2016上海高考英语语法填空解题技巧

上海高考英语语法填空解题技巧

2014上海高考英语学科改革，推出语法填空新题型．这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。

一、已给单词提示题型的技巧：此类题可以考查学生对动词、形容词副词等形式变化的掌握程度。

技巧一：动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气、情态动词)，有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。学生复习时需要花一定的功夫对动词部分的语法知识进行一次全面复习。

例1：

A talk (give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang．句中的is是整句的谓语，所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。

知识体系：

时态：考纲要求的11种时态

谓语动词语态：主动语态和被动语态be+过去分词

动词情态动词

动词不定式一般式、进行式、完成式主动与被动

非谓语动词动名词一般式、完成式主动与被动

现在分词一般式、完成式主动与被动

分词

过去分词

技巧二：形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀一er和．est，或在词加more／less和most／least，且形容词的绝对最高级还要冠以the。

例3：I am (tall)than Liu Wen．He is the tallest students in my class．

此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。

知识体系：

原级

构成比较级（在形容词或副词后加er或在前面加more）

注意不规则变化

最高级（在形容词或副词后加est或在前面加most）形容词副词

比较等级

同级比较

比较级

基本句型

最高级

其它特殊用法

二、未给单词提示题型的技巧：此类题难度较大，但也是有方法对付的。

技巧一：固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。

例4：The children were playing on the ground，enjoying____，dirty but happy．

从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enjoy oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。

技巧二：从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。

例6：He did not do_____ his father had asked him to do．

审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从旬中充当宾语，且指物，所以是what。

例7：Those_____ want to go to the village must sign here．

经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who。

知识体系

肯定

陈述句一般问句

否定

特殊问句

疑问句

1.简单句反义问句

选择问句

do

祈使句don’t that

let 连词

What whether, as if, as though

感叹句because

how 连接代词what，who whom whose

连接词which how many/much

2.并列句并列连词no matter+wh-等

句子连接副词when where why how -ever 名词性从句no matter+wh- 等

主语从句

表语从句

种类

宾语从句

同位语从句

先行词

关系代词that which who whom whose

3.从句As 等

关系词

定语从句关系副词when where why

限制性

种类

非限制性

表时间

表原因

表地点

表条件

状语从句表目的

表结果

表让步

表方式

表比较

技巧三：短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合

起介词作用的短语，如：except for，due to等。

例10：Mr Smith took a plane to London ____ of taking a train．

此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。

技巧四：连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while等，常用的关联短语有both……and，either……or，neither……nor，not only……but also等。

例12：Little Wang Jun could not go to school，_____his family was too poor．

此处表示原因，引导的分句其实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。

技巧五：冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的量还是比较多，如：also，never，yet，much等，但一般不会考查ly形式的方式副词.

例14：Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed．这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high speed，“以高速”开车。

例15：Old Tom’s grand·daughter used to visit him _____ Saturday afternoons．

Saturday afternoons是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，而用on才是正解。

语法填空作为一种新颖的题型，能全面地考查学生的英语综合应用能力。上述五条技巧概括了此题型的多数考查方向，在高考备考复习中能起到很好的加强作用，真正做到事半功倍，较大地提高学生在此题型上的得分率

2016高考英语新题型–语法填空高频考点与高分技巧

(1)按该题2016高考课改考纲要求，“纯空格题”仅考冠词、介词、代词和连接词以及功能性结构副词等四类词；“用括号中所给词的适当形式填空”考了谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级等。根据上海2014年考纲要求，词类转换不做考试要求，故本文不做相关探讨。

(2)介词每年会有一道小题，是考查的重点，也是复习训练的重点。

(3)冠词：考查不定冠词的最基本的用法，表示“一个(次/本…)”，这无疑是复习和训练的重点，但也要关注不定冠词的其他用法，同时注意定冠词的基本用法。

(4)代词：主要考查了在句中作宾语的人称代词、只能在名词前作定语的形容词性物主代词、it的用法和不定代词。备考中，除重点关注已考的热点外，也不要忽视反身代词和疑问代词。

(5)连接词：考查了引导宾语从句的连接代词who、引导同位语从句的that、引导定语从句的关系副词where(三年考了两年)、表示转折的并列连词but，这些仍是复习的重点；备考中，要训练名词性从句：主语

从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句；状语从句、定语从句的连接词。

如何判断名词性从句？

规律：可以从从句所处的位置判断是主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句还是表语从句。

注意：名词性从句中如果缺少主语、宾语或表语时常填what; (whatever) ; who (whoever)

(6)动词：时态重点考查一般过去时和一般现在时，也要留意一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时等各种时态。语态只考查了一般过去时的被动语态，一般现在时和一般将来时的被动语态值得重视。

非谓语动词重复考的是不定式作状语，过去分词、动词-ing形式。

答案特点：

(1)纯空格题：试题要求中已明文规定“在空格处填入一个适当的词”，即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。

(2)用括号中所给词的适当形式填空：试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”，这个词的“正确形式”，不可以出现所给词以外的其它词。究竟由几个单词组成？没有规定，高考题的答案是填一个或两个单词。若需填两个单词，一个是不定式，一个是被动语态。

(3)若所填词位于句首，第一个字母要注意大写。

特别提醒：

“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”的答案只填一个或两个单词，但是我们在平时的训练中应当不局限于此，要训练填一个、两个或多个单词的情况。非谓语动词中，带to的不定式、现在分词的完成式都可能填两个单词；谓语动词的将来时、进行时和完成时等也都可能填两个单词，而现在完成进行时等就可能填三个单词，被动语态至少都要填两个单词。

答题思路：

(1)纯空格试题。首先，分析句子结构确定填哪类词。然后，根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词；根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。

我们知道，语法填空空格在形式上主要有二种类型：

(1)纯空格题（无提示词）：通常考——冠词、代词(形容词性物主代词、人称代词、不定代词、指示代词、反身代词)、介词、和连词、从句引导词。

(2)用括号中所给词填空：通常考——谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致、.非谓语动词、形容词副词比较级等。

两个分句结构连接,考查语法点: 各类复合句中连词,引导词的用法。

1.…The exam, ________was originally to be held in our classroom, was changed to the library at the last minute.

2…the he ad of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometres away

________there was a garage.

3. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of ________ are healthy.

答案：which where whom 具体分析方法：

（一）纯空格题

1、缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。

[例1] I can send a message to Mary whenever I want to, and __38_ gets there almost in a second.

and连接前后两个句子，and后面的句子缺主语，应填名词或代词；结合前一分句，不难推知，“马上可到达那里”的是the message，替代the message用代词it。

2、名词前是空格，若该名词前没有限定词，很可能是填冠词his, their等形容词性物主代词，或some, any, other(s), another等限定词。

[例2] It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help __33__ rice crop grow up quickly.

名词rice crop前还没有限定词，应当填限定词；根据句意，这个急性子人当然是急于使“他的”禾苗长得快，故填形容词性物主代词his。

[例3] The little boy pulled ___33___ right hand out of the pocket … （his）

[例4] …the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to__35_ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.

因单数可数名词town前还没有限定词，应填限定词；根据句意，是指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的一个小镇上去修理，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，故填a。

3、名词或代词前面是空格，而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语，也不作动词的宾语时，很可能是填介词。

[例5] … who should have the honour of receiving me33 a guest in their house.

因a guest在句中不作主语、表语、动词的宾语，前面一定是填介词，使其成为该介词的宾语；又由句意可知，他们“把我当作客人”来接待，表示“当作”，用介词as。

4、若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词。

[例6] …two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso 34Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars.

因与Pablo Picasso (毕加索)与Candido Portinari (坎迪多?波尔蒂纳里)这两个名词之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，应填and。

[例7] …all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me36almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about.

因melted me和gave me两个动宾短语之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，故填and。

5、若两句(主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连接词。

[例8] I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days 32I was to return to Guangzhou.

因I wanted to…是一个句子，I was to return…也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系，可知“参观这个城市的尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前，故填before。

[例9] He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, 37he felt very happy…

因He was very tired…是一个句子，he felt very happy…也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系，可知“干了一整天活累极了”与“感到非常高兴”是转折关系，故填but。

6、若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词。

[例10 ]What is acceptable in one country 31be considered extremely rude in another.

句中What is acceptable in one country是主语从句，空格后的be considered是谓语；因其中的be是原形，故空格处必定是填情态动词或助动词does(由语境可知是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数)；由句意及作者的语气可知，需填表示“可能”的情态动词may。

7、由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。

(1)由it is…that…强调结构形式，判断填it还是that。

[例12] …and40 was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精)!

由句式结构可知，本句为强调句，应填it。

8)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。

[例14] …as32took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists…

由句式结构可知，这是it takes, sb. some time to do sth.句型，本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主语，空格处填形式主语it。

[例15] Dating sites also make 36easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in.

由句式结构可知，to avoid…是真正的宾语，easy是宾补，空格处应填作形式宾语的it。

(二)给出了动词的试题。

1、动词不在主语或宾语的位置

首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。

若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。

[例18] His fear of failure ____36____(keep) him from classroom games that other children played

因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词，需填的动词应为谓语动词；因主语与keep是主动关系，应用主动语态；由从句谓语动词played可知，要用一般过去时，故填kept。

[例19] That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 40(close) my book and walked away.

虽然句中已有谓语动词declined，但由and walked可知，所填词与declined和walked是并列关系，所以也用一般过去式closed。

[例20] In Shanghai, three people __38__ (take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. (梅州二模)

因主语three people与take是被动关系，即三个人被送进医院，故用被动语态；由were treated可知，要用一般过去时，故填were taken。

若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用—ing 形式、—ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有：

2、作主语或宾语，通常用—ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。

[例21] …but it is not enough only35(memorize) rules from a grammar book.

因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。

[例22] __35__ (speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary…

句中已有谓语won’t make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填Speaking。

3、作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。

[例23] _______ (complete) the proj ect as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day.

因句中已有谓语will have to work，所以complete应为非谓语动词；因“(为了)按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填To complete。

[例24] Some people say that children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely ___33(succeed).

因在形容词likely后作状语，要用动词不定式，故填to succeed。

4、作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。这样的题一般要特别注意空格前的逗号。

[例25] He saw the stone, 37(say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.”

句中已有谓语saw，所给动词与saw不是并列关系，应当是非谓语动词；又因He与say是主动关系，

故填saying作伴随状语。

[例26] The headmaster went into the lab, ___40___ (follow) by the foreign guests.

句中已有谓语went，而follow又不是与之并列的，故为非谓语动词；又因the headmaster与follow是被动关系，故用过去分词作伴随状语。

5、不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分，若判断需要用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系用—ing形式，是被动关系用—ed形式。

[例27] Lessons 39(learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people.

因句中已有谓语can help，所以learn应为非谓语动词；又因lesson与learn是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故填learned。

2016高考英语语法填空高频考点

考点1. 动词的时态和语态

(1). The sun was setting down when my car ______ ( break ) down near a remote and poor village .

(2). Being too anxious to help an event develop often ________ ( result ) in the contrary to our intention.

(3).People stepped on your feet or ______ ( push ) you with their elbows.

(4). He ______( pretend ) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.

broke；results；pushed；was pretending

小结：动词的时态、语态是每年的考点，也是历年高考重点考查的项目，通常1-2道题。重点考查的是时态，且多与语态一起考查。时态理解错误在考生中是常见的，把握命题人的意图是至关重要的。

1).先判断所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，

2). 谓语动词的话，判断用主动语态还是被动语态，

3). 判断用那种时态（根据具体的语境、时间状语或另一动词）。

4). 确定所填动词的形式，保证谓语动词时态、语态、人称和数的一致。

5). 特别注意：时态变化时不规则动词的拼写。

考点2 . 非谓语动词

(1). He got a beautiful present__________(buy) by her father.

(2). The Proverb, “ Plucking up a crop _______( help ) it grow,” is based the fol lowing story.

(3). and then I noticed a man ______ ( sit ) at the front.

(4). He spit it out , ______ ( say ) it was awful.

bought ；to help；saying；sitting / sit

小结：非谓语动词每年必考，至少1道题，主要考查：

1). 动名词和不等式做宾语的区别；

2). 非谓语动词做宾补的区别；

3). 非谓语动词的时态、语态、否定式和复合结构。

解题：

确定非谓语动词；（先分析句子结构，若句子已有谓语动词且不是并列谓语时，所给的动词就是非谓语动词）；

确定用那种非谓语动词；（在句子中作什么句子成分，结合固定搭配和习惯用法）；

确定语态；（结合与逻辑主语的关系，确定填那种语态）；

确定用那种时态；（非谓语动词所表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作生的先后关系确定时态）。

考点3. 情态动词

小结：情态动词主要考查：推测和可能性；情态动词+ have done

重点注意：

1).must , can, could, may, might 表示可能性( 按可能性大小排列)。

2). must/ could/may/ might ( have done) 表示对发生事情的推测。

3).should/ought + to + have done 表示对过去的责备。

4).will/ shall 表示请求、许可。

考点4. 冠词

（1）.--- the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to _____ small town about 20 kilometers away.

（2）.Shopping at this time of the year was not ______ pleasant experience.

（3）.A young man came across a spring of clear water, _______ water was sweet.

（4）.We had _______ amazing conversation.

a ;a ;the ; an

小结：冠词是高考的常考点。若空格后面的名词或形容词+ 名词前没有物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格、指示代词等限定词时，很可能填冠词。实战：

1) . 如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“ 一个（本、种、杯------）” 时，一般填a/an.

如果可翻译成“ 这、这些、那、那些”时，一般填the .

2) . 泛指填a\an , 特指填the.

3). 如果名词后面有: of 短语、不定式、分词或从句等做定语时可能填the.

定冠词的用法比较不好记，下面的顺口溜或许能帮助大家。

特指双熟悉，上文已提及；

世上独无二，序数最高级；

普转专有名，习语及乐器。

语法填空讲练第1篇

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31――40的相应位置上。

According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also expressed their great concern about it. Experts hope the whole society pay more attention to the mental health of adolescents.

Nowadays, school violence is 31 hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon, 32 calls for our great concern. We should try every effort 33 (prevent) violence happening at school for more and more students would drop out of school 34 their personal safety could not 35 (guarantee). In fact, violence can 36 (learn). Children learn violent behavior from adults or from 37 they see on television or on the Internet.

If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence 38 violence, for it will result in 39 (much) fighting. I will tell my teachers or parents about it. I think they will help me deal with it well and they will protect me from the bad guys.

All in all, every student should behave 40 (he) and keep away from violence.

答案：

文章向我们介绍了作者对校园暴力的看法。

31．a 这里需要一个不定冠词表示某个的意思。

32．这里要用which 引导一个非限制性定语从句，因为先行词为物，所以要用which。

33．to prevent 不定式作目的状语。

34．if／as long as 人身安全得不到保障是辍学的条件，所以应该用引导连接条件状语从句连词。

35．be guaranteed 所给动词和其逻辑主语是动宾关系，所以要用被动语态。

36．be learned 事实上；暴力是可以学的。

37．what 引导一个宾语从句，并且在从句中作宾语，所以要用what。

38．with 表示方式，意思是“用”。

39．more 由语境可知，以暴力对付暴力，只能产生更多的暴力。

40．himself behave oneself表现良好，行为良好。

语法填空讲练第2篇

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31――40的相应位置上。

词数：154 完成时间：8分钟难度：**

No one knows what would happen in the future for sure. 31 we often think of the future and wonder what the world would be like 32 a hundred years' time.

Think of space. Perhaps 33 permanent station on the moon will have been set up. Perhaps people will be able to visit the moon 34 tourists. Cheap rockets for space travel will have been developed, 35 (permit) long journeys throughout the solar system. 36 that time comes, people will be taking holidays in space 37 visiting other planets, such as the Mars Colony and the Venus Exploration Outpost.

Scientists of the future will almost certainly find other ways to make life last 38 (long). 39 probably will find cures for most diseases. Hospitals will probably have "body banks" that can give you almost any new part you need to keep on 40 (live). People of the future may live to be a lot older than 100 years.

答案：

31．But．本句与上一句是转折关系，故用转折连词but。

32．in．表示将来多长时间之后时用“介词in+一段时间名词”结构。

33．a．station是可数名词且表示泛指，前面应有不定冠词a。

34．as．as表示“作为”，符合题意。

35．permitting．cheap rockets与permit之间是主动关系，应用现在分词短语作状语表示伴随情况。36．When．此处表示将来的时间，应用when引导时间状语从句。

37．and．因两个动作表示并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。

38．longer．由意义可知，此处表示找到延长人类寿命的方式，故long应用比较级形式。39．They．they用来指代上句中主语scientists。

40．living．keep on doing sth．意为“继续……”，故此处应用live的现在分词形式。

语法填空练习:

1.We saw a film yesterday afternoon , after _____we had supper in a nearby restaurant.

2.There comes a time in every man's life_____ he has to think

3 A modern university has been set up in ______ used to be.

4.On the third floor there are two rooms, the larger of_____ is used as a meeting-room.

5.--- Are you familiar with the music ?

--- Yes. There was a time _____ this kind of music was quite popular.

6.He has got himself into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane.

7.The question came up at the meeting _____ we had not enough money to do the research.

8._____ was known to all, William had broken his promise ______ he would give us a salary rise.

9.John knocked at the door for nearly five minutes ____his wife opened it.

.

10.．---The thread of my kite broke and it flew away.

---I had told you it would easily break _____ it was the weakest.

11.They were surprised that a child could work out the problem ____they themselves couldn't.

12.I had been puzzled over the problem for over an hour without any result, _____ at once the

solution flashed across my mind.

13.Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report _____ _______ her boss could read it first

thing next morning.

14._____much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do.

15.Generally speaking, when_____( take) according to the instructions, the drug has no side effect.

16.Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _____ I could answer the

phone.

17. _____ surprised me most was______ they had finished the so quickly.

18. ._____ seems strange to us is ______ she can sing so many English songs beautifully.

19.. ---_____ I watch TV, I'll turn it down and never make any noise.

--- Good. ______ you are doing should never disturb others. _______ ________how important you are, never forget about how others feel.

20. .Is this hotel _____ you said we were to stay in your letter?

21. _____ he thought he was helping us with the work , he was actually in the way.

Key:

1.which .

2.When.

3. what

4.which

5. when

6. where 7 that 8.As; that 9. before10.where

11. while12. when 13. so that 14. B. However 15. taken 16. Before 17what,that 18..What; that .

19. Whenever; Whatever; No matter 20. where 21.Although 22.that; what 23What; that

上海高三语法填空练习

Grammar Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. (A) Since early times, people (25) ______ (fascinate) by the idea of life existing somewhere else besides earth. Until recently, scientists believe that life on other planets was just a hopeful dream. But now they are beginning to locate places where life could form. In 1997, they saw other evidence of planets near other stars like the sun. But scientists now think that life could be even (26) ______ (near) in our own solar system. One place scientists are studying closely is Europa, a moon of Jupiter. Space probe has provided evidence (27) ______ Europa has a large ocean under its surface. The probe has also made scientists think that under its surface is a rocky core (地核) (28) ______ (give) off volcanic heat. Water and heat from volcanic activity are two basic conditions (29) ______ (need) for life to form. A third is certain basic chemicals like carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. Scientists believe that there may be such lyi ng at the bottom of Europa’s ocean. They may already create life or may be about to. You may wonder (30) ______ light is also needed for life to form. Until recently, scientists thought that light was essential. But now places have been found on earth, (31) ______ are in total blackness such as caves several miles beneath the surface. And bacteria, primitive forms of life, have been seen there. So the lack of light in Europa’s sub-surface ocean doesn’t automatically rule out life forming. (B) Conversation is an important part of life to everyone. However, some people are afraid of starting a casual conversation with a stranger (32) ______ ______ a fear of not having anything interesting to say. Fear of rejection is also a reason for keeping silent. Small talk in a conversation can serve as a way of warming up and getting to know each other. Most people, (33) ______ ______ ______ successful they are at work, will find the process of making small talk uncomfortable, even pointless. However, you (34) ______ (have) a pretty small world if you refuse to let others in. Starting off with (35) ______ usual comment or question will make others comfortable, and even just greeting them with a simple “hello” will often be enough. (36) ______ you have made the first move, there is no turning back. You need to keep things going before you can gracefully say goodbye. Think about what you would like to share with a new friend and that is (37) ______ you can ask the other person about. Work, family, hobbies or interests are some general points of discussion. (38) ______ (keep) the ball rolling, you can show that you are really interested in what they are saying. Once you find common points of interest, things will definitely take off from there. Small talk (39) ______ turn out to be a pleasant experience. The conversation should be brief and casual without turning into a long and boring discussion. Do not let yourself control the conversation. Let (40) ______ talk too. Stop worrying about how big of a fool you may appear to be. You may even find out later on that you have the “talent” of getting people to open up to you by engaging them in small talk.

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