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初中英语语法知识精讲精练

初中英语语法知识精讲精练
初中英语语法知识精讲精练

初中英语语法知识精讲精练:动词

(一) 知识概要

动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。①时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。②语态:主动语态与被动语态。③助动词和情态动词。④非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。

一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,①用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如:Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如:The earth moves around the sun②表示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:I often go to bed at 9 ③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.

一般过去时:①主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:I was ill last week. ②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如I used to get up at six.

一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式①用will (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:School will begin on September 1st ②用be going to+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如:I'm going to swim this afternoon ③be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:I'm coming。这些动词只限于:go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like, have (有),love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect…

过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如:He told me he would come to my party.

现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:

①用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:I've studied English for two years.

②用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如:I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:When I got to school, the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes

语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:The window was broken by me 被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:The New building was built last week 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如:主动语态I saw him come in.被动语态He was seen to come in.

助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有:can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。

最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如:To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film 还可以作补足语,如:He wants me to leave.也可以作状语,如:I come here to learn English.动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如:The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)

Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语)

(二) 例题解析

1.Mr. Zhang asked me ___the words again.

A. read

B. reads

C. to read

D. reading

[答案] C.

[析]ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。

2.You ___play on the road. It's dangerous.

A. mustn't

B. may

C. can

D. must

[答案]A.

[析]must 用于否定句表示禁止做某事。

3.Mr. Brown ___in Beijing since 1993.

A. work

B. works

C. worked

D. has worked

[答案] D.

[析]句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。

4.I ___ a letter when my mother came in.

A. write

B. am writing

C. was writing

D. will write

[答案] C.

[析]当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。

5.It's not an important party, you needn't ___.

A. pay for it

B. wear it out

C. try it out

D. dress up for it

[答案]D. [析]pay for-为某物,某人付款,wear out-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dress up-梳妆打扮。

6.Can I ___ a bike from him?

A. lend

B. return

C. give

D. borrow

[答案] D.

[析]borrow something from…为向某人某处借某物。而lend, return, give后面的介词应用to。

7.- Must I stay at home?

- No, you ___.

A. mustn't

B. needn't

C. may not

D. can not

[答案] B.

[析]needn't 为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustn't为"禁止做",can not为"不能做"。根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。

8 - How long have you ___here?

- About two months.

A. been

B. gone

C. come

D. arrived

[答案] A.

[析]have been here是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。

9. Stamps ___by people for sending letters.

A. use

B. using

C. used

D. are used

[答案] D.

[析]这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。

10 The radio says Tianjin will be ___tomorrow.

A. rains

B. rain

C. rained

D. rainy

[答案] D.

[析]rainy为形容词作表语。

11. If you don't know this word, ___in the dictionary.

A. look for it

B. look at it

C. look after it

D. look it up

[答案] D.

[析]look up 查字典,与look有关的词组有:

look about 四周环视look after 照顾look around 周围,四处看

look at 看look back 回顾look for 寻找

look forward to 期待look out 当心look like 看上去像

12. My father told me ___play on the street.

A. not

B. to not

C. not to

D. did not

[答案] C.

[析]不定式的否定式是not to do something.

13. There is going to ___an English party this evening.

A. be

B. has

C. have

D. is

[答案] A.

[析]这里是there be 无生命的"有"加助动词的句型,即there will be,而没有there have 的句型。

14. There ___no bus stop here last year.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

[答案] B.

[析]last year为去年,所以用过去时。而there be 句型的单复数要看be 动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如:There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.

15. Our school will hold a sports meeting if it ___tomorrow.

A. isn't rain

B. rains

C. won't rain

D. doesn't rain

[答案] D.

[析]在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。

16. Bikes mustn't ___everywhere.

A. be put

B. be putted

C. put

D. putting

[答案] A.

[析]这里是被动语态。与put有关的词组如下:

put away 放好put off 推迟put on 穿上put out 扑灭put down 放下

17. Neither Li Lei nor Han Meimei ___Harbin.

A. have been to

B. has been to

C. have gone to

D. has gone to

[答案] B.

[析]has been to 是去过某处。

18. It's cold today you'd better ___more coats.

A. put on

B. take off

C. to put on

D. to take off

[答案] A.

[析]'d better 其后加不带to的不定式,而put on 为"穿上"。

19. Henry ___ a birthday card for Sam yesterday.

A. has bought

B. buys

C. bought

D. will buy

[答案] C.

[析]因句中的yesterday为表达过去的时间状语,所以应用过去时态。?

20. When I got to the factory, the workers ___about the film.

A. are talking

B. talked

C. were talking

D. have talked

[答案] C.

[析]状语从句中所用的动词为过去时,则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作,所以要用过去进行时。?

21. No hurry, please ___your time.

A. take

B. bring

C. carry

D. catch

[答案] A.

[析]take one's time 慢慢来别着急。?

22. I enjoy ___the light music.

A. to listen to

B. listening to

C. hearing

D. to hear

[答案] B.

[析]enjoy 与finish其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。

23. Please ___as soon as you get there.

A. ring me up

B. ring up me

C. wake me up

D. wake up me

[答案] A.

[析]ring up打电话,而wake up唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时,一定要放在动词与介词之间。?

24. When I ___, I want to be a teacher.

A. grows up

B. grow up

C. shall grow

D. grew up

[答案] B.

[析]grow up 长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来,即使主句也用的是一般现在时,但它含有将来之意。

25. I called him and he ___to have a talk with me.

A. stop

B. stops

C. stoped

D. stopped

[答案] D.

[析]这是由and连接的两个并列句,所以时态应保持一致。

26? - Would you please ___me an eraser, Lucy?

?- Certainly. Here you are.

A. borrow

B. lend

C. borrowed

D. lent

[答案] B.

[析]would you please其后接不带to的不定式即动词原形,而borrow为"借入"而lend为"借出"。

27. Trees ___in spring.

A. plant

B. were planted

C. should be planted

D. should plant

[答案] C.

[析]should用于一般现在时态中表示应该,而此句又是被动语态。

28? - Where's your father?

- He ___to Paris.

A. go

B. goes

C. went

D. has gone

[答案] D.

[析]has gone 是已去某处了,不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。

29. - Must I finish my homework in class now?

- No, you ___. You can do it at home.

A. mustn't

B. may not

C. needn't

D. can

[答案] C.

[析]needn't表示没有必要一定要这样做。由must提问,肯定句用must,否定句用needn't.?

30. Thank you very much for ___your book ___me.

A. lending, to

B. lent, to

C. borrow, from

D. borrowing ,from

[答案] A.

[析]for是介词,要用动名词作介词宾语。

31. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ___the earth away.

A. blowing

B. blow

C. blows

D. to blow

[答案] A.

[析]stop…from doing something. 阻止某人或某物作某事。

32 The students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike, if it ___fine tomorrow.

A. will be

B. is

C. shall be

D. was

[答案] B.

33. Our teacher always tells us ___in the street. It's too dangerous.

A. don't play

B. not to play

C. to play

D. not play

[答案] B.

[析]不定式的否定式为not to do。

34. English is a useful language. It ___widely in the world.

A. is spoken

B. was spoken

C. can speak

D. will speak

[答案] A.

[析]本句为被动语态。

35. The kite is flying high in the sky. It ___ a bird.

A. looks at

B. looks like

C. looks for

D. looks after

[答案] B.

[析]look like 像……,其中like 为介词。

36. - Look! What's Wang Ping doing over there?

- She ___under a big tree.

A. sings

B. sang

C. has sung

D. is singing

[答案] D.

37. You ___see a doctor. You've got a bad cold.

A. will

B. are going to

C. had better

D. could

[答案] C.

[析]had better 最好,意为一种真心的劝告。?

38. Your radio is too loud. Would you please ___?

A. turn down it

B. turn it down

C. to turn down it

D. to turn it down

[答案] B.

[析]would you please 后面加动词原形。?

39. Could you tell me if it ___tomorrow?

A. rains

B. is raining

C. will rain

D. rain

[答案] C.

[析]if从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时,而不能用一般现在时表示将来。

40. Suddenly one of the bags ___the truck and landed in the middle of the road.

A. fell out

B. fell down

C. fell off

D. will be

? [答案] C.

[析]fall off 掉落,与off有关的词组有? see off 送行give off 散发shut off 关闭kick off 踢掉turn off 关闭get off 下车jump off 跳下show of 炫耀take off 脱下pay off 付清

41. He ___at this school since two years ago.

A. was

B. has been

C. is

D. will be

[答案] B.

[析]since引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。

42. She doesn't know ___.

A. when to do

B. what to do

C. how to do

D. where to do

[答案] B.

[析]when, how, where均为疑问副词,而what为疑问代词,又因do是及物动词需要宾语。如用疑问副词时应为when to do it, how to do it, where to do it.

43 Must older people ___to politely.

A. speak

B. spoken

C. be spoke

D. be spoken

[答案] D.

[析]这句话的主动语态应为People must speak politely to older people?对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。

44. Teachers usually ask their students ___loudly in class.

A. to speak

B. speak

C. speaks

D. spoke

[答案] A.

[析]ask somebody to do something 要求某人作某事。?

45. - Where is Mr. Zhang?

- Look! He ___on a big machine over there.

A. works

B. worked

C. is working

D. has worked

[答案] C.

[析]由look, listen等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。

46. There's a football match. Please ___the TV at once. Let's watch together.

A. turn on

B. take off

C. turn off

D. go on

[答案] A.

[析]turn on 打开。与turn有关的词组有:turn against 背叛turn on 打开turn +颜色变为某种颜色turn off 关闭turn over 翻转turn to 翻到某页

turn into 变为turn up 向上翻

47. Please tell me where ___have our picnic tomorrow.

A. we will

B. will we

C. will

D. will you

[答案] A.

[析]where 引导的从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。

48 We ___English for three years already. And we can speak a little English now.

A. learn

B. have learned

C. has learned

D. will learn

[答案] B.

[析]for+表示一段长度的时间词,应与完成时相呼应。

49. At last, Lin Feng made the baby ___and begin to laugh.

A. stop to cry

B. stop crying

C. to stop to cry

D. to stop crying

[答案] B.

[析]make somebody do (or doing) something, stop doing 意为停止做某事。

50 Our classroom must ___clean every day.

A. keep

B. to keep

C. be kept

D. to be kept

[答案] C.

[析]应为被动语态。

51. I hear there ___ a sports meeting in our school next week.?

A. is going to have

B. will have?

C. is going to be

D. are going to be

[答案] C.

[析]这是hear 的宾语从句是there be 句型。而且是用了be going to形式。

52. It's getting colder, Peter. You'd better ___this coat with you.

A. bring

B. carry

C. take

D. get

[答案] C.

[析]bring 带来,take 带走。

?53? Our classroom is clean and tidy. It ___every day.

A. cleans

B. is cleaning

C. cleaned

D. is cleaned

[答案] D.

[析]这里表达的是经常的一种状态,所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。

54. If you are not careful in the street, a car may ___you.

A. hurt

B. hit

C. run

D. catch

[答案] B.

[析]hit撞上,碰上,击中

55 The farmers were busy ___ready for the next year.

A. got

B. getting

C. to get

D. get

[答案] B.

[析]be busy后应用动词的ing形式。

(三) 正误辨析

[误]She laid down and soon fell asleep.

[正]She lay down and soon fell asleep.

[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:

lay (放) laid,laid,laying (及物动词)

lie (躺) lay,lain,lying (不及物动词)

lie (说谎) lied,lied,lying

[误]Please rise your hand.

[正]Please raise your hand.

[析]rise 是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:The sun rises in the east.而raise 是及物动词。

[误]I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon.

[正]I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon.

[析]like作为"喜欢"讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。? 但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Would you like to go with me?? 再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词"像"讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。

[误]Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice?

[正]Stop! Did you hear a strange voice?

[析]hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同,look重于"看"的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。

[误]Did you watch some film recently?

[正]Did you see some film recently?

[析]英语中see 与watch 各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。

[误]Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.

[正]Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.

[析]hang有两个含义,①"挂",它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;

②"绞刑",这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。

[误]How long can I borrow this book?

[正]How long can I keep this book?

[析]"借"在英文中有三个词,①借入,即borrow,如:May I borrow some books from the library②借出,如:I can lend my bike to you.③借多久要用keep, 因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如How long can I keep it

[误]We have won your class.

[正]We have beaten your class.

[析]win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:We won the game.

[误]I left my key.

[正]I forgot my key.

[正]I left my key at home.

[析]leave是"丢下",其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。

[误]Oh! It's raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you.

[正]Oh! It's raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you.

[析]bring为"带来"如:Next time bring your little sister here.而take为"

带走",fetch为"去某处取什么回来",如:Please fetch some coffee for us?? 要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如:? take away 拿走take back 收回take down 取下?take off 脱下take…out 拿出take place 发生? take hold of 拿住take part in 参加take a seat 坐下take one's place 替代take a look 看看take one's turn 轮流take a message 捎信take care of 照看take it easy 别着急?take one's time 慢慢来take one's temperature 测量体温

[误]The policeman reached his gun.

[正]The policeman reached for his gun.

[析]reach作"到达"讲时是及物动词,如:I reached the hotel at 8∶30?但作"伸手去拿",则要用reach for something。作为"到达"讲时还有arrive (in+大地方)(at+较小的地方)和get to.要注意的是与get有关的词组有:get back 回来get in 收割get into 进入get off 下车? get on 上车get out 出去get up 起床get to 到达get ready for=be ready for ? get on well with 与人相处融洽get 加比较级为变得如何,例如:get colder and colder.

[误]This dictionary spent me five dollars.

[正]This dictionary cost me five dollars.

[析]英文中的"花费"有4个spend, cost, take 和pay,其中spend 与pay 所在句中的主语应为人,如:I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dollars for the book.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:It takes me two years to finish this book.

[误]In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.

[正]In summer I always sleep with the windows open.

[正]I always sleep with the windows closed.

[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。

[误]Please wait a minute. I'm having on my clothes.

[正]Please wait a minute. I'm putting on my clothes.

[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:She has on a new school dress. 而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中put on是常用的一词。dress用作动词当"穿衣"讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:My children were very young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:He is dressed in white.

[误]My computer can't begin. Could you find someone to help me

[正]My computer can't start. Could you find someone to help me

[析]begin与start均可指"开始",而且常常可以互换,如:School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在两种情况下不宜用begin 而要用start, ①当作机器开动、发动讲,如:My car can't start. There must be something wrong with it.②作为"旅途开始"讲,如:We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road.

[误]I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key.

[正]I'm very glad because I have found my lost key.

[析]find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found, found,而found 又是另外一词"建立",它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是founded founded, 如:The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.

[误]Please. Let's speak in English.

[正]Please. Let's speak English.

[正]Please. Let's talk in English.

[误]Can you speak it English?

[正]Can you say it in English?

[析]英文中"说"有4个常用词say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物动词有speak 和talk,如:I want to talk with you. We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情况是不及物动词。say 与tell是及物动词,其中tell 常用双宾语,如:Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如:Tell the truth.

[误]Can you say Japanese from Chinese?

[正]Can you tell Japanese from Chinese?

[析]tell…from为固定词组,即分辨两者的不同。

[误]Excuse me, did I step on your foot?

[正]Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?

[析]excuse me用于未打扰对方前,以提醒对方注意的用语,而sorry 则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。

[误]Would you care for to swim with us?

[正]Would you care to swim with us?

[析]care for 后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如:Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作"照顾"讲时与look after相同。在初中阶段学习与for

有关的词组有:

ask for 请求call for 接人,请人care for 关心?

go in for 从事answer for 负责look for 寻找

wait for 等待send for 请人pay for 付款?

search for 寻找leave for 去某地prepare for 准备?

thank somebody for something 为某事向某人道谢。

[误]Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it.

[正]Do you understand it? Yes, I got it.

[析]understand这一词没有进行时态,如同感观动词love、hate… I got it 是美语,即I understood it。要记住get 作为"到达"讲时是不及物动词,如:I'll get to the school at 8 a. m. 初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下:belong to 属于come to 苏醒point to (at) 指着get to 到达refer to 谈到stick to 坚持?lead to

导致turn to 翻到look forward to 期望?agree to 同意

[误]The meat has gone badly.

[正]The meat has gone bad.

[析]英语中go, get, become, turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,这时这些动词应被看作系动词。

[误]The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.

[正]The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.

[析]如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时,则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。

[误]I'll come to see you as soon as I'll be back.

[正]I'll come to see you as soon as I am back.

[析]在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来,如:I should tell him when he came back.

[误]I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.

[正]I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.

[析]在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依然要用一般现在时表示将来,如:I want to know if it rains tomorrow you'll come here or not.

[误]What did you do at eight last night?

[正]What were you doing at eight last night?

[析]在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如:I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday?

[误]My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them, because I have seen it before.

[正]My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them because I had seen it before.

[析]现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时;如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时。例如:I've learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如:Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years. (动作截止到上大学那时,即截止于过去)

[误]I'm feeling well now.

[正]I feel well now.

[析]瞬间动词有些无进行时态,它们是:?表示思维状态的词:believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want? 表示感情的动词:care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear? 表示状态的词:belong, own? 感观动词:feel, hear, see,smell, taste

[误]When have you done this work?

[正]When did you do this work?

[析]when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。

[误]This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries.

[正]This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries.

[析]have gone to 是到某地去了,此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地,现在此人在说话现场。

[误]I have borrowed this book for two weeks.

[正]I have kept this book for two weeks.

[析]截止性动词有完成时态,但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如:When I got to the cinema the film had begun.? 但要讲When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有buy, join, die, 如:I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书。? I have had this book for two days. 这本书我已买了两天了。

I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。

I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。

人教版初中英语初中英语语法之一名词(通用版)

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What’s her family name?(你姓什么?) Unit 2 词汇:1. pencil case 文具盒pencil sharpener 铅笔刀pen钢笔eraser橡皮擦ruler尺子backpack 双肩背包dictionary 字典2.指示代词:this 这个that 那个3. in English 用英语 4. ID card 身份证 5. computer game 电子游戏 6. lost and found 失物招领 7. excuse me 打扰了 8. call sb. 给某人打电话 9. a set of 一套;一副 句式:1. 询问某物品是否属于某人的问句及答语 —Is this/that your pencil? —Yes, it is. It’s my pencil./No, it isn’t. It’s his pencil. 2. 询问某物用英语怎么说What’s this in English? 3. How do you spell sth.? How do you spell it? 4. What’s +sth?询问某物是什么—What’s this?—It’s a watch. 5. Call at sb. at +电话号码. Call Alan at 495-3539. 练习: 1) What’s this? It’s V. A. a B.an C.the D.\ 2) Good night. A. Good evening. B.See you. C.All right. 3) ---------- a lot . A. Thank B.Thanks C.Thanks you D.Thanks for 4) How is your father? He is -------.A good B.nice C.OK 5)What’s his(one) name? I don’t know. But I know his last name. 6)Is this ------eraser? No.It’s -------. A. his his B. his hers C. her hers 7)Is that her pencil? Yes,------is. A. it B. that C.She 8)------- you spell it? Yes.P-E-N pen. A. How B.Can C.\ 9)Please call our school ------4516324. A. with B.\ C.at D.on 10)Is that your car in the ----(lose) and ----(find) case? 11)Tell me the key ------the question. A. to B. of C.about 12)There -----(be) a set of -----(key) on the table. 13)This kind of books ------(sell) well.We like it. 14)Could you please help me with my English? . A. With pleasure. B.That’s very nice of you. C.It’s my pleasure. Unit 3 词汇:1.称呼类词汇:sister 姐;妹

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初中英语语法精讲精练

David

一名词的分类: 1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 二,名词变复数: 2 名词复数的不规则变化1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意:由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如: sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系2)man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 例如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如: goods train (货车)arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如: two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划

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