2019版高考英语一轮复习 专题训练 第三部分 专题三 推理判断题

专题三推理判断题

Passage 1[2017甲卷(全国Ⅱ),D]

When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.

Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.

Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.

In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.

Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to "overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.

Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.

32.What does a plant do when it is under attack?

A. It makes noises.

B. It gets help from other plants.

C. It stands quietly.

D. It sends out certain chemicals.

33.What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?

A. The attackers get attacked.

B. The insects gather under the table.

C. The plants get ready to fight back.

D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.

34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .

A. predict natural disasters

B. protect themselves against insects

C. talk to one another intentionally

D. help their neighbors when necessary

35.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. The world is changing faster than ever.

B. People have stronger senses than before.

C. The world is more complex than it seems.

D. People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative.

Passage 2[2017浙江,B]

Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.

How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.

"More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone," says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.

Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.

25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?

A. American kids’ sleeping habits.

B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.

C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.

D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.

26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?

A. 7 hours.

B. 8 hours.

C. 10 hours.

D. 18 hours.

27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?

A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.

B. They tend to do things that excite them.

C. They follow their parents’ examples.

D. They don’t need to go to school early.

Passage 3[2016北京,B]

Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)

Natalie Doan, 14, has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks from the beach. Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house. "It’s the ocean that makes Rockaway so special," she says.

On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie’s family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city’s bridges closed.

When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalie’s friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie’s school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.

In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.

"My mom tells me that I can’t control what happens to me," Natalie says, "but I can always choose how I deal with it."

Natalie’s choice was to help.

She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick’s collection was replaced.

In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.

Today, the scars(创痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. "I can’t imagine living anywhere but Rockaway," Natalie declares. "My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before."

59.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found .

A.some friends had lost their lives

B.her neighborhood was destroyed

C.her school had moved to Brooklyn

D.the elderly were free from suffering

60. According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?

A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.

B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.

C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.

D.Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.

61.How did Natalie help the survivors?

A.She gave her toys to other kids.

B.She took care of younger children.

C.She called on the White House to help.

D.She built an information sharing platform.

62.What does the story intend to tell us?

A.Little people can make a big difference.

B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.

C.East or west, home is best.

D.Technology is power.

Passage 4[2015四川,B]

Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country, just enough to grow food for the family. He planted vegetables, fruit trees and even kept bees for honey.

And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure (肥料). The smell really burned the inside of your nose. When we complained about the terrible smell, Dad said the stronger the manure, the healthier the crops,

and he was right. For example, just one of his cantaloupes filled the entire house with its sweet smell, and the taste was even sweeter.

As the vegetables started coming in, Dad threw himself into cooking. One day, armed with a basket of vegetables, he announced he was going to make stew (炖菜). Dad pulled out a pressure cooker and filled it up with cabbages, eggplants, potatoes, corns, onions and carrots. For about half an hour, the pressure built and the vegetables cooked. Finally, Dad turned off the stove, the pot began to cool and the pressure relief valve sprayed out a cloud of steam. If we thought Dad’s pile of chicken manure was bad, this was 10 times worse. When Dad took off the lid, the smell nearly knocked us out.

Dad carried the pot out and we opened doors and windows to air out the house. Just how bad was it? The neighbors came out of their houses to see if we had a gas leak!

Determined, Dad filled our plates with steaming stew and passed them around. It didn’t look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn’t offend the nose so much, either. I took a taste. It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup!

34.Why did Dad clean Old Man McColgin’s chicken house regularly?

A.To earn some money for the family.

B.To collect manure for his crops.

C.To get rid of the terrible smell.

D.To set a good example to us.

35.What can we infer about Dad’s stew?

A.It is popular among the neighbors.

B.It contains honey and vegetables.

C.It looks very wonderful.

D.It tastes quite delicious.

36.What does the underlined word "offend" in the last paragraph mean?

A.To attract.

B.To upset.

C.To air.

D.To shut.

37.What can we learn about Dad from the text?

A.He is an experienced cook.

B.He is a troublesome father.

C.He has a positive attitude to life.

D.He suffers a lot from his disability.

Passage 5[2014重庆,C]

The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid — we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.

However, several types of animals can walk on water. One of the most interesting is the common basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America. It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward. For humans to do this, we’d need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate "hitting".

But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot), you can create a "non-Newtonian" liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water. Now, if the surface of the water is hit hard enough, particles (粒子) in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard. Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.

Fun though all this may sound, it’s still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice. If you must do it, then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink — and take a shower afterward!

44.Walking on water hasn’t become a reality mainly because humans .

A.are not interested in it

B.have biological limitations

C.have not invented proper tools

D.are afraid to make an attempt

45.What do we know about Basilicus basilicus from the passage?

A.It is light enough to walk on water.

B.Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.

C.It can run across water at a certain speed.

D.Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.

46.What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?

A.To create a thick liquid.

B.To turn the water into solid.

C.To help the liquid behave normally.

D.To enable the water to move rapidly.

47.What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of humans’ walking on water?

A.It is risky but beneficial.

B.It is interesting and worth trying.

C.It is crazy and cannot become a reality.

D.It is impractical though theoretically possible.

答案

Passage 1

本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。

32.D 考查细节理解。根据第一段的"young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant"可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。

33.A 考查句意理解。根据第三段中的"The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch"可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被袭击了。故选A项。

34.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty."可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。

35.C 考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak"可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。

Passage 2

本文是一篇说明文。在文章中,作者主要介绍了当今美国青少年晚睡的坏习惯以及坏习惯产生的原因和对坏习惯所采取的措施等。

25.A 考查推理判断。根据文章第一段内容可知,该调查主要是对美国青少年的睡眠进行研究,所以选A项。

26.C 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段的"For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的)."可知,11岁的青少年最佳的睡眠时长是10小时,故选C项。

27.B 考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句和"She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep."可推知,由于青少年睡前的活动都会使他们兴奋,所以他们很难静下心来睡觉,从而导致晚睡,故选B项。

Passage 3

这是一篇记叙文。本文的主人公——14岁的女孩纳塔莉——主动参与重建遭受飓风重创的家乡。她建立了一个网站,将外界的捐赠者和家乡需要帮助的人联系起来,同时帮助很多孩子实现了自己的梦想。她应邀到白宫,并被授予荣誉称号。

59.B 考查细节理解。由题干的"returned...after the hurricane"可知,答案应该在第三段。纳塔莉一家在飓风过后回到家乡,发现街区已变为废墟(neighborhood in ruins),很多朋友失去了家园,并且住到了很远的地方。人们都在遭受苦难,特别是老年人。从这些信息可知选B。

60.A 考查细节理解。由第四段第一句中的"the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie"可知选A。

61.D 考查推理判断。由第七段可知,纳塔莉建立了一个网站,让捐助者与需要帮助的人通过这个网站建立联系,以此来帮助需要帮助的幸存者,因此选D。

62.A 考查主旨大意。本题给出的四句谚语的含义依次为:"小人物也可以有大作为";"患难见真情";"金窝银窝不如自己的狗窝";"技术就是力量"。本文介绍的是14岁的小女孩纳塔莉帮助家乡进行重建工作的事迹,因此选A。

Passage 4

本文是一篇记叙文。没有什么能阻止父亲劳动——他在乡下买了一个小农场,种植蔬菜、水果,饲养蜜蜂,还每周打扫Old Man McColgin的鸡窝来收集肥料。

34.B 考查细节理解。由第二段中的"And every week he cleaned Old Man McColgin’s chicken house in exchange for manure(肥料)."可知,父亲每周打扫Old Man McColgin

的鸡窝是为了收集肥料。

35.D 考查推理判断。由最后一段中的"It would never win a prize in a cooking competition, but it was surprisingly edible, and we drank up every last drop of soup!"可知,父亲炖的菜很可口。

36.B 考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在段中的信息"after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell"以及"I took a taste"可知,后来炖菜的气味也不是很难闻。所以offend 意为"令人不适",这与B选项相符。

37.C 考查推理判断。从第一段中的"Nothing could stop Dad. After he was put on disability for a bad back, he bought a small farm in the country..."以及下文父亲炖菜的经历可知,父亲的生活态度很积极。

Passage 5

虽然一些动物,比如一种蜥蜴,可以在水上行走,但是在水上行走一直是人类难以实现的梦想,本文介绍了一种可行的设想,不过目前仍然处于理论研究层面。

44.B 考查细节理解。根据第一段的第二句可知,人类不能在水上行走主要是因为其生理上的局限。

45.C 考查推理判断。根据第二段第四句中的"20 steps per second"可知,这种蜥蜴能够在水上以一定的速度行走。B项干扰性很强,但是蜥蜴并不是待在水面上,而是需要用脚快速击打水面。

46.A 考查推理判断。根据第三段的第二句可知,玉米粉的作用是使水变稠,制造出一种非牛顿流体。

47.D 考查观点态度。根据最后一段的陈述可知,作者认为该设想虽然理论上可行,但是操作上并不现实。

高中英语阅读之推理判断题的解题技巧资料

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