新初三暑假语法讲义——第十二讲 定语从句

第十二讲 定语从句

定语从句的重要性：在中考的阅读理解、完形填空及书面表达等题型中，对句子及篇章的理解起重要作用。

定语从句的功用和结构

定语从句的功用和结构：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。 例：This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.

Do you know everybody who came to the party?

I still remember the night when I first came to the village?

This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.

关系代词和关系副词的用法

清单一、关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词做主语，宾语，定语；关系副词可作状语。

1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。 例：I don’t like people who talk much but do little.

The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

2. 作宾语：

例：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.

The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.

3. 作定语：关系代词whose 在定语从句中作定语用。

例：What’s the name of the young man whos e sister is a doctor?

The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

考点梳理 语法考点

中考要求

4. 作状语：

例：I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

This is the house where I was born.

清单二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

例：The person who broke the window must pay for it.

The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2.whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语。

例：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？

Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。

例：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.

I know the boy whose father is a professor.

4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。

例：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

例：I’ve read the newspaper tha t (which) carries the important news.

Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。

例：I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.

7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。

例：This is the house where we lived last year.

The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

清单三、关系代词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。

只能指人的关系代词：

A．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。

例：What was the name of the man who lent you the money？借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？

（定语从句修饰先行词the man）

He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）

The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。

（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）

【考点】【真题】2010北京西城二模完型：

But those who have received Patti's organs cannot forget.

B．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom 可省略或可用who 来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。

例：There are some people (whom/ who) we like and others (whom/ who) we dislike.

有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）

The people whom/ who I work with are all friendly.

和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）

Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who 代替whom）Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.

两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）

【考点】【真题】PET / BETS-2 句型转换

The lady to whom you’re speaking is my aunt.

只能指物的关系代词：

C．which

1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。

例：English is a language which is easy to learn.

英语是一门容易学的语言。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）

This is a folk song which is now very popular.

这是目前非常流行的一首民谣。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）

The river which flows through London is the Thames.

流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which 在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）

The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.

孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which 作makes 的宾语，可以省略)

2．which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。

例：Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。

（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）

Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.

希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）

3．which 在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。

例：John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.

约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。

It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.

周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。

既能指人，又能指物的关系代词：

D．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。

例：There are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。

（定语从句修饰先行词people）

I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.

我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰先行词trees）

【方法】注意：如果关系代词后有一个名词成分需要修饰，一定选择whose.

E．that指人时相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。

例：He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）

I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。

（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）

The dress (that) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。

（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that 作宾语可省略）

Is there anything (that) I can do for you？有我能为你效劳的事吗？

（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that 作宾语，可省略）

提示：在口语中，that 有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when 或介词+which 结构。

例：We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that 替when）

He doesn't see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that 代替at which）

清单四、关系副词引导的定语从句

引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where 或why 等。when, where, why 分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which 结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。

A．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

例：I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which)

He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which)

We will never forget the year 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded.

我们永远忘不了1949 年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)

B．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

例：I recently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)

I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine.

我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which)

What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday

你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)

C．why指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。

例：Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which) The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

注：无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，故先行词在定语从句中不重复出现。例：【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.

【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 这就是我昨天借的书。

（that 在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borrowed 的宾语，因此，要去掉it）【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.

【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English.

英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。

（where 在定语从句中取代了先行词the pace，作go 的状语，因此，要去掉there）

重点难点解析

难点一、必须用“that”引导的定语从句

1、当先行词是不定代词all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some 等时。

例：He did everything that he could to help us.

2、先行词被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last, few , just 等修饰时。例：The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.

3、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。

例：This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.

4、当先行时前有such 或the same 修饰时，先行词和关系代词指同一物时。

例：She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.

5、先行词既有人又有物时。

例：Later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.

6、当主句是以who 或which 开始时的特殊疑问句时。

例：Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

7、在同一个句子里，若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用了which，另一个宜用that。

例：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

8、当关系代词在从句中作表语时。（只限于限制性定语从句中）

例：China is no longer the country that it used to be.

9、当先行词是集体名词时，多用that。

例：He wants to join the team that won the game.

10、that 在有些句型中可作为关系副词，且可省略。

例：I don’t like the way (that) he talks to me.

【方法】记少不记多：因为不能使用“that”的情况少于只能用“that”引导的定语从句的情况，所以几下以下不能使用that的情况：

1、that作宾语

2、在非限制性定于从句中，只能用which, 不能用that (标志：逗号)

3、先行词本身就是that 的情况

难点二、只用which不用that时情况

1、引导非限制性定语从句时。

例：Bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking.

2、先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。

例：This is the house in which Lu Xun lived.

3、先行词本身是that 时。

例：What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?

4、先行词后有插入语时。

例：Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English.

5、which 用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。

例：He is an engineer, which I am not。

关系代词as：在限制性定语从句中用在such, the same, as, so 之后，as 引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。例：I have the same book as you（have）. Take as many as you want.

Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. This is such a book as was given to me.

难点三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

1、限制性定语从句对先行词起限制确定作用。如果没有它，主句的意思就不完整，这种定语从句和主句

的关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，在口语中前后没有停顿。

例：He is the man whose father died last week.

That is the reason why I didn’t open the door.

2、非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词起描述或补充说明的作用，省略后也不影响全句的意思，非限制性定语从句可以修饰名词、代词、短语、主句的一部分或全句，它和主句之间常用

逗号隔开，朗读时前后有停顿。

例：I live in Beijing where my parents worked ten years ago.

His sister, who works in Wu Han, is coming to see him tomorrow.

难点四、带介词的定语从句

1、固定词组，介词置于后，关系代词使用灵活。

例：This is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after.

2、非固定词组，介词位置灵活，关系代词使用严格。

例：The man (whom/ who/ that) I spoke to is a friend of mine.

The man to whom I spoke is a friend of mine.

3、介词词组（关系代词远离先行词）

例：In front of, on top of , at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of.

We stand in a building in front of which stands a lab.

We arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower.

4、代词/数词+of +关系代词

例：He has written many books, most of which are for children.

We have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions.

5、介词+关系代词+代词/数词

例：He has written many books, of which most are in Chinese.

6、介词+whose 修饰后面的名词

例：He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money.

易错点清单

清单一、关系代词的省略情况

1、关系代词在从句中作宾语时。

例：Have you received the book (that) I sent you last week?

2、关系代词在从句中作表语时。

例：Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.

3、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而这个介词又在句末时。

例：This is the artist (whom) I spoke to you about.

注：关系代词的省略是指在限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。

清单二、先行词指地点，用which 而不用where

(1) This is the factory my father built.(选用which, 因为build 是及物动词，which作宾语)

(2) This is the factory my father worked. (选用where, 因为work 是不及物动词，where作状语)

清单三、先行词指时间，用which 而不用when

(1) I will never forget the days I spent with you. (选用which, 因为spend 是及物动词，which作宾语)

(2) I will never forget the day I came to Beijing . (选用when, 因为come 是不及物动词，when作状语)

清单四、无论关系代词还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，故先行词在定于从句中不再出现。【易错点】This is the book that I bought it from the library last week.

it 必须去掉，因为that 已经指代了the book，在句子中作了宾语。

【注意】在中考书面表达题型中，要避免此类句子的出现。

常考点及真题链接

常考点1：PET / BETS-2

试题形式：（1）句型转换（2）大作文

常考点2：KET / BETS-1

试题形式：开放式完形填空

先行词指物：which

先行词指人：who

常考点3：中考完型真题链接

2010 西城二模

完形填空

Five years ago, Chet Szuber received the heart of his youngest child, Patti, who had been killed in a car accident. Now, with each passing day, he celebrates her spirit.

… Szuber was put on the waiting list for a heart transplant (移植), which seemed to offer his last hope to live. But as years went by and no heart came his 37 , he got to a point where he could 38 move around during the day. "I had kind of given up," he says.

… But those who have received Patti's organs cannot forget.

阅读短文回答问题

Jolanda Maas, a leader of a research at the Nivel Institute in Utrecht, has reported the result of the study in the magazine BiolMed Central Public Health. It says that people who live closest to green areas in the countryside walk and cycle less often for shorter time than other people.

2009 西城二模

完形填空

In her town there was a special program that taught adults to read, but Bertha In-gram was quite nervous. Would people laugh at her? Would they 44 to teach her？It didn't happen that way. She had a teacher who worked very hard with her. After the first day Ingram could 45 wait to get to the library.

阅读短文，回答问题

1．Getting through the first hour

·Choose an out-of-town person that each family member can call after the disaster if you become alone. Besides, choose two nearby places where family members know to meet. One should be close to your home.

2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解

2020考研语法指导：定语从句详解 定语从句是英语学习的难点，也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句需要掌握以下几个方面： 一、定义 定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。 二、定语从句的结构 定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which , that, as 和关系副词when, where, why 等引导。 一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1） who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：Is he the m an who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中做主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中做宾语） （2） whose用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因 为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:

? They rushed over to help the man whose car had broke n down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (3) which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如： ? A prosperitywhich / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside? 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) 二)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 (1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which ”结构，所以常常和“介词+ which ”结构交替使用。例如： There are occasionswhen (on which )one must yield? 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the placewhere in which ) I was born?北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why ( for which )he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们协助他的理由吗？ (2)that代替关系副词，能够用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which ”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：

高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句

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who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。 I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. (2017全国卷阅读七选五) Campers, in my eyes, were people that/who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. 2.whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which，指人时相当于 of whom。 (2016全国二卷阅读理解) I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students. 二．that、which引导的定语从句 1.which指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物 均可，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. (2016天津卷阅读表达) Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. 2.限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用 which的情况： (1).先行词为不定代词 anything、 nothing、 something、 everything、 all、 some、none、little few、the one等时； I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. (2).先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或其前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时； The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. (3).先行词被 the only、 the very、 the last、any、every、each、 few、 little、no、some、all等修饰时。 The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. (4).先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的词时。

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=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如： The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century. ﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。 ①直接由引导词引导定语从句。 ②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。 I live in a house far away from the city，in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate，on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. ③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指 人用whom，指物用which)引导。One，some，any，none，all，both，several，many，most，neither，either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。 He has five children，two of whom are abroad. (比较：He has five children，and two of them are abroad.) We have three books，none of which is/are interesting. (比较：We have three books，but none of them is/are interesting.) 除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。

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