优化、节能减排、设备维 护、网络安全等网络维护方面的技术研究、经验方法 ● 网管系统、BOSS 系统等网络支撑系统方面的技术方 案 为制定分公司战略决策辅助企业管理创新 提高员工业务技能 ● 国内外运营商经营策略的分析 ● 流量经营、商业模式、渠道管理、客户关系管理等经 营方法及案例 ● 电信资费的调整机制及制定策略的分析 ● 用户消费行为、客户流失原因分析 为制定营销方案做参考 ● 国内外运营商动态及分析 ● 各行业信息化应用情况 ● 各行业信息化应用系统设计方案 为寻找项目方向、制定项

文化心理学的发展

文化心理学的发展 文化心理学是近年来出现的一种新的心理学思潮，其起源最早可追溯到冯特的民族心理学。早在1862年冯特在其《对感官知觉理论的贡献》一书中，就已明确提出心理学可以分为两大领域，即实验的个体心理学与文化的民族心理学。前者可以通过实验的方法加以研究，主要研究个体的低级心理现象，而高级的复杂的心理现象只能由后者通过民族文化的传统加以审视与研究。冯特分别对两类心理学花费了大量的时间和精力呕心沥血地进行研究，由于其民族心理学具有浓厚的文化色彩，以致美国心理学家罗伯特·华生认为，冯特的V olker Psychologie不应该译成F0lk Psychology即民族心理学，而应译成Culture Psychology即文化心理学。1982年卡特最先使用了现代意义上的“文化心理学”一词，他认为文化心理学就是一门研究个体与社会、文化之间的相互作用的学科。在卡特之后的几十年里，文化心理学便成为一个真正崛起的心理学研究分支，并不断发展和完善，成为弥补主流心理学缺陷的主要研究取向。 文化心理学是新近出现的一种心理学取向。由于它刚刚兴起，因此其内涵尚未十分清晰，存在一定的概念混乱，这在一定程度上影响了其发展和价值或作用的发挥。目前，人们主要从两个方面来界定文化心理学的内涵：一是从研究对象和内容上，另一是从研究方法上。纵观文化心理学的发展历史，可以发现有四种不同理论取向，其分别是符号理论取向、活动理论取向、个人主义理论取向和构建主义理论取向。文化心理学不同理论取向之间又存在着不同程度的

交叉，但是透过这种复杂关系，我们还是可以获得关于文化理学基本预设的统一信息。关于文化心理学的理论预设，可以归结为三个方面：第一，文化是多元的，具有多样性，也就是说多元文化论是文化心理学的元理论或逻辑起点。第二，文化与心理或行为存在联系。第三，特殊文化环境下的群体或文化个体心理存在差异。 在论及文化心理学诞生的现实背景时，大都涉及到两点：主流心理学发展所面临的困境为文化心理学提供了兴起与发展的空间；非主流心理学的文化研究取向对文化心理学的启示。我国心理学家曾有过这样一段表述：“在实验法无能为力的地方，幸而还有一种对心理学具有客观价值的辅助手段可资利用，这些辅助手段就是心理的集体生活的某些产物，属于这些产物的主要是语言、文化和风俗”。文化作为弥补主流心理学的研究取向在于它研究的是主流心理学无法触及或是不愿触及的领域，因为文化心理学是以文化为研究对象的，主要探讨文化背景下的心理活动，即文化对人的心理的影响以及心理在文化继承和发展中的作用。它所研究的内容是用客观方法不便研究或是不好着手的研究，只能通过对人类历史积淀下来的能够表现出人的心理和行为或制约人的心理和行为的语言、神话、风俗习惯、理论公设等。文化的研究往往是通过间接的方式，利用内隐研究方法，将文化的蕴意和人们的内隐的生活方式、习惯以及信仰等进行揭示和研究，以为心理学在这个区域的空白添砖加瓦，同时也为社会主义和谐社会建设的构建提供心理学的依据。 文化心理学兴起的时间虽只有短短的几十年，但是学术界的研究

中国文化心理学

绪论 一、改善思维 1.从举一反三 某个学生在某一门喜欢的课上学习态度非常认真，思维活跃，成绩好，但仅限于此门课程——举一反十。假如现在你们又变小了回去上小学或初中，知识也只是那种水平，你觉得会不会取得比原来更好的成绩？为什么？ 从一次成功到次次成功——成功所需要的条件都是不变的，从一次成功中总结成功需要的基本条件，然后将它应用到其他方面。成功需要什么条件呢？加一条：全身心投入，即儒家的“诚”。这也是本门课程对你们的希望和要求：投入。讨论式课堂，随意发言，不必是提问，有什么想法都可以说出来，大家互相启发。最后你们的成绩也在很大程度上根据你们的投入程度来决定，最重要的是思维沉浸其中并保持活跃，领悟深入、记忆深刻，并且知行合一。 2.将智力作最大限度的运用：智慧的本质 二、传统文化 1.现代化 英格尔斯认为，个人的现代化并非现代化的副产品，而是现代化赖以进行并获得成功的先决条件之一。“一个国家可以从国外引进作为现代化标志的科学技术，移植先进国家卓有成效的工业管理方法、政府机构形式、教育制度以及全部课程内容等等，今天的发展中国家大多都是这么做的。它们本来怀着极大的希望和信心，以为把外来的先进技术播种在自己的国土上，产生的丰硕成果就足以使它跻身发达国家的行列之中。结果，它们往往收获的是失败和沮丧。原先拟想的完美蓝图不是被扭曲成奇形怪状的讽刺画，就是为本国的资源和财力掘下了坟墓。痛切的教训使一些人开始体会和领悟到，那些完善的现代制度以及伴随而来的指导大纲、管理守则，本身只是一些空的躯壳。如果一个国家的人民缺乏一种能赋予这些制度以真实生命力的现代心理基础，如果执行和运用这些现代制度的人，自身还没有从心理、思想、态度和行为方式上都经历一个向现代化的转变，失败和畸形发展的悲剧是不可避免的。再完美的现代制度和管理方式，再先进的技术工艺，也会在一群落后的人手中变成废纸一堆。……总之，那些先进的现代制度要获得成功和预期的效果，必须依赖运用它们的人的现代人格、现代品质。” 另一方面，个人现代性构成了现代化的主要目标之一。现代化追求经济发展，根本目的还是在于人的发展。现代化之所以有价值，正在于它能把个人从传统的束缚中解放出来，提高人的创造性，扩大他们社会生活的参与面，增加他们的个人价值感和尊严感，推动个性的发展与人类自由的实现。 通过跨国的、跨文化的研究概括出个人现代性的12方面特征：乐于接受新生事物；准备接受社会的改革与变化；头脑开放，尊重不同看法；注重现在与未来，守时惜时；注重效率、效能，对人的能力和社会的未来充满信心；注重计划；尊重知识，追求知识；相信理性及由理性支配下的社会；重视专门技术；敢于正视传统，不惟传统是从；相互了解、尊重与自尊；了解生产及过程。 当代中国人要想塑造具有文化根基的、完善的现代性，其合理进路是：将中国的传统人格作合理的现代延伸。传统人格既有优点，也有先天不足，关键是将这些不足作现代转换。 2.传统文化 三、本土化 本课程的重点将不是介绍各种本土化研究，也不是本土化研究方法，这些大家如果有兴趣以后可以继续学习；重点是介绍各种本土化研究取得的成果，即在中国传统文化中生长的人所形成的独特人格特点，给大家一个传统文化与跨文化比较的视角，帮助大家理解中国

荣格心理学与中国文化

荣格心理学与中国文化 荣格心理学与中国文化 转自：心理学报199804 作者：高岚申荷永华南师范大学心理系，广州，510631高岚申荷永美国著名心理学史家布雷德和墨菲等人，都曾表示过他们的一种共识：认为心理学的第一个故乡在中国。实际上，许多西方著名的心理学家，在其理论和体系形成的过程中，确实受到了中国文化的深刻影响。卡尔?荣格和其分析心理学便是一个例证。 1维尔海姆的影响 国际分析心理学会主席托马斯?科茨（ThomasKirsch）博士，在1994年8月访问中国的一次演讲中提出，就荣格心理学思想的形成而言，理查德?维尔海姆（RichardWilhelm）的影响，远远超过了弗洛伊德或其他任何人。实际上，荣格自己也承认这一点，他曾经明确的表示，“维尔海姆给了我无限的启迪，我所受他的影响，远远超过了其他任何人。”[1]而维尔海姆所给予荣格的启迪，也就

是中国文化对于荣格的启迪；维尔海姆对于荣格的影响，也就是中国文化对于荣格的影响。 荣格在20年代初期便结识了维尔海姆，那正是荣格自己在其心理学的研究中最为关键，同时也是最为艰难的时期。与弗洛伊德正统精神分析的分裂，使得荣格面临许多压力。他希望自己能够有一种理论的根基，来帮助他整理自己的研究，使他能够有足够的力量和勇气，来抗衡他所面临的压力。1923年，荣格曾专门邀请维尔海姆来到苏黎士，在其主持的“心理俱乐部”中，介绍与评论中国的《易经》，介绍与讲解中国文化。荣格与维尔海姆广泛地讨论了中国文化的意义，讨论了西方的心理学和精神分析理论的发展。使荣格感到惊讶的是，在维尔海姆看来，西方无意识研究的发现，早就存在于中国古老的文化之中了。维尔海姆认为，荣格以及弗洛伊德所致力与探求的无意识心理学，正是中国文化思想或中国文化心理学中所固有或所包含的东西。 荣格自己曾有过这样的表示：“维尔海姆一生所从事的工作，对我来说是如此的重要和具有价值，是因为他为我解释与证实了我过去一直在追求、在思考、在向往、以及在从事和研究的东西。”[2]荣格说，“维尔海姆的工作，给我们带