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【pdf完整版】薄冰大学英语语法

【pdf完整版】薄冰大学英语语法
【pdf完整版】薄冰大学英语语法

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第一章名词

名词的数

1.名词复数的规则变化形式

有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数只加-s,读作/s/。如:

gulf-gulfs海湾

chief-chiefs首领

proof-proofs证据

roof-roofs屋顶

有些以-y结尾的专有名词的复数直接加-s。如:

Henry-Henrys亨利Mary-Marys玛丽

有些以辅音字母+o结尾的名词的复数直接加-s。如:

piano-pianos钢琴

memo-memos备忘录photo-photos照片

solo-solos独唱

有些以字母-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式,可以加-s,也可以加-es。如:motto-mottos/mottoes箴言

halo-halos/haloes光环cargo-cargos/cargoes货物

grotto-grottos/grottoes洞穴

以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的名词只加-s。如:

banboo-bamboos竹子

kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠video-videos电视

radio-radios收音机

只有一个/s/音结尾的名词,复数形式读/ziz/。如:house房子

2.名词复数的不规则变化形式

沿用古英语复数形式的名词。如:

tooth-teeth牙齿

foot-feet脚

英尺goose-geese鹅

ox-oxen牛mouse-mice老鼠

woman-women妇女

child-children孩子

louse-lice虱子

外来词的复数形式来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语等的名词。如:

希腊语analysis-analyses分析

crisis-crises危机phenomenon-phenomena现象

thesis-theses论文

拉丁语datum-data数据

medium-media媒介formula-formulae公式

radius-radii半径

法语bureau-bureaux/bureaus局;司;处

madam-mesdames/madams夫人;女士

3.复合名词的复数形式

将主要成分变为复数形式。如:

looker-on—lookers-on旁观者

passer-by—passers-by过路人runner-up—runners-up亚军

editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief总编辑

将最末一个构成部分变为复数形式。如:

breakfast—breakfasts早餐

afternoon—afternoons下午gentleman—gentlemen绅士

go-between—go-betweens中间人

将两个组成部分均变为复数(这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man或woman)。如:man doctor—men doctors男医生woman singer—women singers女歌手

4.单复数同形的名词

cattle牛

deer鹿

Chinese中国人

fish鱼

species种类

aircraft飞机buffalo水牛

giraffe长颈鹿

Japanese日本人

shark鲨鱼

series系列

barracks营房bison野牛

reindeer驯鹿

Swiss瑞士人

sheep羊

means方式

headquarters司令部

要注意:单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于主语数的意义。

5.只有复数形式的名词

有些名词为自然复数名词,即只有复数形式的名词(往往指一些成双成对的、数量较多的或以-ing结尾的词)。如:

trousers裤子

glasses眼镜

scales天平

arms武器

thanks感谢

sweepings清扫物compasses圆规

pants裤子

scissors剪刀

assets资产

amends赔偿

clippings剪下的东西spectacles眼镜

tweezers镊子

jeans牛仔裤

guts胆量

suds肥皂沫

findings调查结果

6.不可数名词的数

不可数名词通常没有复数形式,但可以借助单位词表示一定的数量。如:

a piece of paper一张纸

a cup of coffee一杯咖啡

a glass of water一杯水

a loaf of bread一块面包

a lock of hair一绺头发

a bar of soap一条肥皂

a ray of hope一线希望

a ripple of laughter一阵笑声a piece of thread一根线

a can of orange juice一罐橘汁a slice of bacon一片腊肉

a portion of soup一份汤

a grain of rice一粒米

a stick of chalk一根粉笔

a shower of criticism一阵批评a burst of applause一阵掌声

7.集体名词的数

单数类集体名词,如:

humanity人类

clothing衣服

glassware玻璃器具machinery机械mankind人类equipment设备jewelry珠宝

poetry诗baggage行李furniture家具luggage行李

pottery陶器

复数类集体名词,如:

faculty全体人员folk人

poultry家禽people人民cattle牛police警察

单复数同形类集体名词(形式为单数,但可以表示单数和复数两种意义),如:

government政府

jury陪审团

band乐队

class班级generation一代crew机组人员board董事会

committee委员会audience观众army军队

cabinet内阁

company公司

名词的格

1.'s

属格

's属格常用于构成表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格,但也可以构成某些表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格。

表时间a week's time一周的时间

表距离ten miles'distance十英里的距离

表度量衡及价值five dollars'worth of meat价值五美元的肉

表国家、城市等实体China's future中国的未来

表群体the committee's decision委员会的决定

表自然现象the earth's gravity地球的引力

表拟人a wolf in sheep's clothing披着羊皮的狼

某些固定说法at death's door濒于死亡;in one's mind's eye据想象

2.of属格

(1)当表示有生命的东西的名词本身带有短语或从句作定语时,则不用's属格,要用of属格。如:

What is the name of the girl sitting near the door?

坐在门附近的那个女孩叫什么名字?(名词girl后有现在分词短语作定语)

We have the support of the people of the whole world.

我们得到了全世界人民的支持。(名词people后有of短语作定语)

The advise of the old man I met during a journey is very important for me.

在一次旅游中遇到的一位老人的建议对我很重要。(名词man后有定语从句)

(2)of属格适用于某些名词化的表示人的形容词。如:

the livelihood of the poor穷人的生计

the struggle of the oppressed被压迫人民的斗争

3.双重属格

双重属格与's属格及of属格都有所区别,如下例a friend of my mother's的含义是表示我母亲还有其他朋友,而用's属格表示出的my mother's friend指强调母亲和这个朋友的关系,不涉及其他人。再如a picture of Jim's是指吉姆所拥有的照片中的一张,而a picture of Jim是指一张吉姆的照片,意指照片上的人是吉姆。

名词的性

1.一些性别名词举例

英语名词的性往往自身就可以表明,在单词形式上没有性的特征和变化。如:

(1)表示人的性别名词:

(2)表示动物的性别名词:

2.一些补充说明

(1)英语中有很多名词分不出阴阳性,如果需要表明所指人或东西的性别,则往往在这类名词前加man/male或he-来表示阳性/男性,加woman/female或she-来表示阴性/女性。如:man teacher男教师woman writer女作家male elephant公象

female monkey母猴woman doctor女医生woman scientist女科学家

man servant男仆人female cook女厨师female student女学生

male nurse男护士he-goat公羊she-wolf母狼

(2)有些中性名词习惯上被认为属于阳性或阴性。

通常被视为阳性的中性名词有:sun(太阳),ocean(海洋),winter(冬天)等。

通常被视为阴性的中性名词有:country(国家),nation(民族),ship(船),car(小汽车),earth(地球night(夜晚),moon(月亮)等。

随着英语语言的变化和发展,这种习惯性的认识也渐渐发生了变化。如当说到country时,已逐渐使用it来指代,而很少用she或her了。

(3)man的通性用法除了表示“男人”外,还可以表示“人、人类”的意思。如:

Any man can do that.谁都能做那件事。

Man must stop polluting the environment.人类应该停止破坏环境。

第二章

冠词

定冠词

1.定冠词特指某个(某些)人或某个(某些)事物

Many people came here to visit the old castle.

很多人来这里参观这座古城堡。

The man in black is a magician.

穿黑色衣服的那个人是个魔术师。

2.定冠词用于第二次提到或复述上文提过的人或事物

He was given a pen and a form.He is going to use the pen to fill out the form.他拿到一支笔和一张表。他要用这支笔填这张表。

They went into a small pub.The pub was crowded with people.

他们进了一家小餐馆,那个餐馆里挤满了人。

3.定冠词用于交际环境中各方彼此熟悉的人或事物

The car is badly damaged.

这辆车损坏严重。(交际各方都知道是哪辆车)

Please close the door.

请关上门。(交际各方都知道是哪个门)

4.定冠词用于可数名词前表示某一类人或事物

The wheel is said to be the first invention of man.

据说,轮子是人类的第一项发明。

The horse is a useful animal.

马是一种有用的动物。

5.定冠词用于某些名词或形容词前,表示一类人、一个民族、阶级或阶层

the Chinese中国人

the poor穷人

the nobility贵族

the boutgeoisie资产阶级the old老年人

the college students大学生the dead死者

the unemployed失业者

the deaf聋人

the intellectuals知识分子the rich富人

the railway worlers铁路工人

6.定冠词表示世界上独一无二的事物

the sun太阳the moon月亮the earth地球the North Pole北极

the universe宇宙

the globe全球,全世界

the world世界the atmosphere大气层

7.定冠词用于某些专有名词前

江河、海洋、海峡、海湾、山脉、群岛、沙漠等名词前

the Changjiang River长江the Thames泰晤士河

the Nile尼罗河

the Suez Canal苏伊士运河the Pacific太平洋

the Hudson River哈得逊河the India Ocean印度洋

the Red Sea红海

the Dead Sea死海

the Baltic波罗的海

the Mediterranean Sea地中海the English Channel英吉利海峡the Taiwan straits台湾海峡

the Bay of Biscay比斯开湾

the Persian Gulf波斯湾

the Straits of Dover多佛湾

the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥湾the Alps阿尔卑斯山

the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉the Philippines菲律宾群岛

the Gobi Desert戈壁沙漠

the Sahara Desert撒哈拉大沙漠

以普通名词构成的国家或机构名称前

the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United Kingdom联合王国

the Sudan苏丹

the United states美国

the Hague海牙

the yemen也门

the State council国务院

the Communist Party of China中国共产党the National People's Congress全国人民代表大会

the Ministry of Education教育部the State Department美国国务院

the Senate参议院(美国)

the House of Representatives众议院(美国)the House of Lords上议院(英国)

the House of Commons下议院

the Democratic Party民主党

the Republican Party共和党

the Conservative Party保守党

the Labour Party工党

the Associated Press美联社

the University of London伦敦大学

公共建筑名称前

the Beijing Station北京火车站

the Great Hall of the people人民大会堂the National Gallery国家美术馆

the History Museum历史博物馆

the Great Wall长城the Military Museum军事博物馆

the Workers’Gymnasium工人体育馆the Capital Theatre首都剧场

the British Museum不列颠博物馆

the Louvre罗浮宫

报刊、杂志、书籍、会议、条约前

The People's Daily人民日报

The Daily Mail每日电讯报

The New York Times纽约时报The Times泰晤士报

The Washionton Post华盛顿邮报The Economist经济学家(杂志)The Atlantic大西洋杂志

The Odyssey《奥德赛》

The Paradise Lost《失乐园》

The16th Party Congress党的十六大The Atlantic Pact大西洋公约

The Geneva Agreement日内瓦协议

姓氏的复数形式前

the Browns布朗一家

the Smiths史密斯一家

the Wangs王家

在海岛、山峰以及湖泊等地理名词前不加定冠词。如:

Christmas Island圣诞岛Mount Jolmo Lungma珠穆朗玛峰Lake Baikal贝加尔湖但是与“of”连用时这类名词要加定冠词。如:

the Lake of Geneva日内瓦湖the Island of Taiwan台湾岛

8.定冠词用于形容词最高级前

This is the most interesting book I have ever read.

这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。

He was the poorest man here years ago,but now he is a rich man.

几年前他是这儿最穷的人,但现在他成了富人。

9.定冠词用于序数词前

The first thing to be done now is to have a square meal.

现在要做的第一件事就是大吃一顿。

She is in the third group.她在第三组。

10.定冠词用于表示标准或单位的名词前

sell by the pound论磅出售rent a house by the month按月租房

buy coal by the ton论吨买煤sell eggs by the dozen论打出售鸡蛋

11.定冠词用在play后与乐器连用

play the piano弹钢琴play the violin拉小提琴play the flute吹笛子

12.定冠词用于某些习语中

tell the truth说真话

put the blame on sb归咎于某人keep the peace维持治安

in the dark在暗处

on the average平均

keep the house居家不外出

in the air在空中

on the spot当场

in the sun在阳光下

on the alert警惕

on the right在右边

in the distance在远处

act the lord逞威风

on the contrary相反

by the way顺便说一句

out of the question不可能in the right有道理

take the field出征

carry the day获胜

in the future未来

in the end最终

take the consequences自食其果on the air广播

burn the midnight oil开夜车

to the point切题

beside the question离题

play the fool做傻事

on the rise/fall增长/下降

on the whole总的说来

on the increase/decrease增长/下降in the open在户外

in the morning在早晨

不定冠词

1.不定冠词指任何一类人、动物或事物

An ocean is bigger than a sea.洋比海大。

A car must be insured.汽车一定要上保险。

2.不定冠词表示某个人或物

There is a Mr Bush to see you.有位布什先生要见你。

English is a useful tool in our communication.

英语是我们交流中一种有用的工具。

3.不定冠词用在某些数字表示的短语中

a million years一百万年a score of people二十人

a dozen eggs一打鸡蛋a thousand people一千人

4.不定冠词用在价格、速度、比率等短语中

5pence a dozen5便士一打60kilometers an hour每小时六十公里twice an hour每小时两次forty hours a week每星期40小时

5.不定冠词用于某些习语

a long time很长时间

a few有几个

a little有一点

get a grip of掌握

in a word总而言之

in a temper生气

keep an eye on照看

have a gallop快马加鞭take a walk散步

at a loss不知所措

have a try试一下

make a fool of…捉弄……all of a sudden突然

on a large scale大规模地make a racket大声喧哗

in a hurry急忙

want a go试一下

as a matter of fact事实上take a break休息一下take a bow谢幕

as a rule通常

put an end to结束

as a result因此

as a whole一般地说

come to an end结束

have a good time玩得痛快with a view to为了

with a will决心

have a cold患感冒

it's a pity that...真可惜

in a way有些

have a rest休息一会儿

make a living谋生

have a word with与……谈话make a fire生火

make a fortune发财

make a study of研究

take an interest in对……感兴趣

零冠词(无冠词)

1.零冠词用于抽象名词前

Misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。

Wisdom is better than strength.智慧胜于力量。

Sports is good for health.运动有益于健康。

2.零冠词用于物质名词前

The windows are all covered with boards.窗户全用木板堵上了。

Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。

3.用零冠词的专有名词

(有称号或头衔的)人名

William Shakespeare威廉-莎士比亚

Miss Smith史密斯小姐

Queen Elizabeth伊丽莎白女王

村落、乡镇、城市等

Craford Village克拉福村New York City纽约城London伦敦

区、州、县、省、国家、洲等

Florida佛罗里达州Quebec魁北克省France法国Europe欧洲Asia亚洲

山峰、湖泊、海港、海岛等

Fragrant Mountain香山Lake Success成功湖Pearl Harbour珍珠港Port Said塞得港

街巷、花园、公园、广场、市场等

Wall Street华尔街Madison Avenue麦迪逊路Changan Boulevard长安街Hyde Park海德公园Piccadilly Circus皮卡迪里广场Trafalgar Square特拉法加广场Market Drayton德雷顿市场

别墅、教堂、城堡、车站等

Nest Cottage内斯特别墅

New Cross Station新十字车站Westminster Abbey西敏寺(威斯敏斯特教堂)Canterbury Cathedral坎特伯雷大教堂Holy Mother Church圣母教堂Windsor Castle温莎城堡

上帝、圣经等

God上帝

Paradise乐园(第一字母有时可小写)Heaven天国(第一字母有时可小写)Hell地狱(常小写作hell)Scripture基督教《圣经》(=the Bible)Holy Writ基督教《圣经》

Genesis《创世纪》

行星、星座等

Mercury水星Venus金星Jupiter木星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Polaris北极星

Little Bear小熊座

公司、工厂、农场、大专院校等

Dala Farm达拉农场Oxford University牛津大学Eaton College伊顿公学Winchester College温切斯特学院

议会、政府、总部(包括军、师、旅、团、营等)

Congress国会(美国)Parliament议会(英国)Government政府Brigade Headquarters旅部

语言

English英语German德语Chinese汉语Japanese日语French法语

杂志、报纸等

The New York Times《纽约时报》Life《生活》

Language《语言》New Statesman《新政治家》

Saturday Evening Post《星期六晚邮报》

月份、星期、节假日等

January一月February二月Sunday星期日Monday星期一New Year's Day新年New Year's Eve除夕Christmas Day圣诞节Thanksgiving感恩节National Day国庆节Children's Day儿童节

4.零冠词表示类别(零冠词用于复数名词前时表示类别)

Dogs are faithful animals.狗是忠实的动物。

Apples are cheap in this area.这个地区苹果很便宜。

5.零冠词用于学科名称前

mathematics数学chemistry化学

astronomy天文学psychology心理学

6.零冠词用于表示年份四季等的名词前

Day was fading into dark.白昼逐渐消失在黑暗中。

It was late afternoon before he reached home.傍晚时候他才到家。

If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天到了,春天还会远吗?

7.零冠词用于某些习语

in effect事实上by accident偶然in hospital住院by air乘飞机

on duty值班

out of question毫无疑问

on foot步行

under way在进行中

in advance事先

第三章代词

代词的种类及5种基本代词的用法1.代词的种类

2.人称代词的用法

(1)人称代词主格在句中作主语:

The light is bad here.I can’t see clearly.

这儿的光线不好,我看不清。

She hesitated a moment,and then sat down beside me.她犹豫了一会儿,然后在我身边坐下来。

We should keep calm even we are in danger.

即使在危急时刻我们也要保持冷静。

(2)人称代词宾格在句中作宾语和表语:

There was nobody to tell him,to hint him,to give him at least a word of advice.没有人告诉他,或暗示他,或起码给他一句忠告。(宾语)

Are you for it or against it?你是赞成还是反对?(宾语)

Oh,it’s you.啊,是你呀。(表语)

If I were her,I would take the advice.我要是她就接受这个建议。(表语)

在并列主语中,I总放在最后。如:

You and I我和你He and I我和他You,he and I你我他

3.物主代词的用法

(1)形容词性物主代词在句中作定语

My computer has been updated.我的电脑已经升级了。

She turned away her eyes.她把目光移开。

Their ideals have changed.他们的理想变了。

(2)形容词性物主代词与own连用表强调

I saw it with my own eyes.那是我亲眼所见。

Mind your own business.不要管闲事。

(3)名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语

Hers is a pretty colorless life.

她的生活是一种相当平淡的生活。(主语)

This is your coat.Mine is in the room.

这是你的外衣。我的在房间里。(主语)

She would shut herself up in her room,Julio in his.

她常把自己关在房间里,朱利奥也是一样。(宾语)

My pen is broken.Please lend me yours.

我的钢笔坏了,请把你的借给我。(宾语)

—Whose book is this?这是谁的书?

—It’s mine.是我的。(表语)

I knew that the house was hers.我知道那房子是她的。(表语)

4.反身代词的用法

(1)反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等

I want to build myself a country house.

我想给自己建一座乡间别墅。(宾语)

He is always thinking of himself.他总是想着他自己。(宾语)

They quarreled among themselves.他们之间发生了争吵。(宾语)

Bob is not quite himself today.鲍勃今天感到不适。(表语)

Be yourself,please.请自然一点。(表语)

The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself.

罢工工人的代表想要见老板本人。(同位语)

I fixed the windows myself.我自己装的窗户。(同位语)

(2)反身代词与某些动词连用表示某种特定意义

Help yourself to some fruit.请吃点水果。

He shaves himself once a day.他一天刮一次脸。

Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?

你昨天为何没去上学?

(3)反身代词用于某些固定习语中:

[1]by oneself独自干;单干。

He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself.

他说他想独自出去散步。

I managed to do it by myself.我是自己做成这件事的。

This is a machine that works by itself.

这是一台自动化的机器。

[2]for oneself替自己;为自己;自己。

We’ll have to judge for ourselves.我们得自己来判断。

He demanded the right to decide for himself.

他要求得到自己做决定的权力。

[3]of oneself自动地。

The enemy will not perish of himself.敌人不会自行绝灭的。

[4]between ourselves勿与外人道私下说的话。

All this is between ourselves.这些都不能告诉别人。

Between ourselves,Mr.Black has gone abroad.

不要和外人讲,布莱克先生已出国了。

[5]among themselves……之间。

They had a heated discussion among themselves.

他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。

[6]in oneself本性;自身。

He is not bad in himself.他本质不坏。

This is a good idea in itself.这主意本身不错。

5.相互代词的用法

(1)相互代词在句中用作宾语

We did not know each other before.我们以前互不认识。

They have been separated from one another for a long time.

他们分开很久了。

(2)相互代词在句中作定语

They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment.

他们彼此一时相对无言。

The two old men often call each other's nickname when they meet.

这两个老人见面时常常互相喊绰号。

(3)补充

在汉语中有时没有“相互”“彼此”的词,而译成英语时却要使用相互代词。如:

They don't often see each other now.他们现在不常见面。

Do you often write to one another?你们常通信吗?

They have known each other before.他们以前就认识。

6.指示代词的用法

(1)指示代词this,that,these,those在句作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等

Are these your books?这些是你的书吗?(主语)

This is my first visit to America.这是我第一次到美国来。(主语)

Who’s that speaking?请问是哪位?(打电话用语)(主语)

I will keep this in mind.我会记住这一点的。(宾语)

You can choose one from these.你可以从这些里面选一个。(宾语)

My idea is this.这就是我的想法。(表语)

Oh,it’s not that.噢,问题不在那儿。(表语)

Do you know that man?你认识那个人吗?(定语)

These flowers are very beautiful.这些花非常漂亮。(定语)

He said he didn’t want that much.他说他不需要那么多。(状语)

The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。(状语)

(2)指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物,that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物

This building was built last year,that one was built many years ago.(表空间)

这栋大楼是去年建的,那栋是很多年前建的。

Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes.(指空间)

那些星星离得太远,肉眼看不见。

During the whole of this time,Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits.(表时间)

在整个这段时间,斯克鲁吉像是失魂落魄似的。

That stormy night,the witness was killed in the hospital.(表时间)

那个暴风雨之夜,证人在医院里被杀了。

(3)that和those指代前面提到过的事物,this和these指代随后要讲的事物

That view point is proved to be wrong,and this is what people are thinking correct now.(that指前,this指后)

那个观点被证明是错误的,下面才是人们认为正确的观点。

Those are the problems we should solve.(those指前)

这些就是我们应该解决的问题。

Written on the placard are these words:we want peace.(these指后)

牌子上写着这样一些字:我们要和平。

(4)those作定语从句的先行词

Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities.

出席会议的都是名流。

Those who are able to work were given jobs.

能工作的人都给分配了工作。

(5)指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等

Such is life.生活就是这样。(主语)

Such often occurred in the past.这种事情过去经常发生。(主语)

Take from the drawer such as you need.

从抽屉里拿你需要的东西吧。(宾语)

Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such.

正是在圣诞节前他们需要帮手来布置圣诞树之类的东西。(宾语)

The waves were such as I never saw before.

这样的海浪,我从未见过。(表语)

The foreign visitors said they had never seen such plants before.

外宾说他们以前从未见过这类植物。(定语)

(6)补充

当名词后有限制性定语时,名词前不用this或that表示“这个”或“那个”,要用the。如:May I have a look at the skirt you bought yesterday?

我能不能看一下你昨天买的裙子?

(skirt后有定语从句you bought yesterday,其前要用the。)

What do you think of the proposals put forward by Mr.Wang?

你觉得王先生提的建议怎么样?

(proposals后有过去分词短语put forward by Mr.Wang作定语,其前要用the)

疑问代词和关系代词

1.疑问代词的用法

(1)who

[1]who的意思是“谁”,是主格,通常作主语。如:

Who is that woman?那个妇女是谁?

Who are those people?那些人是谁?

[2]who在口语中可代替whom作宾语。如:

Who did you ask about it?关于那件事你问过谁了?

(2)whom

whom的意思是“谁”,是宾格,在句中作宾语,常用于书面语中。如:

whom do you want to see?你想见谁?

Whom do you talk about?你们在谈论谁?(whom作介词about的宾语)

(3)whose

[1]whose的意思是“谁的”,属格,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:

Whose book is this?这是谁的书?(形容词性)

Whose is this book?这书是谁的?(名词性)

[2]whose可在句中作如下成分。

作主语。如:Whose is better?谁的更好?

作表语。如:Whose are these pencils?这些铅笔是谁的?

作宾语。如:Whose are you going to borrow?你打算借谁的?

作定语。如:Whose umbrella is this?这是谁的伞?

(4)what

[1]what的意思是“什么”,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:

What are you doing?你在做什么?(名词性)

What sport do you like best?你最喜欢的运动是什么?(形容词性)

[2]what可在句中作如下成分。

作主语。如:what's happening?发生了什么事?

作表语。如:What is your mother?你母亲是干什么工作的?

作宾语。如:What do you mean?你是什么意思?

What did you talk to him about?你和他说了什么?(介词宾语)

作定语。如:What color do you like?你喜欢什么颜色?

(5)which

which的意思是“哪个”,which在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分。

作主语。如:This is my bag.Which is yours?这是我的书包,哪个是你的?

作表语。如:Which is your favorite subject?你最喜欢哪个科目?

I can't tell which is which because they are so alike.

我分辨不出谁是谁,因为他们太像了。

作宾语。如:Which do you like best?你最喜欢哪一个?

作定语。如:Which glasses do you want?你想要哪些杯子?

Which platform does the London train leave?去伦敦的火车从哪个站台开出?

(6)who,what和which后可加ever来加强语气

Whatever are you thinking about?你到底在想些什么?

Whoever are you looking for?你到底在找谁?

Whichever do you prefer?你究竟要哪个?

2.关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法

(1)关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法

英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:

This is the man who saved your son.

这就是救了你儿子的那个人。(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)

The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.

我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)

A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.

失去父母的孩子是孤儿。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是child)

He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.

他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)

[1]who,whom和whose

who和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,可省略。但若

whom作介词宾语且介词放在其前时,不能省略;如介词位于句末时,可以省略。whose代表某人的,在从句中作定语。如:

The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides,never decides.

坚持看清楚一切后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。(who作主语)

He is a man whom everybody respects.

他是一个人人都尊敬的人。(whom作宾语,可以省略)

He is a man fromwhom we all should learn.

他是我们大家都应该学习的人。(whom作介词宾语且介词位于其前,不能省略)

(此句也可以是:He is a man(whom)we should all learn from.)

The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.

房子被损坏了的人将给予补偿。

Who,whom和whose可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表某人或某人的,此时不能用that。如:My sister,who is a nurse,came home for a few days.

我姐姐回家住了几天,她是个护士。

[2]which

which代表物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但作介词宾语且介词位于其前时不能省略。如:

The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.

最能使你获益的书是那些最能让你深思的书。(作主语)

This is a factor which we must not neglect.

这是一个我们绝不能忽略的因素。(作宾语,可省略)

Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?

你引用这句话的那本书在哪儿?(作介词宾语且介词位于其前时,不能省略)which可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表物。如:

The book,which I bought second-hand,is made of oak.

我买的这张书桌是用橡木做的,它是二手货。

[3]that

that可以代表事也可代表人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但不能用于非限制性定语从句中。代表人时who比that用的多些,代表物时that比which用的多些。如:

The letter that came this morning is from my mother.

今天早晨收到的那封信是我母亲寄来的。(that代表物,在从句中作主语)

Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.

考试不及格的学生必须补考。(that代表人,在从句中作主语)

Have you forgotten about the money(that)I lent you last week?

你忘了上星期我借给你钱的事了吗?(that代表物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)

All the people(that)I invited have agreed to come.

所有我邀请了的人都同意来。(that代表人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)

The hotel(that)we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.

我们住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒服。(that代表物,在从句中作介词宾语,可省略)

(2)补充说明

下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不能用which或who

[1]当先行词中有形容词的最高级时。如:

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