新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考答案Unit 2

Unit 2

Culture and Communication

Reading I

What Is Culture

Comprehension questions

1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?

Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall’s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.

2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture?

Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.

3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to

satisfy the higher needs?

Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.

4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the

same ends by taking different roads?

For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.

5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural

environment?

Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.

6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their

everyday life?

We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.

7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the

English-speaking countries?

We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.

Reading II

Elements of Communication

Comprehension questions

1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?

One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.

2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you move

from one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?

One’s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.

3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?

People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.

4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everyday

communication?

For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one’s boss by his or her title and never to express one’s disapproval directly to him or her.

5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?

As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.

6. Does the sender play a more important role than the receiver in communication? No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.

7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?

Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.

8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?

The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person’s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.

9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?

A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.

10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?

Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.

11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?

Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.

12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than others

for transmitting certain messages?

For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.

13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?

Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attenti on away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.

14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?

When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.

15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?

Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.

16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?

Open.

Case Study

Case 5

In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which

firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.

A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.

However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.

Case 6

When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has

to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.

Case 7

Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.

Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know th at Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.

Case 8

As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the

Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?

From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be pr oud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲 课程编号：ENGL2046 课程类别：专业选修课程 授课对象：英语专业、俄英双语、法英双语学生 开课学期：英语第6学期、双语第8学期 学分：2 学分 主讲教师： 指定教材：《跨文化交流入门》，浙江大学出版社，许力生主编，2004年。《文化与交际》，暨南大学出版社，胡穗鄂编。 教学目的： 目前我国经济快速增长，文化交流、旅游业蓬勃发展。江、浙、沪地区外国独资、合资企业数量增多，与国际人员的经济文化交往日益增多。跨文化交际现象已经成为苏州本地文化的一个重要方面。但是，在众多的跨文化交际中，一些人员出现文化误解，或者表现出不自信，降低了交际的效益，直接的后果往往导致经济效益的降低。苏州大学作为本地的人才高地，有责任、有条件在教学中培养学生的跨文化交际能力。我们的毕业生主要从事文化、教育、经济活动，我们的课程也应适应这社会需要，帮助学生通过知识的获取、情感的开放和技能的培养形成以自我文化又和他国文化保持一定距离的跨文化意识，也就是说一种能以局外者的眼光看待自己文化的能力；局内者的眼光理解自己和他人的文化意识；培养学生在交际中对他国文化和本土文化怀有好奇、开放和宽容的态度。从而在国际交往中提高交际的效益，提升个人的自信心。 本课程采用课堂教学、学期作业和网络平台相结合的教学形式。课堂教学采用多种教学法综合进行教学。课堂语言为英语。采用理论与实践活动相结合的方式，与学生互动探讨理论。参插角色扮演、小组讨论、全班讨论的活动方式，进行情景模拟实验、引导学生发表观点。另外有录音、录像供学生观摩讨论。学期作业的形式是一篇千字以上的论文，内容是运用学到的某些跨文化交际的理论概念对现实生活案例、本土文化和外国文化进行阐释、分析、比较和反思。学生必须自己选题、规划。文章材料包括文字、图片、音频和视频，教师的工作是建议、修改、监督和评估，创造机会，帮助学生完成学期论文。 该课程有两个网站：一个是在外国语学院服务器上的课程资源网站，网站上有该课程的教学大纲、进度表、备课教案，另设有通知板、网上跨文化交际咖啡俱乐部、学习工具等帮助学生完成科目的服务性网站。另一个网站是新浪博客上的学期作业网站。所有学生的学期作业从开题、大纲创建开始，就直接与课程教师、同班同学见面。所以，学生论文的完成过程，也是教师不断地修改、同学建议、学生本人反馈、修正的过程，直至最后作业完成。 此外，该课程联系了国外大学跨文化交际专业的师生，进行网络实时联合授课，每学期四次，让师生们有真实的跨文化交际体验。 此教学设计的目的是提高发挥教师的主动创造性，提高学生的学习动机、发展他们的自主学习能力，培养具有开阔视野的具有跨文化交际意识的外语专业人才。 考试方式： 学期论文（7０％）（课本内容）＋平时成绩（3０％）（上课讨论发言、出勤率、网上参与率） 第一课Communication in Global Village 课时：第一周，共2课时 教学内容Introduction to Communication

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

unit 1新编英语教程第三版 第二册

Unit 1 Language Structures Main Teaching Points: The Passive Sentence involving the moral auxiliary have to . The pupils should be told that their homework has to be checked before they hand it in. 2. converted from the active sentence with a direct and indirect object . She isn’t paid anything for overtime. 3. involving the verb phrase/ phrasal verb . I don’t think anybody should be made fun of because of his physical handicap. 4. from by the They say/It is said …patterns . They say/ It is said that three parks will be expanded. Language Points: scratch: (at sth.) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching;挠，搔（痒处）; to make or remove a mark刮出（或刮去）痕迹；（sb./sth.）(from sth.)to decide that sth. cannot happen or sb./sth. cannot take part in sth., before it starts.取消，撤销，退出 . 1) The dog scratched itself behind the ear. 2)I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding. 3)Be careful not to scratch the furniture. 4)His pen scratched away on the paper. 5)to scratch a rocket launch取消火箭发射计划 6)She has scratched because of a knee injury. 2. turn sb./sth. down: to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it.拒绝，顶回（提议、建议或提议人）；to reduce the noise, heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls 把…调低；关小 has been turned down for ten jobs so far. 2)He asked her to marry him but she turned him down. 3)Please turn the volume down.音量调低。 3. look down on sb./sth.: to think that you are better than sb./ sth.蔑视，轻视，瞧不起 . She looks down on people who haven’t been to college. look sb. up and down: to look at sb. in a careful or critical way上下仔细打量，挑剔地审视某人 (not) look yourself :to not have your normal healthy appearance气色不像往常那样好 . You’re not looking yourself today.=You look tired or ill/sick.

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲

《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 一、课程简介: 课程代码课程名称：跨文化交际学课程属性：公共必修课 学时：36 学分：2 课程内容： 《跨文化交际学》的主要内容是对中国文化和西方文化进行介绍并作对比研究, 授课内容主要涉及语言,文化和跨文化交际的话题。该课程有助于增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于学生跨文化交际能力的提高。 二、课程教学大纲 《跨文化交际学》课程教学大纲 1、课程说明 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为学生跨文化交际能力的提高奠定基础。 2、教学对象 全校本科学生 3、教学目的 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。该课程授课形式以讲解为主,课堂讨论为辅。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 4、教学要求： 该课程要求学生全面掌握涉及跨文化交际中的问题,关于文化的定义和模式,基础理论,

比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。

新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译

U1 reading1 跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不 同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段： A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。 在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点 含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。人类传播的发展： 信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物 口语传播 媒介传播 传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播 伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动 文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段 case1 主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好。在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展,称赞这位艺术家说:多么美丽的你的照片。在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错，开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了。相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突。在这种情况下:理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己。 case2 对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。在美国文化中,人们倾向于说什么是对他们的思想和他们所说的意思。因此,学生在课堂上预计提问当他们需要澄清。墨西哥文化与美国文化共享这种偏好的风格在某些情况下,这就是为什么学生们从墨西哥容易在课堂上采用提问的技巧。但是,韩国人通常喜欢间接的沟通方式,因此他们往往不会说什么是对他们的思想和更多的依赖影响和推理,以保持礼貌通过任何不恰当的言语行为, 避免丢脸。提到的情况下,许多韩国人,很多问题会显示不尊重老师,而且还反映,学生不够努力学习。

《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲-

《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲 课程编号：1233201 课程名称：英语跨文化交际 总学时：16学时 试验或上机学时：无 先修课及后续课：先修课：涉外礼仪 一、课程说明 1.课程性质：本课程是继《涉外礼仪》之后的专业必修课。 2.教学目标及意义： 本课程是与专业基础课同时开设的专业课，旨在通过学习跨文化交际基础理论，结合涉外礼仪实践，分析跨文化交际案例，提高跨文化交际意识，并在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力。 3. 教学内容与教学要求： 英语专业教学大纲强调，在语言学习过程中要培养学生的跨文化交际意识，增强对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，提高处理跨文化交际冲突的灵活性，即跨文化交际能力。 跨文化交际能力包括语言运用能力，相关国家文化知识以及相关专业的能力和交流能力。通常认为语言运用能力特指外语知识和外语技能，忽视了学习者对目的语国家的文化知识的要求，特别是灵活运用已有的本国和目的国的相同之处，相似之处和差异进行跨文化交流的能力。 交际的主要媒介是语言但语言并非唯一的媒介。诸多非语言手段，如手势，面部表情，时间和空间的使用等，都具有重要的交际功能。而任何交际，无论是语言的还是非语言的，都是在特定文化环境中进行的，必然受到该文化中价值观念、思维方式、传统习惯、交往规约等的影响和制约。因此，这些文化内涵也是交际能力的重要组成部分。 不同文化之间，在方方面面都存在明显的差异。实践证明，文化背景不同的人进行交际时，这些差异常常成为障碍。要减少此类交际障碍，促成有效交流，跨文化意识与跨文化交际能力必不可少。 任何人都生活在特定的文化之中，思想、语言、行为等都受到该文化的影响与支配。 文化意识即指对此有清醒的认识。跨文化意识首先涉及对文化多元的认识。对文化而言，既有国别文化的不同，一国之内亦有主流文化与种种亚文化之分，同时个体间的差异也不容忽视。因此，不能理所当然地以本文化的规则来评价不同文化背景人的交际行为。 其次，不同文化间既有异（个性），也有同（共性），要辩证的看待文化。另外，应该树立文化平等观。文化没有高低优劣之分，跨文化交际目的是理解和沟通，促进各民族间的长期友谊和共同发展，在培养文化意识和跨文化意识的同时，还要认真思考汉语与英语文化在主要方面的异同之处，分析跨文化交际中可能出现的问题及其对应策略。 本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性； 通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。 4. 教学重点和难点： 本课程内容包括：交际与文化，语言与文化，文化与价值观，语言交际和非语言交际，

新编英语教程unit 8

Unit 8 1.By five o’clock this evening he ________in Hong Kong. A has been traveling B is to travel C having traveled D will be traveling 2. Mary _______ this movie until yesterday. A didn’t see B hadn’t seen C wasn’t seeing D hasn’t seen 3. I’d rather that you _______ tell him. A don’t B not C didn’t D can’t 4. Yesterday he promised that he ________ today, but he hasn’t appeared yet. A will come B is coming C would have come D would come 5. The city of Montreal ________ over 70 squares miles. A covers B that covers C covering D is covered 6. Experiments in the photography of moving subjects__________ in both the United States and Europe well before 1900. A have been conducting B were conducting C had been conducted D being conducted 7. By next August, I ________ here for two years. A have been living B had been living C will have been living D will live 8. We _______ 15 lessons by the end of last year. A learned B learn C had learned D had been learning 9. A strange woman _______ the room and _______ the window. A enters is closing B entered closed C entered had closed D enters close 10. I’ll go with you as long as I ________ to sing. A won’t have B don’t have C haven’t D am not having 11.Xiao Li _______ home, otherwise he would have phoned me. A have got B ought to have got C couldn’t have got D shouldn’t have got 12. Mary is not so interested in music as she _______. A was used to B was used to be C use to D used to be 13. He ought to be punished, _______ he? A shouldn’t B can’t C oughtn’t to D shan’t 14. What are you doing? You ________ be studying now. A may B should C shall D would 15. You are certainly right, whatever others _______ say. A must B may C should D can 16. His wife _______ him three fine children. A has born B borne C has borne D was born 17. This coat _______ you. A isn’t fit by B isn’t fit C does not fit D does not fit for 18. My watch doesn’t work very well and it ________. A need to be repaired B needs to repair C needs repairing D is needed to repair 19. George would certainly have attended the meeting_________. A if he didn’t miss the bus B if he hadn’t missed the bus C had he not had missed the bus D had he missed the bus 20. The porter insisted _____ us with our luggage A to help B on helping C he can help D in helping

跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识,

更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。

四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。

《跨文化交际》教学大纲

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲 课程英文名称Intercultural Communication 执笔人：董广坤编写日期：2010-7-15 一、课程基本信息 1. 课程编号： 2. 课程性质/类别：专业选修课/ 课 3. 学时/学分：学时/ 2学分 4. 适用专业：英语专业 二、课程教学目标及学生应达到的能力 《跨文化交际》属于英语语言文学专业课程，是专业限选课。它主要介绍跨文化交际学产生的历史、原因、基本概念和理论，并从文化的要素和人的思维方式、感知、世界观、人生观等认识文化，物质文化等方面分析文化在跨文化交际中的作用，以及跨文化交流的过程及其中各因素的关系和对交流的影响。其基本内容是文化和交际、文化与语言的关系、非语言交际和教育、商务和医疗保健等语境下的跨文化交际。 在教学中突出应用为目的，以够用为度，以掌握概念，强化应用为教学重点，合理地组织教材的内容和结构，教学内容由浅入深，由易到难，使学生初步具备跨文化交际的基本理论和基本交际能力。跨文化交际是一门应用性很强的学科，因此，理论联系实际在本课程教学得到深刻体现，授课形式主要是案例分析，同时应尽量采取讲故事、问答、演讲等形式对某些专题进行讲解，以使本课程学习成为饶有趣味的学习活动。总之，通过本课程的学习，使学生了解来自不同文化背景的人们进行交流的方式、方法、提高他们跨文化的能力和技巧，为学生通过外语进行跨文化交际和有关研究打好必要的基础。 三、课程教学内容与基本要求 全书共十个单元，可分成两大部分：一到六单元为第一部分，介绍跨文化交际的理论问题：语言与文化、文化认同与跨文化交际、语言交际、非语言交际以及文化模式与思维；七到十单元为第二部分，介绍跨文化交际的实践方面：东西方的价值观及跨文化交际的社会心理、跨文化障碍、商务、管理和谈判中的跨文化交际和文化适应和跨文化能力。 （一）UNIT 1：Intercultural Communication：An Overview（第一、二周，4学时）

新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译

1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。

跨文化交际课程安排

跨文化交际课程安排 Syllabus Course: Cross-Cultural Communication Studies Instructor: Prof. LI Benxian Office: Room G205 , School of English Studies Office Hours: Subject to appointment Course Overview: This course, as rudiments of Cross-Cultural Communication Studies, is about what happens when people from different cultures come together to share ideas, feelings, and information. More specifically, it addresses how cu lture influences one’s verbal and nonverbal behavior, explains why miscommunication and non-communication occur in the multicultural context. Thru the course, you are expected to acquire some concepts and learn ABC theory popular in the field. With the foundation and global view of IC, you can further explore issues related to IC such as ICC and globalization, cultural differences and reconciliation strategies, culture and confrontations between civilizations. Objectives: ◆Enable you to explore the not ion of culture and the ways it is conceptualized. ◆Familiarize the participants with the commonly used research methods and approaches in the discipline.

《研究生英语跨文化交际》课程简介

《研究生英语跨文化交际》课程简介 课程编号： 课程名称：研究生英语跨文化交际 学时与学分：34学时/1学分 面向专业：全日制非英语专业研究生 讲授教师：王征，鲍琳虹等 一、课程性质和任务 《研究生英语跨文化交际》课程旨在通过运用跨文化交际基础理论，分析跨文化交际案例，提高跨文化交际意识，并在语言学习的同时，通过与异族文化的对比，提高学生的跨文化交际鉴赏力和实际操作能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要。 跨文化交际能力包括在跨文化语境中得体的运用语言的能力，具备相关国家文化知识以及具备跨文化沟通能力。通常认为语言运用能力特指外语知识和外语技能，忽视了学习者对目的语国家的文化知识的要求，本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言现象背后的文化内涵，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效实现跨文化交流的目的。

三、课程目的及重难点 本课程的目的是在帮助学生在了解跨文化交际的基本概念的基础上讲授跨文化交际的系统知识，培养学生对语言学习领域中的文化问题进行初步研究的能力，即： 理论知识方面：学习并掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素以及跨文化交际的途径等理论知识； 实践能力方面：解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题，运用在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交际的质量。 具体教学重点包括：涉及全球化时代的交际问题、文化与交际、文化差异、跨文化言语交际、跨文化非言语交际、时间与空间使用上的文化、跨文化适应。跨文化能力等。 四、教学方法与手段 本课程在学生课内学习和课外实践结合的基础上，以教师提问和课堂讨论为主，辅以案例分析、影像资料和课外交际实践等，旨在提高在跨文化交际实践中提高得体运用语言的能力，并在实践中体会文化差异，提高跨文化交际意识和能力。通过理论联系实际，做到不仅仅使学生知晓跨文化交际的理论知识，而且能结合具体的跨文化交际实践，进行案例分析和归纳，真正提高其跨文化交往应用的能力。 五、教材及参考书目： 1. 《新编跨文化交际英语教程》许力生主编上海外语教育出版社 2012年版 2. 《跨文化交际》张爱琳主编重庆大学出版社 2011年 3. 《跨文化语言交际学概论》胡文仲著外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 4. 《跨文化语言交际》吴为善著商务印书馆 2007 六、考核方式：形成性评价和终结性评价相结合 分析总结报告作为平时成绩，占20 % ； 交际情景案例作为期中考核成绩，占30 % ； 期末考核为书面考试，占50 % 。