Judge

Judge

SYNONYMS judge, arbitrator, arbiter, referee, umpire.

These nouns denote persons who make decisions that determine or settle points at issue. A judge is one capable of making rational, dispassionate, and wise decisions: In this case, the jury members are the judges of the truth. An arbitrator is either appointed or derives authority from the consent of the disputants: An experienced arbitrator mediated the contract dispute. An arbiter is one whose opinion or judgment is recognized as being unassailable or binding: The critic considered himself an arbiter of fine literature. A referee is an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case: The referee handled many bankruptcy cases each month. An umpire is a person appointed to settle an issue that arbitrators are unable to resolve: The umpire studied complex tax cases. In sports referee and umpire refer to officials who enforce the rules and settle points at issue.

Britannica Concise judge

Public official vested with the authority to hear, determine, and preside over legal matters brought in court. In jury cases, the judge presides over the selection of the panel and instructs it concerning pertinent law. The judge may also rule on motions made before or during a trial. In the U.S., judges are elected or appointed. Most federal judges are appointed for life by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. The highest-ranking judge in the U.S. legal system is the chief justice of the Supreme Court. See also judgment, judiciary, magistrate's court, Missouri Plan.

Legal Encyclopedia This entry contains information applicable to United States law only.

Judge

To make a decision or reach a conclusion after examining all the factual evidence presented. To form an opinion after evaluating the facts and applying the law.

A public officer chosen or elected to preside over and to administer the law in a court of justice; one who controls the proceedings in a courtroom and decides questions of law or discretion.

As a verb the term judge generally describes a process of evaluation and decision. In a legal case this process may be conducted by either a judge or a jury. Decisions in any case must be based on applicable law. Where the case calls for a jury verdict, the judge tells the jury what law applies to the case.

As a noun judge refers to a person authorized to make decisions. A judge is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. A judge presiding over a case may initiate investigations on related matters, but generally judges do not have the power to conduct investigations for other branches or agencies of government.

Judges must decide cases based on the applicable law. In some cases a judge may be asked to declare that a certain law is unconstitutional. Judges have the power to rule that a law is

unconstitutional and therefore void, but they must give proper deference to the legislative body that enacted the law.

Types of judges

There are two types of judges: trial court and appellate.

Trial court judges preside over trials, usually from beginning to end. They decide pretrial motions, define the scope of discovery, set the trial schedule, rule on oral motions during trial, control the behavior of participants and the pace of the trial, advise the jury of the law in a jury trial, and sentence a guilty defendant in a criminal case.

Appellate judges hear appeals from decisions of the trial courts. They review trial court records, read briefs submitted by the parties, and listen to oral arguments by attorneys, and then decide whether error or injustice occurred in the trial.

Judges can also be distinguished according to their jurisdiction. For example, federal court judges differ from state court judges. They operate in different courtrooms, and they hear different types of cases. A federal court judge hears cases that fall within federal jurisdiction. Generally, this means cases that involve a question of federal law or the U.S. Constitution, involve parties from different states, or name the United States as a party. State court judges hear cases involving state law, and they also have jurisdiction over many federal cases.

Some judges can hear only certain cases in special courts with limited subject matter jurisdiction. For example, a federal bankruptcy court judge may preside over only bankruptcy cases. Other special courts with limited subject matter jurisdiction include tax, probate, juvenile, and traffic courts.

Justices make up the upper echelon of appellate judges. The term justice generally describes judges serving on the highest court in a jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions a justice may be any appellate judge.

Appointment, election and retirement

Judges are either appointed or elected. On the federal level, district court judges, appellate court judges, and justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president subject to the approval of Congress. On the state level, judges may be appointed by the governor, selected by a joint ballot of the two houses of the state legislature, or elected by the voters of the state.

On the federal level, judges have lifetime tenure. Most state court judges hold their office for a specified number of years. If a state court judge is appointed by the governor, the judge's term may be established by the governor. In some states a judge's term is fixed by statute. All state jurisdictions have a mandatory retirement age. In New Hampshire, for example, a judge must retire by age 70 (N.H. Const. pt. 2, art. 78). There is no mandatory retirement age for justices and judges on the federal level.

Judges' retirement benefits are provided for by statute. On the federal level, a retiring judge may

receive for the remainder of the judge's life the salary that she or he was receiving at the time of retirement. To qualify for retirement benefits, a judge must meet minimum service requirements. For example, a judge who retires at age 65 must have served 15 years as a judge in the federal court system; at age 66, 14 years; and so on until age 70 (§ 371). If a judge is forced to retire because of disability and has not qualified for benefits under § 371, the judge may still receive a full salary for life if she or he served 10 years. If the judge served less than 10 years, she or he may receive half of her or his salary for life (28 U.S.C.A. § 372).

Removal of judges

Judges must follow ethical rules. In all jurisdictions statutes specify that a judge may hold office only during a time of good behavior. If a judge violates the law or an ethical rule, the judge may be removed from office. In jurisdictions in which judges are elected, they may be removed from office by popular vote or impeached by act of the legislature. In states where judges are appointed, the legislature or the governor is authorized to remove them from office, but only for ethical or legal violations. This is because the power of the judiciary is separate from and equal to the power of the legislative and executive branches, and unfettered control of the judiciary by the other two branches would upset the balance of power.

Judges are distinct from magistrates. Magistrates are court officers who are empowered by statute to decide pretrial issues and preside over minor cases. Their judicial powers are limited. In the federal court system, for example, magistrates may not preside over felony criminal trials. They may preside over civil trials and misdemeanor criminal trials, but only with the consent of all the parties (28 U.S.C.A. §§ 631-639).

Wikipedia judge

Judges in common law legal systems

In common law countries, judges usually operate within the adversarial system of justice, and usually receive some additional training. American judges are now often expected to attend regular judicial education and instruction. In the law of the United States, judges are generally appointed or elected from among practicing attorneys. Many U.S. states permit non-lawyers to serve as justices of the peace, or as inferior jurisdiction judges, in rural areas, but this practice is generally limited to less serious criminal offenses and small claims.

In the common law system, when there is a jury trial in the trial courts, the jury generally decides questions of fact (guilt or innocence, whether a party was negligent, etc.) while a single judge decides questions of law (under common-law systems, one of the judge's most important power is to craft jury instructions).

In the United States, bench trials are situations in which a single judge decides issues of both law and fact, and usually take place only when a defendant has waived a right to a jury trial (for instance, when the defense considers the matters of law too complex or the issues too emotionally charged to be entrusted to a jury). Multiple judge panels are commonly restricted to appeals, both intermediate appeals and final appeals -- in the federal court system this is the U.S. Court of Appeals for a given circuit, which may have benches of three or many more judges, and the U.S.

Supreme Court with nine justices; in state court systems, there is usually a similar system of intermediate appeals, and a high court for the state (which has various names, depending on the state in question).

Because both civil and criminal procedure in common law systems developed in the context of a system where the ultimate decisions were usually deferred to a jury (even though this is often not the case outside the United States), common law judges are limited in their power to resolve matters prior to a full trial, even if they have all information that they feel they need to resolve a case involving disputed facts.

Historically, in Europe in the Middle Ages, juries often stated the law by consensus or majority and the judge applied it to the facts as he saw them. This practice generally no longer exists. The power of juries to determine the law in a manner contrary to that dictated by the trial judge, or even ignore the law (which is often called jury nullification), has been controversial in American jurisprudence from very early on in American history. Generally speaking, current practice in U.S. law is to formally deny that such a power exists. But, U.S. law also maintains procedural protections such as a prohibiting testimony regarding jury deliberations, and disallowing government appeals of acquittals by juries in criminal cases, that have the practical effect of making it possible for juries to make their own determinations of law.

U.S. legal practice also has an institution called a grand jury which is presided over on a day to day basis by a prosecutor, rather than a judge, although it is ultimately under the supervision of a judge. This institution investigates crimes via the subpoena power and screens serious criminal charges to determine if a prosecution is justified.

In common law practice in the United States, appeals are usually decided by a panel of judges, generally three appellate judges chosen at random in an intermediate appellate court and the entire composition of the court in the relevant highest appellate court in the jurisdiction, although decisions made by a subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judge are sometimes reviewed by a single judge.

Judges in civil law systems

In most civil law jurisdictions with inquisitorial systems, judges go to special schools to be trained after graduating with a law degree from a university; after such training they often become investigating magistrates. However, the inquisitorial system is not used in all civil law jurisdictions; it is primarily in use in countries of Southern Europe that were influenced by Napoleon's Code Napoleon, such as France, Italy, Spain, Portugal etc. In Northern Europe, the adversarial system is predominant in criminal matters. Nevertheless, judges in both Northern and Southern Continental Europe generally do not have backgrounds as practicing attorneys (or advocates), even though they are legally trained.

In the civil law system, serious matters are almost always decided at the trial level by at least three judges, and sometimes more, often in combination with lay persons in serious criminal manners, although one of those judges may take the lead in gathering evidence in a case. In civil law

systems typically only the equivalent of U.S. small claims and misdemeanors are handled by a single trial judge.

For example, in Finland, there are two kinds of judges in district courts: a legally-trained judge functions as the president of the court, while judges elected for a four-year term from the population, without any special legal training, serve as lay members of the court. Judges in special courts and appellate courts are always legally trained. Lay judges do not function like a common-law jury. In the usual case, three lay judges in district courts hear criminal cases in cooperation with a legally trained judge, each judge – legally trained or not – having an individual vote. However, in some jurisdictions, such as Denmark, criminal cases in severe matters, such as homicide, require a trial by jury, where the jury decides upon the issue of mens rea. Issues of law –and also the assessment of what has factually been proven to have taken place – is the responsility of the judge, who guides the jury by means of a jury instruction. Civil cases, however, are heard exclusively by legally trained judges.

In civil law practice, appeals are usually decided by a panel of multiple judges. State courts can be called district courts. The highest appellate court in a civil law jurisdiction, often translated "supreme court" in English, is typically organized more like an intermediate appellate court in common law practice, in that decisions are usually made by a panel of judges that does not include all judges who are a member of that court. Also unlike common law practice, judges are typically assigned to appeals in the highest appellate court based on specialties in a particular type of law, rather than at random. Typically the only appellate court in a civil law system in which all members of the court will typically decide a case that will operate in a civil law country is the constitutional court, if any.

Non-judges with judicial authority

Certain non-judges are vested with judicial power by virtue of their political or religious office, or their position as a responsible government employee.

In Japan, police officers can order punishments for minor offenses without approval from a judge. In U.S. military law, military officers can dispense justice for minor military law infractions without holding a court-martial and also preside over courts-martial involving more serious offenses. A number of jurisdictions give mayors of municipalities judicial authority similar to a justice of the peace or magistrate. Many courts with probate jurisdiction give court clerks quasi-judicial authority as "registrars" of the court. Members of county commissions and city councils in the United States often have quasi-judicial authority in zoning matters. And, legislators sometimes sit in a judicial capacity, such as when they rule on impeachment charges of governmental officials, and in the United Kingdom, when law lords, who are officially members of the House of Lords, a primarily legislative body, hear appeals in legal cases.

Historically, in the United Kingdom, certain matters, such as annulments of marriages and division of personal property of deceased persons, were the responsibility of eclesiastical courts, in which clergy presided. Many countries, such as Israel and Pakistan and Iran, continue to have religious courts, particularly in matters of family law, that operate in addition to their ordinary courts with

full authority to enter legally binding decisions. Other countries, such as Afghanistan under its newly adopted constitution, have a unitary court system in which some judges have primarily secular training, while others judges have primarily religious training.

Authority of judges

In common law countries, such as the United States, and those with roots in the Commonwealth of Nations, judges have a number of powers which do not exist, or are not acknowledged to exist, in civil law legal systems, which collectively make the judiciary a more powerful political force than in civil law countries.

One of these powers is the "contempt of court" power. In a common law system, a judge typically has the power to summarily punish with a fine or imprisonment any misconduct which takes place in the courtroom, and to similarly punish violations of the court's orders, after a hearing, when they take place outside the courtroom. This power, in turn, may be used by common law judges to enforce orders for injunctive relief, which is a court order to take or refrain from taking some particular act, directed at the individual who must do so. This power is a vestige of authority that members of the nobility had when they personally presided over disputes between their subjects. It has the effect of giving common law country judges great power to fashion remedies, such as school desegregation orders and restraining orders directed at individuals. Civil law judges, in contrast, outside of specialized courts with narrowly delineated powers, generally lack contempt power or the power to impose injunctive relief.

Another power of every judge in the United States, generally right down to the level of the magistrate, is the power to declare a law unconstitutional and invalid, at least as applied in a particular case. In contrast, most civil law countries limit this power to a special constitutional court, and all other judges are required to follow the enacted laws, even if the judge personally believes those laws to be unconstitutional, in the absence of an order from the constitutional court. However, if a person believes that a law applied against them in court is unconstitutional, they can apply for consideration in the constitutional court and, if the law is indeed declared unconstitutional, file an appeal against the ruling based on the now-invalidated law.

Similarly, in the common law system, cases in which the government is a party or has an interest, known as public law cases, for example, suits claiming violations of civil rights by government officials, are often heard by the same judges who handle criminal cases and disputes between private individuals. In contrast, in civil law countries, only designated judges or quasi-judges (such as the Council of State in France) can hear public law cases, and ordinary judges can hear only criminal cases and cases involving private parties.

Judges in a common law system are also empowered to make law guided by past precedent, or to choose to ignore past precedent as no longer applicable, based on a concept known as "stare decisis" ("to stand by what has been decided"), in cases where no statute or prior case clearly mandates a particular result, and in cases where past precedents, for some reason, no longer appear to provide firm guidance as to the current state of the law. For example, in a case of "first impression" which has never arisen in a publicly reported case in a state, a judge must choose

which rule will apply, usually informed by decisions which have been made in similar cases in other jurisdictions and based on the public policies involved. Judges in civil law systems, in contrast, are strictly forbidden from "making law" and, as a general rule, are not bound by or even encouraged to refer to precedents established in prior similar cases.

Limit on the power of common-law judges

Civil law judges, likewise, have some powers not usually held by common law judges. Most importantly, a common law judge is usually required to base a decision almost exclusively on the evidence provided by the parties to a case during the course of a trial, or a hearing, or in documents filed with the court. In contrast, a civil law judge frequently has the authority to investigate the facts of a case independently of evidence provided by the parties to that case, in what is known as an "inquisitorial" role.

Oversight of judges

Judges are human beings too, and a means of judicial oversight is normally provided for cases where a judge, quite apart from technical matters such as applying the law, is deemed to have exceeded, or abused, his or her authority. In the United States system, in individual cases seeking recusal for bias, as a matter of law this would be in the first instance the Court of Appeal, then the Supreme Court of the State, and finally the Supreme Court of the United States, which has final authority in all the courts of the land. But for instances where personal behavior is thought to effect all the decisions of a judge, other means are provided. In California, the public can make a grievance known to a body such as the Commission on Judicial Performance, which consists mainly of a panel of fellow judges, or an outside watchdog, for example Judicial Watch which is supported by public donations, and will take on cases it feels are outrageous. Satisfaction is rare. Other jurisdictions and other countries have other means.

Symbols of office

Being a judge is usually a prestigious and solemn position in society. A variety of traditions have become associated with the occupation.

In France, during ordinary hearings, judges wear a black gown. In many parts of the world, judges wear long robes (usually in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench). In some countries, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations, judges sometimes wear wigs. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a barrister's wig would be worn in court.

American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have ceremonial gavels, although American judges have court deputies or bailiffs and "contempt of court" power as their main devices to maintain decorum in the courtroom. However, in some Western states, like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of state supreme courts, such as the Maryland Court of Appeals wear distinct dress.

In the People's Republic of China, judges wore regular street clothes until 1984, when they began

to wear military-style uniforms, which were intended to demonstrate authority. These uniforms were replaced in 2000 by black robes similar to those worn in the rest of the world.

Titles

United States

In the United States, a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" or "Judge" when presiding over the court. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the judges of the supreme courts of several U.S. states and other countries are called "justices".

The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than the justice of the peace, a judge who holds police court in some jurisdictions and who typically tries small claims and misdemeanors. However, the state of New York inverts the usual order, with the Supreme Court of the State of New York being the most important trial court, and the Court of Appeals being the highest court; thus, New York trial judges are called "justices", while the judges on the Court of Appeals are "judges". New York judges who deal with guardianships, trusts and estates are known as "surrogates".

A "senior judge" in U.S. practice, is a retired judge who handles selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement on a part-time basis.

Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in U.S. legal practice are sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the United States, they are called "magistrate judges". Subordinate judges in U.S. legal practice appointed on a case by case basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called masters or special masters and have authority in a particular case often determined on a case by case basis.

Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as bankruptcy courts or juvenile courts) were sometimes known officially as "referees," but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in common law systems (such as judges in the equity courts of the U.S. State of Delaware) are called "Chancellors".

Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called "administrative law judges" in U.S. practice and commonly make initial determinations regarding matters such as eligibility for government benefits, regulatory matters, and immigration determinations.

Judges who derive their authority from a contractual agreement of the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body are called arbitrators, and typically do not receive the honorific forms of address, and do not have the symbolic trappings, of a publicly appointed judge.

England and Wales

In England and Wales (and much of the Commonwealth) judges of the higher courts are addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship". Circuit Judges are addressed as "Your Honour" and all lower judges, magistrates, and chairs of tribunals

are addressed as "Sir" or "Madam". Magistrates are still addressed as "Your Worship" in South Africa, mainly by solicitors, but this practice in other Commonwealth countries is nearly obsolete. Masters of the High Court are addressed as "Master". When a judge of the High Court who is not present is being referred to they are described as "Mr./Mrs. Justice N" (written N J). In the House of Lords, judges are called Law Lords and sit as peers.

In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed to as "Mr./Mrs. President" (Monsieur le président/Madame le président), in Germany as "Mr./Mrs. Chairman (Herr V orsitzender/Frau V orsitzende).

决策表

用决策表测试法测试以下程序:该程序有三个输入变量month、day、year（month 、 day 和year均为整数值，并且满足：1≤month≤12和1≤day≤31),分别作为输入日期的月份、 日、年份，通过程序可以输出该输入日期在日历上隔一天的日期。例如，输入为 2004 年 11月29日,则该程序的输出为2004年12月1日。 (1) 分析各种输入情况，列出为输入变量 month 、 day 、 year 划分的有效等价类。 (2) 分析程序的规格说明，并结合以上等价类划分的情况，给出问题规定的可能采取的 操作（即列出所有的动作桩）。 (3) 根据 (1) 和 (2) ，画出简化后的决策表。 (1)分析各种输入情况，列出为输入变量month、day、year划分的有效等价类。 ① month变量的有效等价类： M1: {month=4,6,9,11} M2: {month=1,3,5,7,8,10} M3: {month=12} M4: {month=2} ② day变量的有效等价类： D1: {1≤day≤26} D2: {day=27} D3: {day=28} D4: {day=29} D5: {day=30} D6: {day=31} ③ year变量的有效等价类： Y1: {year是闰年} Y2: {year不是闰年} (2)分析程序规格说明，结合以上等价类划分的情况给出问题规定的可能采取的操作（即列 出所有的动作桩）。 动作桩： A1: day+1 A2: day=1 A3: month+1 A4: month=1 A5: year+1 A6：不可能 (3)根据条件桩和动作桩，画出决策表

穿行测试法

一、定义 穿行测试（walk through testing）：也可以叫全程测试、了解性测试、摇篮坟墓测试，是指在对企业、单位内部控制进行研究、复核时，在每一类交易循环中选择一笔或若干笔具有典型代表性业务进行测试，以验证审计工作底稿中描述的内部控制相关信息的客观性和准确性的审计方法。实务中穿行测试是按业务流程检查每一步是否符合内控制度，重新执行则要重新做一遍，如重新勾核一下对账单 二、具体流程 这是注册会计师了解被审计单位业务流程及其相关控制时经常使用的审计程序。其过程如下： 1、先将公司规范某项经济业务行为的制度按业务流程的方式描述出来；这表明公司的该项经济业务应该都是按所描述的业务流程运行的。 2、抽取某几笔业务样本； 3、要求受监察的单位提供所有所抽取业务样本的运行记录； 4、按照流程环节，描述样本业务的实际运行情况； 5、对照流程环节与要求，比较并记录没有做到位的地方。 亲自做一次只选一段，也就是追踪一笔交易的全部过程。观察流程就叫做观察或者说叫了解。 三、穿行测试与重新执行的区别 穿行测试是指追踪交易在财务报告信息系统中的处理过程，注册会计师选取一笔或很少几笔交易了解其如何生成、记录、处理和报告，采用询问、观察、检查等方面以确定是否与之前了解的一样，以及是否得到执行，通常是针对交易循环进行穿行测试。如注册会计师选取一笔有代表性的交易，按交易的流程采用询问、观察、检查的方法来追踪这笔交易如何生成、如何记录，在交易流程的相关内部控制是如何控制这项销售交易的，从而判断内部控制是否和先前了解的一样。穿行测试主要用于风险评估程序，不排除用于控制测试，但不能直接发现金额上的错报，所以不能用于实质性程序。 重新执行是在控制测试中执行，注册会计师会选取一定的样本量，重新独立执行作为被审计单位内部控制组成部分的程序或控制，也就是自已完全按照被审计单位的内部控制独立的执行一遍，再和被审计单位执行的相比较，以确定被审计单位内部控制是否得到有效的运行。如注册会计师独立编制银行存款余额调节表，再与被审计单位编制的余额调节表相核对，看被审计单位这项内部控制是否得到有效执行。

软件测试用例设计方法---决策表

决策表，也叫判定表。在所有的功能性测试方法中，基于决策表的测试方法被认为是最严格的，因为决策表具有逻辑严格性。 在一些数据处理问题当中，某些操作的实施以来与多个逻辑条件的组合，既针对不同逻辑条件的组合之，分别执行不同的操作；决策表就是分析和表达多逻辑条件下执行不同操作情况的工具。 1 决策表通常由以下4部分组成： 条件桩(condition stub)：列出了问题的所有条件。通常认为列出的条件的次序无关紧要。 动作桩(action stub)：列出了问题规定可能采取的操作。这些操作的排列顺序没有约束。 条件项(condition entry)：列出针对它所列条件的取值，在所有可能情况下的真假值。作项(action entry)：列出在条件项的各种取值情况下应该采取的动作。 2 决策表的生成： （1）确定规则的个数 ?有n个条件的决策表有2n个规则（每个条件取真、假值）。（2）列出所有的条件桩和动作桩 （3）填入条件项 （4）填入动作项，得到初始决策表 （5）简化决策表，合并相似规则

?若表中有两条以上规则具有相同的动作，并且在条件项之间存在极为相似的关系，便可以合并。 ?合并后的条件项用符号“-”表示，说明执行的动作与该条件的取值无关，称为“无关条件”。 举个例子↓↓

3 决策表的优缺点： 决策表最突出的优点是，能够将复杂的问题按照各种可能的情况全部列举出来，简明并避免遗漏。 ? 利用决策表能够设计出完整的测试用例集合。 ? 运用决策表设计测试用例可以将条件理解为输入，将动作理解为输出 4 何种情况下使用？ ? 规格说明以决策表形式给出，或较容易转换为决策表；

性能测试报告模版

目录 第1章概述 (1) 第2章测试需求分析 (1) 第3章测试场景设计 (4) 第1章概述 1.1目的 说明为什么要进行此测试；参与人有哪些；测试时间是什么时候；项目背景等。 编写此测试方案的目的是通过测试确认软件是否满足产品的性能需求，同时发现系统中存在的性能瓶颈，起到优化系统的目的。测试的依据是产品的需求规格说明书；如果用户没有提出性能指标则根据用户需求、测试设计人员的经验来设计各项测试指标。此模板使用于性能测试的方案设计和测试报告记录。 1.2名词解释 此方案中涉及的业务和技术方面的专业名词。 1.3参考资料 此方案参考和依据的所有文档。 第2章测试需求分析 2.1测试目的

说明此测试的目的。例如： 1、IAGW增加了短信过滤功能和鉴权功能，需要执行性能测试，得出系统的性能指标； 2、持续进行大压力测试，对系统进行稳定性测试。 2.2测试对象 说明被测试产品的名称，版本，特性说明。 比如： Product Name: IAGW License Version: v1.1 Build Date: 20060715 2.3系统结构 简要描述被测系统的结构。 2.4测试范围 2.4.1测试范围 如：XXXX系统各项性能指标，软件响应时间的性能测试、CPU、Memory的性能测试、负载的性能测试（压力测试） 2.4.2主要检测内容 如： 1. 典型应用的响应时间 2. 客户端、服务器的CPU、Memory使用情况 3. 服务器的响应速度 4. 系统支持的最优负载数量 5. 网络指标 6. 系统可靠性测试 2.5系统环境

说明测试所需要的软硬件环境。 2.5.1硬件环境 2.5.2软件环境 2.5.2.1测试软件产品 主要说明被测试的软件产品模块名称和各模块分布情况。 2.5.2.2测试工具 说明所使用的测试工具。 第3章测试场景设计 3.1场景1 说明测试执行时的业务操作情况。相当于Use Case。不同场景下，将得到不同的测试结果。因此性能测试的结果必须与场景关联。例如： 测试IAGW在不与其他Server通讯的情况下，多用户并发访问交易响应时间<3秒的限制下，系统每秒钟处理的最大短信条数。 3.1.1测试目的 说明此场景测试的目的。例如： IAGW每秒钟处理最大短信条数。 3.1.2测试配置 说明该测试所使用的配置

软件测试决策表

软件测试 实验报告 题目: 决策表法的使用 学号: 姓名: 教师: 东南大学成贤学院电子与计算机工程学院 2017年 9 月30 日

实验题目 1、实验内容 NextDate 函数包含三个变量：month（月份）、day（日期）和year（年），函数的输出为输入日期前一天的日期。例如，输入为2007年9月9日，则函数的输出为2007年9月10日。要求输入变量month 、day 和year 均为整数值，并且满足下列条件： （1）1≤month≤12 （2）1≤day≤31 （3）1912≤year≤2050 2、实验目的与要求 分别输入测试用例，判断期望输出与实际输出是否相等 3、实验环境 操作系统 WIN10 测试工具 VS2010 测试语言 c++语言 4、设计思路分析（包括需求分析、整体设计思路、概要设计） 需求分析： 此函数的主要特点是输入变量之间的逻辑关系比较复杂。复杂性的来源有两个：一个是输入域的复杂性，另一个是指闰年的规则。例如变量year和变量month取不同的值，对应的变量day会有不同的取值范围，day值的范围可能是1～30或1～31，也可能是1～28或1～29。 整体设计思路： NextDate函数中包含了定义域各个变量之间的依赖问题。等价类划分法和边界值分析法只能“独立地”选取各个输入值，不能体现出多个变量的依赖关系。决策表法则是根据变量间的逻辑依赖关系设计测试输入数据，排除不可能的数据组合，很好地解决了定义域的依赖问题。 5、详细设计 NextDate函数求解给定某个日期的下一个日期的可能操作（动作桩）如下： 变量day加1操作； 变量day复位操作；

产品测试方案

百度XXX产品v1.0.0测试方案

目录 百度XXX产品V1.0.0测试方案 0 1 项目简介部分 (1) 1.1 文档编写目的 (1) 1.2 测试项目背景描述 (1) 1.3 测试工作内容和范围 (1) 2 测试文档[可裁减] (1) 2.1 测试所需参考文档 (1) 2.2 测试需提交文档 (2) 3 测试安排和计划 (3) 3.1 项目整体计划 (3) 3.2 测试资源安排 (6) 3.2.1 人力资源分工 (6) 3.2.2 测试环境安排和使用 (6) 3.2.3 所需的合作方配合 (7) 3.2.4 测试所需工具 (7) 4 风险预估和应对[可裁减] (8) 5 准入测试方案[可裁减] (9) 6 功能测试方案 (10) 6.1 C ASE开发和管理的规范 (10) 6.2 测试需求分析和策略制定 (10) 6.2.1 分功能测试需求分析 (10) 6.2.2 测试工具需求 (11) 7 性能测试方案[可裁减] (11) 7.1 性能测试工具需求 (11) 7.2 场景名XXX1 (11) 7.2.1 场景概述 (11) 7.2.2 执行策略设计 (12) 7.2.3 测试数据需求 (12) 7.2.4 性能测试结果分析方法和预期 (12) 7.3 压力测试场景设计 (12) 7.3.1 场景名XXX (13)

1项目简介部分 1.1 文档编写目的 ＜项目名称＞的这一“测试方案”文档有助于实现以下目标： [确定现有项目的信息和应测试的软件构件。 列出推荐的测试需求（高级需求）。 推荐可采用的测试策略，并对这些策略加以说明。 确定所需的资源，并对测试的工作量进行估计。 预估项目的风险和成本，对制定应对措施。 列出测试项目的可交付元素] 1.2 测试项目背景描述 [对测试对象（应用程序、模块、子模块、系统等）及其开发设计目标进行简要说明。需要包括的信息有：主要的功能和性能、测试对象的构架以及项目的简史、测试对象的设计开发初衷和目标。] 1.3 测试工作内容和范围 [简要描述测试所需的阶段（例如，评审、测试设计、单元测试、冒烟测试、手工测试、回归测试、自动化测试、性能测试、交叉自由测试等）。 简要地列出测试对象中将接受测试或将不接受测试的那些性能和功能。 如果在编写此文档的过程中做出的某些假设可能会影响测试设计、开发或实施，则列出所有这些假设。 列出可能会影响测试设计、开发或实施的所有风险或意外事件。 列出可能会影响测试设计、开发或实施的所有约束。] 2测试文档[可裁减] 2.1 测试所需参考文档 下表列出了制定和实施该测试方案时所需要使用的相关文档，并标明了各文档的可用性：

性能测试报告模板

[专业公司名] [系统名称] 性能测试报告 版本号： 2014年06月10日共享服务中心

1引言 1.1编写目的 编写该测试总结报告主要有以下几个目的 1．通过对测试结果的分析，得到对系统质量的评价； 2．系统存在的缺陷，为修复和预防bug提供建议； 3．分析测试过程中的不足，为将来的改进提供参考； 说明：列举该报告的作用及其编写目的 1.2阅读对象 主要读者：太平养老及共享中心的领导、团险核心系统的用户、系统需求人员、系统开发人员、测试人员 其他读者：其他愿意了解团险核心系统的其他人员 说明：列举该报告主要的阅读对象，和其他潜在可能的阅读对象 1.3参考资料 XXX项目性能测试方案 XXX项目性能测试需求确认表 XXX项目结果分析表 ………….. 2系统评价 对系统做整体性能测试情况做总结，并对系统整体性能做评估和评价。

3测试环境 3.1网络拓扑结构图 可添加生产环境网络拓扑结构图与性能测试环境网络拓扑结构图，并对比，如一致要说明环境一致；如不一致，要说明差异性。与接口系统的对接情况做说明，如对接XXX接口的测试环境或者开发挡板等。 3.2软硬件配置 性能测试硬件基础环境表 性能测试软件环境配置表

性能测试环境参数配置表 说明环境参数配置表可以以此表格的形式展现，也可以内嵌配置文件。4测试进度

添加进度偏差说明分析 5测试数据 增量：可以是交易功能insert新增的数据量，也可以是查询类功能的查询结果的数据量。 6测试情况 6.1基准测试 6.1.1测试过程 描述测试过程中遇到的问题，解决的方法等。如没有，本小节可删减。 6.1.2测试结果 第一轮：未达指标的数据可以标红突出

性能测试报告-模板

Xxx系统性能测试报告 拟制：****日期：****审核：日期： 批准：日期：

1.概述 1.1.编写目的 本次测试报告为xxx系统的性能测试总结报告，目的在于总结性能测试工作，并分析测试结果，描述系统是否符合xxx系统的性能需求。 预期参考人员包括用户、测试人员、开发人员、项目管理者、质量管理人员和需要阅读本报告的高层经理。 1.2.项目背景 腾讯公司为员工提供一个网上查询班车的入口，分析出哪些路线/站点比较紧张或宽松，以进行一些合理调配。 1.3.测试目标 （简要列出进行本次压力测试的主要目标）完善班车管理系统，满足腾讯内部员工的班车查询需求，满足500个用户并发访问本系统。 1.4.名词解释 测试时间：一轮测试从开始到结束所使用的时间 并发线程数：测试时同时访问被测系统的线程数。注意，由于测试过程中，每个线程都是以尽可能快的速度发请求，与实际用户的使用有极大差别，所以，此数据不等同于实际使用时的并发用户数。 每次时间间隔：测试线程发出一个请求，并得到被测系统的响应后，间隔多少时间发出下一次请求。 平均响应时间：测试线程向被测系统发请求，所有请求的响应时间的平均值。 处理能力：在某一特定环境下，系统处理请求的速度。 cache影响系数：测试数据未必如实际使用时分散，cache在测试过程中会比实际使用时发挥更大作用，从而使测试出的最高处理能力偏高，考虑到这个因素而引入的系数。 用户习惯操作频率：根据用户使用习惯估算出来的，单个用户在一段时间内，使用此类功能的次数。通常以一天内某段固定的高峰使用时间来统计，如果一天内没有哪段时间是固定的高峰使用时间，则以一天的工作时间来统计。

软件测试 决策表

软件测试 实验报告 题目:决策表法的使用 学号: : 教师: 东南大学成贤学院电子与计算机工程学院2017年9 月30 日

实验题目 1、实验容 NextDate 函数包含三个变量：month（月份）、day（日期）和year（年），函数的输出为输入日期前一天的日期。例如，输入为2007年9月9日，则函数的输出为2007年9月10日。要求输入变量month 、day 和year 均为整数值，并且满足下列条件：（1）1≤month≤12 （2）1≤day≤31 （3）1912≤year≤2050 2、实验目的与要求 分别输入测试用例，判断期望输出与实际输出是否相等 3、实验环境 操作系统WIN10 测试工具VS2010 测试语言c++语言 4、设计思路分析（包括需求分析、整体设计思路、概要设计） 需求分析： 此函数的主要特点是输入变量之间的逻辑关系比较复杂。复杂性的来源有两个：一个是输入域的复杂性，另一个是指闰年的规则。例如变量year和变量month取不同的值，对应的变量day会有不同的取值围，day值的围可能是1～30或1～31，也可能是1～28或1～29。 整体设计思路： NextDate函数中包含了定义域各个变量之间的依赖问题。等价类划分法和边界值分析法只能“独立地”选取各个输入值，不能体现出多个变量的依赖关系。决策表法则是根据变量间的逻辑依赖关系设计测试输入数据，排除不可能的数据组合，很好地解决了定义域的依赖问题。 5、详细设计 NextDate函数求解给定某个日期的下一个日期的可能操作（动作桩）如下： 变量day加1操作； 变量day复位操作； 变量month加1操作；

附录二内部控制评价计分方法表

附录二：内部控制评价计分方法表一、内部控制过程评价分值表

二、结果评价指标及分值表

分支机构总分计算方法： 方案一：分支机构总分＝分支机构实际得分×500/270 方案二：将分支机构资产利润率得分放大为100分，资产质量指标得分放大为200分，流动性指标得分放大为50分。 说明： 1、资本利润率：该指标最高得分50分，大于等于13%得满分，每减少1个百分点减少4分。假定A银行资本利润率为8%，则该项指标得30分。 2、资产利润率：该指标最高得分50分，大于等于0.6%得满分，每减少0.1个百分点减少10分。假定A银行资产利润率为0.4%，则该项指标得30分。 3、收入成本比：该指标最高得分50分，小于等于35%得满分，每增加1个百分点减少2分。假定A银行收入成本比为50%，则该项指标得20分。 4、大额风险集中度指标 （1）单一客户授信余额比例：该指标最高得分20分，未超控制比例客户该项指标得满分，每增加一个超控制比例客户减2分。假定A银行有2家客户的授信余额分别超出该银行资本净额的10%，则该项指标得16分。 （2）十大客户授信余额比例：该指标最高得分10分，小于等于30%得满分，每超过1个百分点减0.5分。假定A银行最大十家客户的授信余额占该银行资本净额的35%，则该项指标得

7.5分。 （3）集团客户授信余额比例：该指标最高得分20分，未超控制比例客户该项指标得满分，每增加一个超控制比例客户减2分。假定A银行有1家集团客户的授信余额超出该银行资本净额的15%，则该项指标得18分。 5、关联方交易指标 （1）单个关联方授信余额比例：该指标最高得分20分，无超控制比例关联方该项指标得满分，每增加一个关联方减2分。假定A银行对某1家关联方的授信余额超出该银行资本净额的10%，则该项指标得18分 （2）单个关联法人或其他组织所在集团客户的授信余额比例：该指标最高得分20分，无超控制比例关联客户该项指标得满分，每增加一个超控制比例关联方减2分。假定A银行有1家关联法人所在集团的授信余额超出该银行资本净额的15%，则该项指标得18分。 （3）全部关联方授信余额比例：该指标最高得分10分，小于等于50%得满分，每超过1个百分点减2分。假定A银行全部关联方授信余额占该银行资本净额的20%，则该项指标得10分。 6、资产质量指标 评价期新发生不良贷款额（1）新发生不良贷款率＝———————————— 评价期新发生贷款总额该指标最高得分20分，新发生不良贷款率小于等于0.1%得

设备单机性能测试表

设备单机性能测试表 企业名称：测试时间： 测试人员： COD性能测试 温度: 湿度: 电压: 频率: 直线性测试 实测COD 量程中间校正液COD 偏差/量程 重复性测试 零点校正液测6次 零点值（算术平 均） 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 量程校正液测6次相对标准偏差 响应时间测试（量程校正 液）实测值所需时间（min） 5” 量程漂移实测3次平均值相对于量程的百分 率 量程漂移 （可以用重 复性测试中 的三次） 量程漂移 （零点漂移 测试24小 时后） 测试起止时间（年月日时）： 零点漂移（连续测定24小时，每小时1 次）最初的3次测定值，平均值 24小时 中最大变 化值 最大变化 相对于量 程值的百 分率

氨氮性能测试 直线性测试 实测COD 量程中间校正液COD 偏差/量程 重复性测试 零点校正液测6次 零点值（算术平 均） 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 量程校正液测6次相对标准偏差 响应时间测试 （量程校正 液） 实测值所需时间（min） 量程漂移实测3次平均值相对于量程的百分 率 量程漂移 （可以用重 复性测试中 的三次） 量程漂移 （零点漂移 测试24小 时后） 测试起止时间（年月日时）： 零点漂移（连续测定24小时，每小时1 次） 最初的3次测定值，平均值 24小时 中最大变 化值 最大变化 相对于量 程值的百 分率0 0 0 0 0 0

pH水质自动分析仪 重现性 重复性 测试 用9.18标准液测7次最大误差检测值 （9.18 标准液） 响应时间 实测值(从6.86到9.18) 所需时间（8.95） 5” 漂移(6.86) 起始时间(标注年月日时) 5分钟后的检 测值 结束时间(标 注年月日时) 测试时间内最 大值/最小值 最大漂移 漂移(9.18) 起始时间(标注年月日时) 5分钟后的检 测值 结束时间(标 注年月日时) 测试时间内最 大值/最小值 最大漂移 漂移(4.01) 起始时间(标注年月日时) 5分钟后的检 测值 结束时间(标 注年月日时) 测试时间内最 大值/最小值 最大漂移

内部控制穿行测试操作要点及技巧

内部控制穿行测试操作要点及技巧 AMT咨询认为穿行测试是内部控制体系建设及评价过程中的重要工具和方法。在进行了风险评估，了解了企业内部控制现状，梳理和记录完内部控制活动，编制了风险控制矩阵以后，要通过穿行测试与控制测试方法定期对所描述的控制活动进行测试验证，评价其设计及运行的有效性。测试中编制的工作底稿是内部控制合规的重要文档之一，其评价结论既要用来编制内部控制自我评价报告，又要针对发现的内部控制缺陷制定整改计划，不断完善内部控制体系。AMT咨询主要为读者介绍穿行测试的要点及技巧。 1、什么是穿行测试 穿行测试是指了解有关内部控制的基础上，按照交易轨迹，从相关流程中选择一个或若干个具有代表性的交易和事项，追踪其从交易的发生到最终被反映在财务报表或其他经营管理报告中的过程，即该流程从起点到终点的全过程。当然，如果从交易的会计处理到交易的起点进行测试更有效的话，也可反过来执行。 通俗地来讲，穿行测试就是“穿行+测试”，即通过检查一段时间内执行过的某些重点流程各个控制点所留下的文件存档和信息流等，使流程得到再现，从而验证和确认控制是否真实存在并实际运行，现有的控制是否能够防范相应的风险，最终得出控制设计及运行是否有效的结论。 2、穿行测试的特点 (1)同质性：必须获取同一个交易或包括同一交易的文档。 (2)连续性：从发生到记录全过程的所有控制都要进行测试。 (3)典型性：要尽可能获取一个最近执行的典型交易，以涵盖所有控制。 (4)可测性：获取纸质文档记录进行测试并妥善留存。

(5)普遍性：穿行测试适用于各类型的控制，每年的内部控制评价都必须做穿行测试。 (6)动态性：如果控制发生变化(如流程变化、组织架构变化、关键执行人变化、涉及的信息系统变化等)，则应重新执行穿行测试程序。 3、穿行测试的范围与内容 (1)穿行测试的范围 穿行测试的范围要涵盖公司层面、流程层面和 IT层面，具体的要以前期已经编制好的18个指引对应的风险控制矩阵为依据。 (2)穿行测试的期间 穿行测试要选择最近发生的样本，对部分本年度尚未发生的控制可追溯到上一年的样本。 (3)测试人员与职责分工 1)测试人员的胜任能力：测试人员应熟悉测试内容，具备一定的内部控制知识及相当的工作经验，工作测试底稿须经适当的复核人检核; 2)测试人员的独立性：测试人员应独立于所审查的具体业务活动和内部控制之外。属于内部工作调动而在本年度担任内审岗位的人员，至少不能对其上一年度负责过的工作进行测试; 3)测试底稿的记录：在控制测试底稿中应详细记录测试人员姓名或缩写、测试时间、复核人员姓名及缩写和复核时间等必要的信息。 4、穿行测试的程序 穿行测试一般分为四个步骤，包括选取样本、执行测试、记录测试、进行测试评价，如下图所示。

性能测试报告(模板)

xxxxxxxxxx 性能测试报告 2020年4月16日

目录 1 前言 (3) 1第一章XXXXXXXX核心业务系统性能测试概述 (3) 1.1 被测系统定义 (3) 1.1.1 功能简介 (4) 1.1.2 性能测试指标 (4) 1.2 系统结构及流程 (4) 1.2.1 系统总体结构 (5) 1.2.2 功能模块描述 (5) 1.2.3 业务流程 (6) 1.2.4 系统的关键点描述（KP） (7) 1.3 性能测试环境 (7) 1.3.1 硬件及网络环境........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1.3.2 系统装配描述............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 1.3.3 系统启动和管理........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2 第二章性能测试 (7) 2.1 压力测试 (8) 2.1.1 压力测试概述 (8) 2.1.2 测试目的 (8) 2.1.3 测试方法及测试用例 (9) 2.1.4 测试指标及期望 (10)

2.1.5 测试数据准备 (12) 2.1.6 运行状况记录 (12) 3第三章测试计划及方案 (13) 2.2 测试步骤................................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.1 被测系统调研............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.2 测试环境的部署........................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.3 脚本的录制和调试 ................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.4 准备测试场景............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.5 准备测试数据............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.6 执行性能测试............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.2.7 生成测试报告............................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。 2.3 测试时间进度及人员安排................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 2.3.1 人员安排.................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 3 第四章测试报告 (25)

性能测试报告-模板

Xxx系统性能测试报告 拟制：**** 日期：**** 审核：日期： 批准：日期：

1.概述 1.1.编写目的 本次测试报告为xxx系统的性能测试总结报告，目的在于总结性能测试工作，并分析测试结果，描述系统是否符合xxx系统的性能需求。 预期参考人员包括用户、测试人员、开发人员、项目管理者、质量管理人员和需要阅读本报告的高层经理。 1.2.项目背景 腾讯公司为员工提供一个网上查询班车的入口，分析出哪些路线/站点比较紧张或宽松，以进行一些合理调配。 1.3.测试目标 （简要列出进行本次压力测试的主要目标）完善班车管理系统，满足腾讯内部员工的班车查询需求，满足500个用户并发访问本系统。 1.4.名词解释 测试时间：一轮测试从开始到结束所使用的时间 并发线程数：测试时同时访问被测系统的线程数。注意，由于测试过程中，每个线程都是以尽可能快的速度发请求，与实际用户的使用有极大差别，所以，此数据不等同于实际使用时的并发用户数。 每次时间间隔：测试线程发出一个请求，并得到被测系统的响应后，间隔多少时间发出下一次请求。 平均响应时间：测试线程向被测系统发请求，所有请求的响应时间的平均值。 处理能力：在某一特定环境下，系统处理请求的速度。 cache影响系数：测试数据未必如实际使用时分散，cache在测试过程中会比实际使用时发挥更大作用，从而使测试出的最高处理能力偏高，考虑到这个因素而引入的系数。 用户习惯操作频率：根据用户使用习惯估算出来的，单个用户在一段时间内，使用此类功能的次数。通常以一天内某段固定的高峰使用时间来统计，如果一天内没有哪段时间是固定的高峰使用时间，则以一天的工作时间来统计。 预期平均响应时间：由用户提出的，希望系统在多长时间内响应。注意，这个值并不是某一次访问的时间，而是一段时间多次访问后的平均值。 最大并发用户数：在给定的预期平均响应时间下，系统最多能支持多少个并发用户。这个数据就是实际可以同时使用系统的用户数。 1.5.参考文档 无

华为产品测试策略及验证计划

XXX测试策略及验证计划 （仅供内部使用） 编制： 审核： 会签： 批准：

修订记录 文件的版本号由“V×.×”组成，其中： a）小数点前面的×为主版本号，取值范围为“0～9”。文件进行重大修订时主版本号递增1；b）小数点后面的×为次版本号，取值为“0～9，a～z”。文件每修改一次时次版本号递增1； 主版本号发生改变时，次版本号重新置0； c）未批准发布的文件版本号为V0.×版，批准发布时为版。当主版本号发生改变时，前面只有次版本号不同的修订记录可以删除。

目录

注：通过插入目录方式自动生成，推荐保留二级目录。

1 简介 1.1 目的 编写本文档的主要目的，也可指出与本文档相对应活动应达到的目的。 1.2 范围 描述测试的各个阶段（TR2至TR6）之间软、硬件测试部分执行的所有测试活动（例如：集成测试、系统测试等），并说明本计划所针对的测试类型（如功能测试或性能测试）。 简要地列出测试对象中将接受测试或将不接受测试的那些性能和功能。 1.3 术语和缩写词 列出本文档中所使用的术语和缩略语。可引用已有的数据字典，如没有则需要在此列出。例如：参见《数据字典.doc》 术语——列出在本文档中用到的关键词和专用词，并给出其含义； 缩略语——应列出在本文档中用到的所有缩略语，并给出中英文全称；另外在正文中缩略语首次出现处也要给出其中英文全称。 1.4 关键技术 列出本测试过程中要使用的关键技术。 2 集成测试策略 2.1 build 1集成测试策略 2.1.1测试环境 例如:

在此根据上图中各个部件进行分析，描述对它们的主要功能需求、自动化需求等。 表格 1 需求分析表 表格 2 特殊数据需求分析表 如果有特殊的数据/数据源需求，请在此描述。 2.1.2测试重点分析 对各重要的测试项目进行测试策略分析，蓝色的内容仅作为参考示例，产品可以根据需要进行改变。 2.2build 2集成测试策略 与本文档条相类似的方式说明。

性能测试报告模板

. [专业公司名] Word 资料[系统名称] 性能测试报告 版本号：V1.0 2014 年06 月10 日 共享服务中心 . 1 引言 1.1 编写目的 编写该测试总结报告主要有以下几个目的 1．通过对测试结果的分析，得到对系统质量的评价；2．系统存在的缺陷，为修复和预防bug提供建议；3．分析测试过程中的不足，为将来的改进提供参考；说明：列举该报告的作用及其编写目的 1.2 阅读对象 主要读者： 太平养老及共享中心的领导、团险核心系统的用户、系统需求人员、系统开发人员、测试人员 其他读者：其他愿意了解团险核心系统的其他人员 说明：列举该报告主要的阅读对象，和其他潜在可能的阅读对象

1.3 参考资料 XXX项目性能测试方案 XXX项目性能测试需求确认表XXX项目结果分析表………….. 2 系统评价 对系统做整体性能测试情况做总结，并对系统整体性能做评估和评价。 3 测试环境 3.1 网络拓扑结构图 可添加生产环境网络拓扑结构图与性能测试环境网络拓扑结构图，并对比，如一致要说明环境一致；如不一致，要说明差异性。与接口系统的对接情况做说明，如对接XXX接口的测试环境或者开发挡板等。Word 资料 . 3.2 软硬件配置 性能测试硬件基础环境表 服务器名称 服务器一 主机明细（ip）配置 4CPU，内存8GB 性能测试 设备数量2 生产环境 设备数量 备注 对环境说 明，如共

1 用服务器等 性能测试软件环境配置表 软件类型 应用服务器一操作系统应用服务器二操作系统应用服务器N操作系统 应用服务器一 软件名称 版本号

中间件中间件应用服务器二 应用服务器N 性能测试环境参数配置表 类型Oracle WebLogic ………….. 参数名称 参数数值 说明环境参数配置表可以以此表格的形式展现，也可以内嵌配置文件。Word 资料 . 4 测试进度 编号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 … 任务 软需文档熟悉性能测试需求调研性能测试方案编写性能测试方案评审性能测试数据准备性能测试脚本编写 性能测试环境搭建以及初始数据准备模拟器准备性能测试第一轮执行 性能测试调优性能测试第二轮执行性能测试结果分析性能测试报告编写性能测试报告评审 ……….. 计划开始时间

性能测试报告

性能测试报告 性能测试报告 性能测试报告 性能测试报告 内容 92.3. 测试目的.............................................5测试站点.............................................5测试环境.. (5) 3.1。3.2。 服务器，客户端环境.............................................5测试工具. (5)

4。测试过程、结果、总结 (5) 4.1。4.2。 测试模型..........................................................5本体查询. (6) 测试场景...........................................6测试数据...........................................6平均响应时间............................................6错误率统计 (7) 本体查询性能测试总结 (8) 4 . 2 . 1 . 4 . 2 . 2 . 4 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 2 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 家庭任务查询 (8) 测试场景...........................................8测试数据...........................................9平均响应时间............................................9错误率统计.............................................10家庭任务查询性能测试摘要. (11) 4 . 3 . 1 . 4 . 3 . 2 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 4 . 3 . 5 . 4 . 4 . (11) 测试场景..........................................11测试数据..........................................12平均响应时间...........................................12错误率统计.............................................13主页知识查询性能测试摘要. (14)

浅谈“穿行测试”在审计中的运用

浅谈“穿行测试”在审计中的运用 重庆工学院会计系梁刚 审计人员对内部审控制制度的现状进行描述后，必须对描述的结果进行复核，目的是为了避免控制描述的失误。原因在于审计人员在了解内部控制时可能会疏漏一些重要的控制环节，也可能因为审计人员的失误使内部控制的描述结果出现偏差，这都会导致描述的内部控制与实际情况不相吻合。为保证描述的内部控制记录的准确性、完整性、真实性，审计人员常常采用询问、观察、检查以及穿行测试等程序来完成复核任务。除穿行测试外的其他审计程序在一般教科书里面都有较详细的介绍，而众多教科书和专业刊物对穿行测试的介绍往往是草草几笔，语焉不详，不见系统研究。而在对帐户、交易循环涉及的内部控制了解、复核过程中，穿行测试无疑是一种“富有成效且效率较高”的测试程序。因此，本文拟对穿行测试的运用及实施作较为全面的研究。 一、穿行测试的实施条件及操作方式 穿行测试的运用离不开业务循环，现代审计广泛运用业务循环法对内部控制了解和评价。业务循环审计把会计报表所有的交易和帐户余额划分为几个业务循环，对制造业企业而言，一般划分为销售与收款循环、购货与付款循环、生产循环、酬资与投资循环等。所谓穿行测试（Walk Through Test）也叫全程测试、了解性测试、摇篮——坟墓测试（Cradle to Grave Tests）,是指在对企业、单位内部控制进行研究、复核时,在每一类交易循环中选择一笔或若干笔具有典型代表性业务进行测试，以验证审计工作底稿中描述的内部控制相关信息的客观性和准确性的审计方法。例如，审查采购付款循环内部控制时，可以选取具有代表性的原材料采购业务以及其他采购付款业务，从请购开始，按照业务的进程，逐步追查至订购货物、材料验收、入库、核准付款、实际支付以及凭证的编制、帐簿的登记等，跨越会计系统，对整个业务过程进行详细审查，通过测试，对业务处理流程就有了较为全面的认识。如果发现内部控制的设计和效能与审计工作底稿描述不一致，则应按测试结果对审计工作底稿的记录予以修正。 穿行测试在复核内部控制记录工作底稿时并不是万能的，它具有一定的前提条件。为了保证穿行测试的成本效率性，在下列情况下均要执行该测试：（1）已知某种新制度已开始发挥效力，或者对某单位实施首次检查时；（2）在履行重复性审计聘约时，若已知现有制度中某一重要部分被变更，则审计人员可决定对变更部分进行穿行测试；（3）审计人员认为某种内部控制制度已经发生变化，或者是其他原因，审计人员期望证实所掌握的现有制度情况。 而以下三种情况，穿行测试的成本效率性往往不理想，或者没有必要实施穿行测试：（1）在履行重复性审核时，已知内部控制未发生重大变化时；（2）或对现有内部控制制度可能发生变更的部分进行首次检查或重复性检查时，审计工作并不准备依赖内部控制制度；（3）或认为个别交易类型不重要。 二、对穿行测试的评价 （一）穿行测试是一种“富有成效且效率较高”的测试程序。 之所以说穿行测试“富有成效”，是由于审计人员有机会测定一类交易或事项的一笔或若干笔代表性交易是如何开始，如何进行，又如何结束，审计人员可以观察到各个相关环节的控制是否达到标准要求，并可以发现那些低效率或控制较弱的环节；在观察与测试的过程中审计人员要充分运用专业判断能力。 之所以说穿行测试“效率较高”是因为审计人员在审计过程中，只需抽取少量样本，从

决策表测试

学生实验报告 学院： 课程名称：软件测试与质量保证 专业班级：软件09级2班 学号：0093628 姓名：郑思敏 学生实验报告(三)

一、实验综述 1、实验目的及要求 实验目的： 掌握决策表测试方法中的原理及使用。 实验要求： （1）完成各个程序的编写 （2）按要求设计测试用例，并运行测试用例检查程序的正确与否 实验内容： 对三角形问题、日期操作函数、计算佣金问题（三选二）进行决策表测试方法的测试用例设计及测试结果记录与分析。 2、实验仪器、设备或软件 1. 个人计算机PC； 2. VisualC++/.NET编程环境。 二、实验过程（实验步骤、记录、数据、分析） 1.下一日决策表测试 决策表 M1={月份：每月有30天} M2={月份：每月有31天，12月除外} M3={月份：此月是12月} M4={月份：此月是2月} D1={日期:1≤日期≤27} D2={日期：日期=28} D3={日期：日期=29} D4={日期：日期=30} D5={日期：日期=31} Y1={年：年是闰年} Y2={年：年不是闰年}

三：测试用例

2.三角形问题 决策表测试 C1:构成三角型？ F T T T T T T T T T T T T T T C2:两边平方等于 - T T T T T T F F F F F F F F 第三边？ T F F T T T F T F F F C3:a=b? - T T - T F T F T T F T F T F F C4:a=c? - T - T T F F T T F T T F F T F C5:b=c? - - a1:不是三角形X A2：普通三角形X A3:直角三角形 A4：等腰直角三角 X X X 形 A5:等腰三角形X X X A6：等边三角形X A7：不可能X X X X X X 测试用例