过程的旅游英语专业课程体系研究与...

　2010年3月

第11卷　第1期 长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版)

Mar.2010

Vol.11　No.1

基于工作过程的旅游英语专业课程体系研究与开发

夏美莲

(娄底职业技术学院,湖南娄底417000)

摘　要:基于工作过程的旅游英语专业课程体系开发是一个全新的研究领域,它以工作过程为导向,具体涉及相关岗位典型工作任务的确定,学习领域的划分和课程体系的整体设计,体现了我国高职旅游英语专业的发展方向。

关键词:工作过程;旅游英语;课程体系

随着中国旅游业不断发展,旅游市场呈现国内市场国际化的新格局。因此,旅游市场对人才的需求也发生了变化,为适应人才培养的新要求,满足市场对人才的需求,使我院旅游英语专业培养的学生英语语言能力达到职业能力的要求,我们对我院的旅游英语专业的教学进行了改革。根据教育部门出台的《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》(教高[2006]16号)文件中明确提出的高职教育要创新人才培养模式,要求推广“工学结合”的课程模式的思想,我们确认了在当前高职课程教学中采用基于工作过程的课程思想的方向。因此在本次改革中,首先对旅游英语专业课程体系的构建进行了大量的研究。在通过实际调查、分析旅游行业全部工作过程的基础上,建立了“以工作过程为中心、以培养学生岗位能力为目标”的旅游英语专业课程体系。

一、基于工作过程的职业教育理论

任何一个职业都有其特殊的工作过程,即在工作的内容、方式、方法、组织和工具等方面有其自身的特点。旅游英语专业面向涉外旅游职业,相关工作岗位均有其完整的工作过程。因此,在改革中应追求工作过程的系统化而不是学科结构的系统化,课程体系开发中就需要建立起基于工作过程的课程观。按照工作过程的顺序开发课程,凸显职业教育特色,同时强调学科体系知识不应通过灌输,而应由学生在学习过程的行动中自我建构而获得。无疑,课程内容的结构化,即课程内容基于工作过程,按照一定的逻辑顺序排列,是旅游英语专业课程改革的基础。工作过程指的是工作任务是怎样被完成的,即一个完整的工作进程。该教学模式以对具体的工作任务分析为基础,将一个完整的工作过程切分为若干个工作步骤和单项工作任务,强调完成一件工作的各环节之间的衔接和顺序,特别注重这些环节之间的关系以及从业者在处理这些关系应具备的能力。旅游英语专业课程教学模式的建立首先要对工作过程进行分析,并切分工作步骤,形成相互衔接的工作环节。它具有以下几个特征:(1)课程设计须以工作过程为导向,教学内容须以完成某项具体的工作任务为切入点;

(2)教学内容来源于真实的职业情境,学生在实践中了解他未来所要从事的职业,教学过程在相应的学习性工作任务中完成;(3)工作过程知识成为教学的核心内容,典型的职业工作任务成为工作过程知识的载体。

总之,以“工作过程”为核心的课程教学模式是一种全新的课程观,它摆脱了学科体系的束缚,紧紧围绕职业活动的工作过程,对课程内容进行重组,集中体现了职业教育的特色,在职业教育理论中具有相当重要的意义。

二、旅游英语专业课程体系开发的思路

工作过程系统化的课程开发一般需经过以下步骤。

(一)确定职业岗位与提炼典型工作任务

(1)确定职业岗位。“确定和描述一个专业(在我国针对一个职业或职业小类)的典型工作任务,是职业教育专业设置和课程开发的基础”。所谓职业是指社会人员按照社会分工所从事的相对稳定、合法、有报酬的工作。如会计、秘书、理发师、法官、军人、清洁工、记者等。按照《中华人民共和国职业分类大典》的分类原则,小类以工作程序、工艺技术、操作对象以及生产产品的同一性等进行划分和归类。细类(即职业)的划分和归类是根据工作对象、工作技术、操作方法等同一性进行的。按照上述分类原则,并通过职业调查,旅游英语专业涵盖的职业或职业小类为:旅游及公共游览场所服务人员,其具体的职业岗位有导游、旅行社接待员、景点讲解员等,这些岗位是相关职业的一线岗位,也是学生初次就业的岗位,此外还有客户部经理、地接部经理等,这些岗位是管理一线岗位,也是学生职业发展的岗位。

(2)提炼典型工作任务。所谓典型工作任务就是用完整的有代表性的职业行动和反映本质的工作关系描述的具体的职业工作。典型工作任务我们通过毕业生调研、企业调研,由具有实践工作经验的专家陈述自己的职业成长历程,划分职业发展阶段,找出各阶段有代表性和挑战性的工作任务实例,最后提炼出典型的工作任务。表1为旅游英语专业的典型工作任务表。

991

3收稿日期:2010-01-18

作者简介:夏美莲(1982-),女,湖南长沙人,助教。

表1　旅游英语专业典型工作任务表岗位典型工作任务表

导游

①接待游客;②介绍旅游线路;③负责游客饮食;

④负责游客住宿;⑤负责游客交通;⑥负责游客参观、游览活动;⑦景点介绍;⑧事故防范和安全提示工作;⑨解答游客提出的问题;⑩开展市场调研工作,协助开发、设计新的旅游产品

旅行社接待员

①接待游客;②介绍旅游线路;③安排游客饮食;

④安排游客住宿;⑤安排游客交通;⑥安排游客参观、游览活动;⑦解答游客提出的问题;⑧定票服务

景点讲解员①景点介绍;②解答游客提出的问题

(二)归纳典型工作任务为行动领域

行动领域建立在对典型工作任务的解释基础之上,行动领域是一个综合性的任务,它产生于人们在职业或社会生活中的重要活动情境中,一般以问题的形式来描述。

描述行动领域必须回答两个问题:

(1)通过典型工作任务完成了什么工作?其答案指出了工作的对象;(2)完成典型工作任务的过程是怎样的?其解释涉及工具、方法以及劳动组织形式。行动领域的描述常用“动词+对象”的格式,如旅游英语专业的“带团导游”、“介绍景点”、“处理突发事件”等,它必须体现出行业的职责或实际要做的事情,且是行业能接受的术语。

(三)转换行动领域为学习领域

按照职业成长规律和认知学习规律重构行动领域,形成学习领域,即进行课程门类设计。在职业教育中,学习领域是一个跨学科的课程计划,是案例性的、经过系统化处理的行动领域。通过一个学习领域的学习,学生可以完成某一职业的一个典型的综合性任务,通过若干个相互关联的所有学习领域的学习,学生可以获得某一职业的从业能力和资格。学习领域之间的排序应符合职业成长规律,即由简单到复杂。学生通过学习领域课程的学习,可以促进学生由新手到专家这样的工作过程。学习领域之间的排序还应符合认知学习规律。学习领域命名常用“工作对象+动词”的格式,即动宾结构或动宾结构倒置的格式,如旅游英语专业学习领域为:导游服务技能、旅游市场营销、旅行社经营管理、涉外导游、旅游产品开发设计、湖南旅游景点概况。

三、旅游英语专业课程体系

经过上述研究,直接将学习领域作为专业课程并结合专业其它基础课程,我们确定了基于工作过程的旅游英语专业课程体系。分为必修课和选修课。必修课又分为公共基础课(包括《就业与创业指导》、《思想道德修养与法律基础》、《毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、三个代表思想概论》、《形势与政策》、《大学语文》、《大学体育》、《计算机应用基础》)和专业课(包括《综合英语》、《英语阅读》、《听力》、《英语口语》、《英语语音》、《第二外语》、《导游服务技能》、《旅游市场营销》、《旅行社经营管理》、《涉外导游》、《旅游产品开发设计》、《湖南旅游景点概况》)。选修课包括《社交礼仪与形体训练》、《野外考察》、《暑期野外专业社会实践》、《口译》、《西方文化入门》、《英语国家风土人情》、《中国旅游文化》、《中国民俗》、《英汉旅游应用文》、《公共关系实务》、《旅游韩语》。其中基于工作过程导向的专业课程,我们进行了课程内容、教学过程的开发,在专业教学中通过一年的实践,教学效果很好,学生专业能得到大幅提高。

四、总结

基于工作过程的旅游英语专业课程体系设计打破了基于陈述性知识的学科型课程体系,形成了以完成职业岗位典型工作任务为依据且包含工作过程知识的新型课程体系,工作任务处于中心地位。所有课程内容都是针对工作任务和工作过程中所需要的知识和技能展开,着眼于动态行动体系的隐性知识的生成与构建,这种重构不仅提高了学生学习的自主性和学习兴趣,并且对学生自身能力的发展以及对职业岗位的适应性都有着巨大的推动作用,体现了当前我国职业教育课程改革的趋势与方向。

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【参考借鉴】朗文旅游英语(中级).docx

Unit1 ConferenceEventCo-ordinator ConferenceconsultantsisadRnamiceventsmanagementorganisationwhichprovidescreati ve,eRcitingandaffordablesolutionsforconferencesandeRhibitions.WearecurrentlRlooki ngforahard-workingpersontojoinourstaff.Thesuccessfulapplicantwillberesponsibleforo rganizingspecialevents.ThispersonwillhaveeRcellentcustomerserviceandmanagements killsandbepreparedtoworkunderpressure.AneRcellentsalarRpackageandcompanRcarw illbeofferedtotherightcandidate. 会议顾问是一个提供创造性的、激动人心的的会议和展览方案的动态项目管理组织。我们正在寻找一个勤劳的人加入我们的队伍.申请成功的人将负责组织特别活动。申请人要有卓越的客户服务与管理技能，并有压力下工作的心理准备。胜任者将获得一份丰厚的薪酬和一辆公司的汽车 NightAuditor Thisisachancetobecomepartofawell-establishedinternationalfive-starhotel.Wearelookin gforaNightAuditorforabusRhotelfrontoffice.ReportingtotheFrontOfficeManager,Rouw illbeskilledatsupervisingstaff,handingguestqueriesandcomplaints,maRimizingroomocc upancRandproducingthedailRbusinessfigures.Rouarewell-presentedandpatientwithafri endlR,helpfulpersonalitR.Thispositionhasunlimitedpotentialandwillsuitsomeonelookin gathis/hercareerinthelongterm. 这是个机会能让你成为一个完善的国际五星酒店一分子。我们正在寻找一个繁忙的酒店前台夜审。你将向前厅部经理汇报，熟练监督员工，处理客人查询及投诉，最大限度地提高客房入住率和整理登记日常业务数据。你要有好的形象和友好耐心，乐于助人的性格,这个职位有无限的潜力,非常适合个人记录进她的长期职业生涯中。 TravelSalesConsultant旅行社销售顾问Thejobinvolvesbookingpackagetours,makinghotelreservationsandarrangingcarhireasw ellasdesigningindividualholidaRsfortheindependenttraveller.Rouwillbecaring,havinga noutgoingpersonalitRandbeabletoputothersfirst. 这项工作包括预订旅行团，酒店预订和安排汽车出租以及设计为独立旅行者个人假期。你要会关心人，有开朗的性格，能够把别人放在第一位。 Resortreps IfRouenjoR beinginforeignplacesbutdon’tlikebeingonthemovethewholetime,thenbeing aresortrepresentativeisagreatjobforRou.Rouwillneedtobeenthusiasticenergetic,possess eRcellentcommunicationskillsandbegoodatdealingwithemergenciesandmakingtoearnc ommissionfromsellingeRcursionstoboostRourbasicsalarR. 如果你喜欢呆在国外，但是不喜欢所有工作时间都是来回奔波，那么对你来说做一个度假村的代表是一项非常不错的工作。你需要热情有活力，具有良好的沟通能力，善于处理突发事件，从销售短途旅行产品中赚取佣金来提高你的基本工资。Unit2 LARenaissance ‘LOSANGELESwillbetheculturalcapitalofthemillennium.’Thisstatementwasrecentl R madebR LA’s‘vice-president ofculturaltourism’whothenwentontostatethattherearemore majormuseumsperheadofpopulationinLAthananRotherUScitR,nottomention‘moreartis ts,writers,film-makers,actors,dancersandmusiciansthaninanRothercitRinthehistorRofci vilisation’.Hisconclusion?’LAisthemostfascinatingculturaldestinationinAmerica.’IfLAcanclaimtobeaculturalmeccait’sbecauseoftheGett RMuseum.Thisfine-artmuseuml ooksdownfromaSantaMonicahilltopoverthecitR,amonumenttoculture.Itcostwellover$1 bnwhichforcespeopletotakenote.

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104 学改革研究——以重庆科技学院为例[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2017,(3):107-109. 邓爱民,庄军.高等院校《饭店管理》 课程教材改革创新研究[J].湖北成人教育学院学报,2011,17(1):122-123. 张春香.论案例教学在《饭店管理》 教学中的应用[J].北京城市学院学报,2010,(5):91-95. 刘静江.任务驱动法在 《饭店管理》课程教学中的应用研究[J].现代交际,2018,(11):177-178. 邓芳.《酒店管理概论》 课程教学方法探讨[J].管理观察,2015,(21):138-140. 罗君.《饭店管理概论》 课程实践教学探析[J].职业技术,2007,(24):18-19. 熊莎莎,王纯阳.基于翻转课堂与PBL 教学法相融合 的“旅游饭店管理”课程教学新范式[J].广西教育学院学报,2016,(1):140-145. 杨云芳.探究式教学研究——以《饭店管理概论》 为例[J].课程教育研究,2018,(31):229. 罗伟,周霄,刘保丽.“以学生为中心” 的《饭店管理》课程教学设计与实践[J].科技创业月刊,2015,28(8):78-79.宋振春.大学本科饭店管理课程教学体系构想[J].旅游学 刊,2005,(S1):125-128. 章怡.饭店管理微课程体系构建研究[J].科技广 场,2015,(10):166-169. 阎宏毅.高职《现代饭店管理实务》 课程教学内容的构建[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报,2012,11(3):81-83. 熊莎莎,王纯阳.基于三学期制的旅游饭店管理课程实践教 学体系的构建——以五邑大学旅游管理专业为例[J].大学教育,2017,(6):54-56. 冯郑凭,陈书星.实践性教学模式在酒店管理概论课程中的 应用与建议——以广东外语外贸大学南国商学院酒店管理专业为例[J].对外经贸,2018,(1):141-143. 王霞.饭店管理概论课程有效教学研究[D].沈阳： 沈阳师范大学,2011. 刘蜀凤,陈燕.“饭店管理概论” 教学效果的影响因素及对策[J].四川烹饪高等专科学校学报,2013,(5):73-76+86.李杰.基于过程考核的酒店管理概论课程考核模式改革实 践探索——以四川商务职业学院为例[J].时代教育,2015，(12):17-18. （责任编辑:纪 欣） [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]许文强 （浙江工商大学外语学院，杭州 310018） 摘 要：“一带一路”倡议的实施，给我国旅游行业的国际化发展带来了新的机遇，同时也对高校旅游英语人才的培养提出了新要求。本文通过分析“一带一路”背景下国际旅游行业对旅游英语人才的新需求，进行了基于体验式“中外学习小组”的旅游英语教学实践探索。研究显示，基于体验式教学法的“中外学习小组”能够激发中外学生合作意识，在真实的跨文化旅游情境中提高学生的英语应用能力。 关键词：“一带一路”；旅游英语；体验教学 “一带一路”背景下高校旅游英语教学实践探索

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