美国文学复习重点
一、The Adventures of the Huckleberry Finn ，Mark Twain
选段：Once I said to myself it would be a thousand times better for Jim to be a slave at home where his family was, as long as he'd GOT to be a slave, and so I'd better write a letter to Tom Sawyer and tell him to tell Miss Watson where he was. But I soon give up that notion for two things: she'd be mad and disgusted at his rascality and ungratefulness for leaving her, and so she'd sell him straight down the river again; and if she didn't, everybody naturally despises an ungrateful nigger, and they'd make Jim feel it all the time, and so he'd feel ornery and disgraced. And then think of ME! It would get all around that Huck Finn helped a nigger to get his freedom; and if I was ever to see anybody from that town again I'd be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame. (an excerpt from chapter 31)
1、Introduction：(1). It is a Sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer but much deeper and more mature in them and technique. It has always been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization. Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”
(2). The book tells a story about the U.S. before the Civil War, and takes place along the Mississippi River. It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.
(3). It is a veritable recreation of living models. Most of the major characters had prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact of the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization. Though a local and particular book, it touches upon the human condition in general indeed universal way: Humanism ultimately triumphs.
(4). Another notable feature of the novel is its language. The book is written in the colloquial style, in the general standard speech of uneducated American. Mark Twain made colloquial speech an accepted respectable literary medium in the American literature.
2、The characters analysis and social meaning of The Adventures of the Huckleberry Finn:Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.vulgar in language and in manner,honest and decent in essence.Huck is the son of nature ,a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism and an innocent and reluctant rebel.His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell.And when the “King”sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master.After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim.And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Through the eye of Huck, the pre-Civil War American society is fully exposed.
3、Themes of The novel：Freedom，Friendship，Maturation and Development，Hypocrisy of “civilized”society vs. the innocence of Nature，Love，Racism and slavery,humanism,serious social problems and social satire.
4、Features of the language:short, concrete and direct in effect,simple or compound sentence structure,repetition of words,ungrammatical elements.
二、The Great Gatsby ，F. Scott Fitzgerald：选段：THERE was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among
the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam. On week ends his Rolls Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing brushes and hammers and garden shears, repairing the ravages of the night before.
1、Introduction：The setting is New York City and Long Island during the 1920s. Nick Carraway, the narrator, is a young Princeton man, who works as a bond broker in Manhattan. He becomes involved in the life of his neighbor at Long Island , Jay Gatsby, shady and mysterious financier, who is entertaining hundreds of guests at lavish parties. Gatsby reveals to Nick, that he and Nick's cousin Daisy Fay Buchanan, had a brief affair before the war. However, Daisy married Tom Buchanan, a rich but boring man of social position. Gatsby lost Daisy because he had no money, but he is still in love with her. He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again. Gatsby tries to convince Daisy to leave Tom, who, in turn, reveals that Gatsby has made his money from bootlegging（贩私酒）. Daisy, driving Gatsby's car, hits and kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson, unaware of her identity. Gatsby remains silent to protect Daisy. Tom tells Myrtle's husband it was Gatsby who killed his wife. Wilson murders Gatsby and then commits suicide. Nick is left to arrange Gatsby's funeral, attended only Gatsby's father and one former guest.
2、Major Characters：Nick Carraway - The narrator of the novel; moves from the Midwest to New York to learn the bond business. Jay Gatsby - Lives next to Nick in a mansion（豪宅）; throws huge parties, complete with catered food, open bars, and orchestras; people come from everywhere to attend these parties, but no one seems to know much about the host. Daisy Buchanan –Shallow（肤浅的）girl who is the emodiment（体现）of Gatsby's dreams; she was going to marry Gatsby but he went off to war. Tom Buchanan- Husband of Daisy; a cruel man who lives life irresponsibly. Jordan Baker - A cynical and conceited woman who cheats in golf; wants Nick to go out with her. Myrtle Wilson - Tom has an affair with this married woman, and then abandons her after he become bored with her. George Wilson- Myrtle Wilson ‘s husband, who killed Gatsby and committed suicide after his wife’s death.
3、Themes :The decline of the American Dream,The hollowness of the upper class ,Culture clash .
4、Why Gatsby is great ?(reference)His perseverance in the pursuit of his dream
Gatsby is a determined man who tries his best to fulfill his dream. Even in the adverse circumstance, he never gives in . Although his dream is corrupted by adopting materialist means, his dream for beauty and love is invaluable among the empty-minded people in the waste land. In this sense he is great.
5、Characterization：Gatsby has an indefinable grace and charm.
He cherishes a romantic ideal that there is clean and honest love within the upper-class society and he views wealth only as something external.
Though he is vulgar and ostentatious, his dedication to his purpose, a profound virtue precious especially in the frenzied haze of the Jazz Age, differentiates him from other self-made men.
His tragedy lies in his illusions which render him vulnerable to delusion and the disdain of others, and which make him willingly sacrifice himself for a wrong dream.
6、Comments:(1). Fitzgerald is representative of the 1920s. (2). a spokesman for the Jazz Age, one
of the “lost generation”writers. (3). He was an able writer who recorded the changing manners, morals, and social environment of his time, but mostly about himself and his own problems. (4). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, that that they could wipe out the past and rebuild the world into something much better, free from the ideas of the older generation. ( 5). One of his distinguishing features is that he lived among his characters yet was able to retain a sufficient degree of detachment to be an observer of the drama in which he acted such a vigorous role. (6). He dealt most with the double theme of love and money.(7). The fascination for wealth is one of the most important characteristics of his writing.
7、The American Dream and The Great Gatsby：（1）Whilst The Great Gatsby explores a number of themes, none is more prevalent than that of the corruption of the American dream. Gatsby appears to be the embodiment of this dream-he has risen from being a poor farm boy with no prospects, to being rich, having a big house, servants, and a large social circle attending his numerous functions . He has achieved all this in only a few short years, having returned from the war penniless. However, Gatsby is never truly one of the elite- his dream is just a fa?ade (表面）（2）However, Fitzgerald explores much more than the failure of the American dream- he is more deeply concerned with its total corruption. Gatsby has not achieved his wealth through honest hard work, but through bootlegging and crime. His money is not simply “new ”money- it is dirty money, earned through dishonesty and crime. His wealthy lifestyle is little more than a fa?ade, as is the whole person Jay Gatsby. （3）The society in which the novel takes place is one of moral decadence. Whether their money is inherited or earned , its inhabitant are morally decadent, living life in quest of cheap thrills and with no seeming moral purpose of their lives. Any person who attempts to move up through the social classes becomes corrupt in the process.
三、The Sound and The Fury,William Faulkner
1、Introduction：It is a story of deterioration from the past to the present .The past is idealized to form a striking contrast with the loveless present.There is in the book an acute feeling of nostalgia toward the happy past.Quentin`suicide offers an example of a complete negation of the present In a sense,Quentin`s value system may represent Faulkner`s own idea of an ideal way of life,that of an antebellum society .Benjy`section dramatizes the theme of loss from the very beginning of the story .The triumph of rationalism over feeling and compassion is best illustrated in the sterile and loveless individual Jason.
2、Character List：
Jason Compson III - The head of the Compson household until his death from alcoholism in 1912. Mr. Compson is the father of Quentin, Caddy, Jason IV, and Benjy, and the husband of Caroline.
Caroline Compson - The self-pitying and self-absorbed wife of Mr. Compson and mother of the four Compson children. Caroline’s hypochondria（忧郁症）preoccupies her and contributes to her inability to care properly for her children.
Quentin Compson - The oldest of the Compson children and the narrator of the novel's second chapter. A sensitive and intelligent boy, Quentin is preoccupied with his love for his sister Caddy and his notion of the Compson family's honor. He commits suicide by drowning himself just before the end of his first year at Harvard.
Caddy Compson - The second oldest of the Compson children and the only daughter. Actually named Candace, Caddy is very close to her brother Quentin. She becomes promiscuous, gets pregnant out of wedlock, and eventually marries and divorces Herbert Head in 1910.
Jason Compson IV - The second youngest of the Compson children and the narrator of the novel's third chapter. Jason is mean-spirited, petty, and very cynical.
Benjy Compson - The youngest of the Compson children and narrator of the novel's first chapter. Born Maury Compson, his name is changed to Benjamin in 1900, when he is discovered to be severely mentally retarded.
3、Narrative: stream of consciousness
The first three chapters of the novel consist of the convoluted(复杂的）thoughts, voices, and memories of the three Compson brothers, captured on three different days.
--- Benjy, a severely retarded thirty-three-year-old man, speaking in April, 1928;
--- Quentin, a young Harvard student, speaking in June, 1910;
--- Jason, a bitter farm-supply store worker, speaking again in April, 1928.
--- Faulkner tells the fourth chapter in his own narrative voice, but focuses on Dilsey, the Compson family's devoted “Negro”cook who has played a great part in raising the children.
4、Brief analysis
（1）It is a story of deterioration.
（2）the novel depicts a “tragedy,”the decline of the Compson family.
（3）much of the novel is told in a stream-of- consciousness style, in which a character’s unadorned thoughts are conveyed in a manner roughly equivalent to the way our minds actually work. Brief analysis
（4）Themes that critics continuously note in the novel are order, honor, sin, history and race （5）nearly all critics consider it a technical masterpiece for the way Faulkner incorporates four distinct narrative modes in telling the story of a little girl with muddy drawers.
5、Themes of The Sound and the Fury
The decline of a family
The South vs. the North
The past vs. the present
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美国文学重点的名词解释
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 美国犹太作家)【圣才出品】
第13章美国犹太作家 Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks. Saul Bellow’s first novel was_____written in1944. 【答案】Dangling man 【解析】索尔·贝娄的第一部长篇小说《晃来晃去的人》（Dangling man）1944年问世。 Ⅱ.Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a southern writer in the USA? A.Saul Bellow B.Tennessee Williams C.Eudora Welty D.Flannery O’Connor 【答案】A 【解析】索尔·贝娄是著名的犹太作家，他出生于加拿大，在芝加哥长大，因而不是南方作家。 2.Which of the following is NOT a Jewish Nobel Prize writer? A.Saul Bellow B.Joseph Brodsky C.Isaac Bashevis Singer D.Ralph Waldo Ellison
【答案】D 【解析】索尔·贝娄、艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格和约瑟夫·布罗茨基均为著名的美国犹太作家，曾获得诺贝尔文学奖。拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森为非裔美国作家，其代表作为《看不到的人》。 Ⅲ.Explain the following term. Modernism Key:It’s a general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early20th century,including Symbolism, Futurism,Expressionism,Imagism,Vorticism,Dada,and Surrealism.Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of19th century traditions:the conventions of realism,for instance,were abandoned by Franz Kafka and other novelists,and by expressionist drama,while several poets rejected traditional meters in favor of free verse.Modernist writers tended to see themselves as an avant-garde disengaged from bourgeois values,and disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles.In fiction,the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad,and William Faulkner,while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles.In poetry, Ezra Pound and T.S.Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with collages of fragmentary images and complex allusions.Modernist writing is predominantly cosmopolitan,and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation,along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories.Its favored
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
常耀信美国文学知识点
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
美国文学重点名词解释
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 1. 2. 6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. .Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At th century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well
美国文学史考点整理
美国文学研究 一、作者及其主要作品 梭罗《瓦尔登，或林中生活》 霍桑《红字》短篇小说如《教长的黑面纱》《小伙子布朗》等 麦尔维尔《白鲸》 爱伦·坡《怪诞故事集》 惠特曼《草叶集》 亨利·詹姆斯《一位女士的画像》 马克·吐温《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《神秘的陌生人》 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》 杰克·伦敦《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》 T·S·艾略特《荒原》（诗歌） 菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》 海明威《太阳照常升起》 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》 尤今·奥尼尔《毛猿》《琼斯皇》《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》（戏剧）斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》 索尔·贝娄《洪堡的礼物》、《挂起来的人》 诺曼·梅勒《裸者与死者》 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》 厄普代克《兔子，跑吧》（“兔子四部曲”） 海勒《第二十二条军规》 纳博科夫《洛丽塔》 凯鲁亚克《在路上》 威廉斯《玻璃动物园》（戏剧） 米勒《推销员之死》（戏剧） 拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》 托尼·莫里森《所罗门之歌》 爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》 谭恩美《喜福会》 独立战争前后的文学 富兰克林《自传》《穷查理历书》《致富之路》 托马斯·潘恩《常识》《人的权利》《理性的时代》 托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》 克里夫古尔《一个美国农夫的信》
弗瑞诺《野忍冬花》《印第安人墓地》《纪念英勇的美国人》 查尔斯·布罗克丹·布朗《韦兰德》 二、简答题+论述题 1.美国文学的诞生及一般特色 1)历史背景：1775-81年的北美独立战争；1783年美利坚合众国的成 立；1861-65年的南北战争。独立战争以后，特别是进入19世纪之 后，独立的美国文学开始诞生。 2)美国文学的一般特色： A.早期人少地多，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的空间和可能性， 因此美国文学富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念 较为强烈； B.这是一个由各国移民组成的国家，所以文学的内容、思想倾向和 艺术风格都呈现出多样性、庞杂性； C.许多作家直接来自社会下层，使得文学的生活气息浓郁，平民色 彩鲜明，具有开朗、豪放的特点； D.由于美国作家的敏感、好奇，使得美国文学浪潮迭起，日新月异， 瞬息万变。 3)它是一种个人主义和冒险精神的文学，一种扩张和探索的文学，一 种种族冲突和帝国征服的文学，一种大规模移民和种族关系紧张的 文学，一种资产阶级家庭生活和个人自由与社会限制不断斗争的文 学······最后，这是一种始终由于有关身份的双重焦点而著称的文 学：一方面它把这个国家奉为未来的土地，“明天之国”，试图制造 一种关于“美国”的救世神话；另一方面它又进行自我折磨，对于 身为“美国人”意味着什么怀着一种极其痛苦的焦虑。 ——《剑桥美国文学史》2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学 1)浪漫主义产生的背景： A.独立战争的胜利、美国的独立发展 B.欧洲浪漫主义运动的盛行 C.美国大陆新的自然和社会风貌 2)前后两代浪漫主义： 前期：以纽约为根据地的作家，如欧文、库柏 后期：以波士顿为中心的新英格兰文化圈 3.早期浪漫主义文学（30年代以前）
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美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
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