现在分词作状语详解

教学目标：讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同

重点难点：

1.现在分词和不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。

2.分词作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系，以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。

3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定分词的时态形式

4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式.

5. 连词+分词形式（分词作状语的省略问题）

6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。

7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语

Step 1 lead in

朗读下面一首唐诗，找出其中的现在分词形式

Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思

Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光

So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜

Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月

Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡

Step2 现在分词作状语的意义

动词的现在分词作状语，修饰动词，相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等，作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。

一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示：

1．现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。

2．现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时。如：

When she saw those pictures，she remembered her childhood.

=Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。

As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.

=（0n）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.

他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。

二．-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since)

如：As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday

=Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。三．-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once)

If you work hard, you will succeed.

=Working hard, you will succeed.

如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。

If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.

=Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.

如果你向左转，你就会找到到学校取得路。

四．表示让步，相当于让步状语从句（引导词有although,though,even if ,even though）

Although they knew all this，they made me pay for the damage.

= Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。

五．现在分词可以做方式状语、伴随状语，表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，是主语的另一个、较次要的动作，相当于一个由and引导的并列结构。

She came into the house,and carried a lot of books.

=She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧着许多书走进了房间。He lay on the grass, and stared at the sky for a long time.

=He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。

温馨提示：伴随状语出现的条件是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。

六．现在分词表示主句的动作所带来的必然结果，相当于一个并列谓语

His father died, and left him a lot of money.

=His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, and broke it into pieces.

=She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.

她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，摔成了碎片。

Step 2考点解读

分词作状语应注意的问题

A. 分词作状语的首要条件是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语。

动词的分词形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走进教室，我发现里面没人。（entering的逻辑主语是I，相当于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.）

如分词表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。

课堂巩固练习：判断下列句子正误

1. 从窗户看出去，我们看见一个漂亮的花园。

a. Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.

b. Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.

2. 我看着晚报的时候，一只狗开始叫起来。

a. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking.

b. I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.

3. 听到这个消息，我的眼泪忍不住流下来。

a. Hearing the news, tears ran down her face.

b. Hearing the news, she cried out sadly.

4.等公汽的时候，一块砖头砸在我的头上。

a. waiting for the bus , a brick fell on my head.

b.waiting for the bus ,I was hit by a brick on the head.

5.打开窗户，一只蝴蝶飞进来了。

a. Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my room.

b. Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my room.

6.如果你努力学习，你的梦想一定会实现。

a.Working hard with a strong will, your dream will certainly come true

b.Working hard with a strong will, you'll certainly make your dream come true B. 独立结构

分词的逻辑主语如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常有名词或代词来担任,成为独立主格结构，独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等。

但要注意主格词和主句的主语不能表示同一概念，主格词和分词的动作是主谓关系结构是：

形式：主格词+doing

主格词+being +adj

there being +n,

辨别正误

因为天气好，我们下周将举行运动会。

a. Being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.

b. It being fine, we will have the sports meeting next week.

练习：把下面句子改成独立主格形式

1.If the weather permits, we’ll go out on an outing.

=Weather permitting, we’ll go out on an outing.

天气许可的话，我们就去郊游。

2. Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.

=It being Sunday, we needn't go to school.

因为是星期天，我们不需要上学。

3.Since there was no buses,we had to walk home .

=There being no bus ,we had to walk home .

因为没有车，我们不得不走回家。

4.As the boy led the way, we had no trouble finding the village.

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the village.

因为有这个男孩带路，我们毫不费力地找到了这个村子。

小结：当主从句主语不一致时，分词和逻辑主语构成.独立主格.

例如：Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天气允许的话，足球赛将在周五举行。（permitting的逻辑主语是time，而不是the football match）

The professor being absent ,the lecture had to be put off.

教授缺席了，演讲不得不推迟。

The meeting being over, they all left the meeting room.

会议结束了，他们都离开了会议室。

课堂巩固练习

1. _________,I will go over all these lessons before the exam.

A. If time will permit

B. Time permits

C. Time permitted

D. Time permitting

2. I carefully poured the liquid into the water , my classmates _______anxiously beside me to see what would happen.

A. stood

B. standing

C. to stood

D. were standing

注意：有一种习惯表达作评价性状语，表示说话人的态度，观点和看法等，就不必考虑与主句的主语之间的逻辑关系，因为说话者就是分词的逻辑主语，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致

必背：

分词或分词短语作独立成份（作状语或插入语）

Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，judging by/from…从……来看，依据……来判断，seeing that 考虑到，allowing for 鉴于，顾及到，talking/speaking of谈及……，T aking …into consideration 把…考虑在内

其中的considering …鉴于/考虑到……，following继…之后，concerning关于，regarding关于，respecting关于，owing to …由于……就是介词）

例如：

Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls. 一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣。

Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大。

Supposing it rains ，what will you do 假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？

T alking of cleaning, it’s about time you cleaned the classroom.

谈到打扫卫生，该你打扫教室了。

C．非谓语作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系。

和句子主语构成主动关系时，用现在分词作状语，和句子主语构成被动关系时，用过去分词作状语

对比练习：

a.________from the top of the building, we saw the house like a match box.

b.________from the top of the building, the house looks like a match box. A. Seen B. Seeing C. T o see D.See

辨别正误：

1.因为漆成了白色，房子看起来更美了。

a. Painting white , the house looks more beautiful.

b. Painted white ,the house looks more beautiful.

2. 受到他的话的鼓励，我开始认真学习。

a.Encouraging by her words, I got down to studying hard.

b. Encouraged by her words, I got down to studying hard

课堂练习

1.The secretary worked all night long, ____ a long speech for the president.

A. to prepare

B. preparing

C. prepared

D. was preparing

2.____ to hospital in time, the wounded soldiers were saved at last.

A. T aken

B. T aking

C. Having taken

D. Being taken

比较下列句子

3. 1）._________one of the leading poets in America today,he has also written

a number of books and plays.

2）._______________the price ,the car is worth buying .

3）.All things ________,the plan trip will have to be called off.

A. be considered

B. considered

C. considering

D. having considered

4..1）the first place in the maths examination, liufang got another first in the English contest.

2）.The professor entered the lecture hall , by many students. 3）.Many students entered the lecture hall ,___________the professor.

A. following

B. followed

C. to follow

D. being followed

D. 分词或分词短语作状语时，前面可以加上连词，但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but，and,so ,or)，因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，分词和主句之间可用逗号。

辨别正误：1.尽管被告知了很多次，但是他仍然不能理解。

a.Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

b.He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

c. Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

d. Though he had been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

e. Though he had been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

2.因为生病了，所以他被立刻送到医院去。

a.Being ill ,so he had to be sent to the hospital at once.

b.He was ill ,so he had to be sent to the hospital at once.

c. Being ill ,he he had to be sent to the hospital at once.

E．.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别

不定式作结果状语表示意料之外的结果，常和only 连用

现在分词作结果状语表示主句的动作所带来的必然结果，常何thus 连用

温馨提示：

要掌握好现在分词短语作结果状语的用法，须注意以下几点：

a. 句子的主谓部分与分词之间含有逻辑上的因果关系，

b. 这种作结果状语的

现在分词短语的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语，也可以前边的整个句子.

例如;

The bus was hold up by the snow, thus causing the delay.

公汽被大雪阻住了，结果引起延误。

His car was caught in the traffic jam ,causing him to be late.

他的车陷入了交通堵塞，结果引起他迟到了。

He dropped a plate on the ground, breaking it into pieces.

他把盘子掉在地上，结果摔碎了。

At the age of three his parents died, leaving him an orphan.

三岁的时候他父母去世了，留下他一个孤儿。

He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold.

他撞上了雨，结果使他感冒了。

.He didn' t come today, making it necessary for us to find someone to do his work.

他今天没来，因而我们必须找人干他的工作。

对比：不定式作结果状语

He made a long speech, only to show his ignorance。

他发表了长篇大论，结果显示出他的无知。

He lifted up a stone only to drop it on his own feet.

他搬起石头砸自己的脚。

He went to the seaside only to be drowned。他到海边去结果淹死了。Yesterday a street -beggar bought a lottery ticket , to make him a millionaire overnight .

昨天一个街头乞丐无意买了一张彩票结果使他一夜间成了一个百万富翁。

巩固练习

1)The storm left , a lot of damage to this area .(2005年全国Ⅰ卷) A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused

2)European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)

A. making

B. makes

C. make

D. to make

Step3 分词的形式

A.分词的一般式和完成式

温馨提示：1：现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时,两个动作几乎同时发生时，用现在分词的一般式。

2.分词的的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，用现在分词的完成时作状语。把下列状语从句改成分词形式：

1.因为他晚饭吃得太多，他睡不着。

As he had eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep.

=Having eaten too much for supper, he couldn’t go to sleep.

2. 他把窗户关上后就回家了。

After he closed the windows, he went home.。

=Having closed the windows, he went home。

3.因为听到了奇怪的声音，他走出房间看看。

After he heard a strong sound, he went out of the room for a look.

=Hearing a strange sound, he went out of

3.Because he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didn’t go last

week.

=Having been to the Great Wal l many times, he didn’t go last week.因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。

例如：

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们说说笑笑地向公园走去。Hearing the news ,he couldn’t help laughing .听到这个消息，他禁不住笑了。Having finished his homework, he went to bed. 做完了作业，他就去睡觉了。

Having waited for half an hour,I became a little impatient.

等了半小时，我有点不耐烦了。

Having turned off the TV, he began to go over his lessons.

把电视关掉后，他开始复习功课。

Having put up the tent,they started to cook supper.

搭好帐篷后，他们开始做晚饭。

小结：是否用分词的完成式要看动词是否存在明显的先后关系。

二．现在分词的被动式

被动一般式being done 一般做后置定语，表示正在被做的动作

被动完成式having been done

把下列句子改成分词形式

1.这本书在被翻译成多种语言后在全世界有名了。

This book become well known all over the world after it had been translated into many different languages.

=Having been translated into many different languages, this book become well known all over the world .

2. This is one of the new supermarkets in our city,which is being built at present.

=This is one of the new supermarkets being built at present. in our city.

这是我们城市正在建的超市之一。

3.Though he had been defeated many times , he didn’t lose heart.

=Having been defeated many times , he didn’t lose heart.

尽管被打败多次，但是他没有气馁。

例如：

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.

被告诉了很多遍，他能够操作机器了。