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V ol. 232 No. 8
SHALE ENERGY / BAKKEN
DAVID MICHAEL COHEN, Managing Editor
Brigham’s Abelmann 23-14-1H well in the Rough Rider project area of McKenzie
County, North Dakota, was drilled with Nabors Drilling Rig 266. The well was
completed with 33 frac stages and produced at an early 24-hr peak rate of 4,169
boe. Photo by Jim Blecha.
Horizontal drilling in the Bakken shale formation of the Williston basin has been
going on since 2000, but since 2009 the play has seen an unprecedented surge
in drilling activity. The current drive was launched in part by a US Geological
Survey (USGS) petroleum resource assessment in 2008 that named the Bakken
formation the country’s largest “continuous” oil accumulation, and has been
spurred on by strong oil prices against the backdrop of a stagnant gas market.
The drilling bonanza, now targeting both the Bakken and the underlying Three
Forks formation, has caused production to exceed the region’s takeaway
capacity, forcing oil companies to use rail transport to carry the oil to market.
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION
The 2008 USGS assessment estimated the Bakken’s technically recoverable
resources at 4.3 billion boe, consisting of 3.65 billion bbl of oil, 1.85 Bcf of gas
and 148 million bbl of natural gas liquids. Subsequent exploration and production
have pushed estimates considerably higher, due largely to early delineation and
production of the underlying, more permeable Three Forks formation, Fig. 1.
Considered part of the Bakken petroleum system but separated by the thin
dolomitic Sanish formation, the Three Forks is made up of sand and porous rock containing an estimated in situ total of 20 billion bbl of oil. That’s far less than the 169 billion bbl believed to be held in the Bakken shale, but because of its greater porosity and permeability, a much larger percentage of Three Forks oil is recoverable. Recent estimates have put the total recoverable resources in the Bakken system at 9 billion boe (Wood Mackenzie), 11 billion boe (North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources) and even 24 billion boe (Continental Resources founder Harold Hamm)—almost enough to double US oil and gas reserves.
The vast majority of activity has taken place in western North Dakota, which holds about two-thirds of the total Bakken acreage. In 2010, North Dakota production from Bakken and Three Forks formations averaged over 234,000 bopd from 2,123 wells, accounting for 76% of the state’s total output, according to the state Industrial Commission. That’s 73% up from an average of 135,000 bpd in 2009 from 1,344 wells (62% of that year’s total).
The bulk of Bakken activity moved from Montana to North Dakota in 2006 with the discovery of Parshall field, and since then Montana’s Bakken oil production has been in steady decline, from 52,000 bpd to a current level of 31,000 bpd, according to figures supplied by the Montana Board of Oil and Gas and reported by Platts Oilgram News. There are indications of an upcoming increase in activity on the Montana side; the state issued 109 Bakken well permits in 2010, almost all in the first half, and has issued at least 40 so far this year, vs. just 20 in the first half of 2009. According to the Platts report, in mid-July there were 10 rigs running in the Montana part of the Bakken, and 170 on the North Dakota side.
TRANSPORTATION
Increasing production is already putting a strain on the rail lines that operators are increasingly using to transport their Bakken oil to market—pipeline capacity in the region being woefully insufficient. It has been estimated that current rail lines out of North Dakota can handle up to 780,000 bpd. According to Platts blog “The Barrel,” national railway BNSF has doubled the amount of Bakken oil it hauls in the past year, as well as the destinations for the oil. Savage Cos. recently began work on a 270-acre multi-user rail terminal in Trenton, North Dakota, to move Bakken crude to market. In July, Tesoro said it was involved in a rail project to move up to 30,000 bpd of Bakken crude west to its Anacortes, Washington, refinery, and ExxonMobil reported that it is shipping Bakken crude by rail to feed its Midwest refineries.
Among a number of potential pipelines, the one that could make the biggest difference for the Bakken is TransCanada’s proposed 2,700-km Keystone XL project, which would transport Alberta oil sands to Port Arthur, Texas, crossing Montana on its route. In January, the company agreed to build an 8-km spur that would allow the shipment of 65,000 bopd from the Bakken. An environmental impact statement for the $7 billion project is expected this month, and the State Department has said it will decide by the end of the year whether to permit construction to go forward. However, the pipeline faces intense opposition from environmental activists, particularly in the wake of ExxonMobil’s Silvertip pipeline spill in Montana last month, which released an estimated 1,000 bbl of oil into the Yellowstone River.
Fig. 1. Stratigraphy of the Bakken petroleum system. Image
courtesy of GMXR Resources.
OPERATOR ACTIVITY
Development plans in the Bakken were slowed down during the first quarter of 2011 by a record cold winter, flooding and road closures, but by the end of the half operators were reporting that they had added frac crews and were expecting to make their projected production by the end of the year. There are literally scores of large and small independent companies that hold acreage in the Bakken; this report only covers a handful of the biggest and most significant.
Hess is the largest leaseholder in the Bakken, with more than 900,000 net acres in the North Dakota portion of the play containing net reserves estimated at 365 million boe. The New York-based major made two large acreage acquisitions in the Bakken during December 2010. It bought 167,000 net acres from Tracker Resource Development subsidiary TRZ Energy for $1.075 billion in cash, and added 85,000 net acres through the purchase of American Oil & Gas in a stock deal worth about $445 million. In a conference call in April, Hess Chairman and CEO John B. Hess said the company is focusing most of its 18-rig drilling program for 2011 on developing these two acreage acquisitions, which are located near Hess’ previously acquired Bakken acreage. The company plans to spend a total of $1.8 billion for Bakken drilling and infrastructure in 2011.
Hess’ Bakken production in the first half of 2011 averaged 25,000 boepd, up 25% from the 20,000 boepd being produced at the end of 2010. Part of that increase is due to improved completion design. According to Barclays Capital, Hess was using 24–28 frac stages per well in first-quarter 2011, compared with
22–24 stages in fourth-quarter 2010. As of early June, the company had adopted a 38-stage design and had four dedicated frac crews working and a fifth expected to be added in July. Second-quarter production was adversely affected by the combination of a record cold winter and severe flooding, which put the company 50% behind its completion schedule. But in a July 27 conference call, CEO John Hess said production was already up to 34,000 boepd and expressed confidence that the company would close the year with Bakken production close to its forecast of 40,000 boepd. To support this rising production, Hess is in the process of expanding its Tioga gas plant in northwestern North Dakota and building a crude rail loading terminal, and plans to add three compressor stations. The $325 million Tioga expansion, which is expected to be finished in late 2012, will increase the plant’s capacity to 250 MMcfd from 100 MMcfd.
Continental Resources has made the Bakken play its primary area of focus over the last few years, and is continuing that trend in 2011 with 75% of its drilling budget, or $1.137 billion, earmarked for Bakken wells. Of that total, $102 million will be spent in the Montana portion of the play, where Continental is one of the most active operators. Continental is currently running 25 rigs in the Bakken.
The Enid, Oklahoma-based independent has the second-largest net leasehold in the Bakken with 868,900 acres, of which 68% is derisked and in the development phase. In production, Continental leads the pack with net Bakken output of 25,523 boepd in the first quarter of 2011, a 67% increase over the same quarter last year. This brings Continental’s Bakken production to about half of the company’s total. In an interview with Forbes in June, Continental founder Harold Hamm said he expects the company to be producing 100,000 boepd from the basin by 2016. The Bakken also holds a majority of the company’s proved reserves, with 43% (157 million boe) in the North Dakota part of the play and 11% (40 million boe) on the Montana side.
Continental has been working to maximize productivity on its acreage using its Eco-Pad technique, which employs a walking rig to drill four horizontal wellbores from a single pad, two into the Middle Bakken and two into the Three Forks, Fig.
2. The concept was launched in February 2010, and as of March 2011 seven sites had been drilled using the method, and three others were underway. In addition to increased productivity and time savings, the method has greatly reduced land disturbance.
Fig. 2. Using its Eco-Pad method to drill eight wells from two sites on a
1,280-acre unit, Continental Resources has achieved EURs of 4.1 billion boe.
Whiting Petroleum added 76,000 net acres to its Williston basin holdings during the second quarter of 2011 to bring its total leasehold in the Bakken hydrocarbon system to 680,000 net acres—the area’s third largest—located within a number of separate areas in North Dakota and eastern Montana. At the end of 2010, the company held about 1.3 billion boe of proved reserves in the Bakken/Three Forks play; that number will likely increase substantially as the newly acquired acreage is delineated. On July 19, the company reached a new production record of 58,105 boepd gross (31,161 boepd net) from the Williston basin. With more than half of its E&P budget directed at the Bakken/Three Forks play ($707 million), Whiting is currently operating 17 rigs there, as well as two dedicated frac crews and one half-time frac crew that the company says are capable of fracing about 18–20 wells per month between now and year-end 2011. Though 44 operated wells were waiting on completion as of July 15, the company hopes to lower that number to 25 by the end of November.
Activity to date has been concentrated in Sanish and Parshall fields of Mountrail County, North Dakota, where the company has over 84,000 net acres and produced 24,350 boepd net during the second quarter of 2011, more than three-quarters of its Williston basin total. And that output was down 6% from the first quarter, due to difficult weather conditions. As of March 31, Whiting had 194 producing wells in Sanish and 127 in Parshall. The company drilled 99 wells in the two fields last year, and plans to drill 106 there in 2011.
Whiting is just beginning to ramp up activity in its largest Williston basin leasehold, about 255,000 net acres in the Lewis and Clark prospect. The company drilled 10 wells there between April 15 and July 15, bringing its total number of operated producing wells in the area to 26. Six rigs are currently running in the field, and the company expects to run eight there from September through the end of the year. Whiting’s production at Lewis and Clark almost doubled in the second quarter, to an average of 2,640 boepd. Unlike Whiting’s other properties in the Williston basin, Lewis and Clark targets only the Three Forks formation, with no Bakken production. Based on the relatively shallow decline rate observed so far, Whiting expects its Lewis and Clark wells to have estimated ultimate recoveries (EURs) in the range of 300,000–500,000 boe. In early April 2011, the company broke ground on a gas processing plant at Lewis and Clark. The Pronghorn gas plant, near Belfield, North Dakota, will have an initial inlet capacity of 30 MMcfd and is expected to be completed by November.
Whiting’s other Williston basin properties include acreage in the Hidden
Bench/Tarpon and Cassandra prospects within North Dakota and the Starbuck prospect in Richland County, Montana. The company plans to drill 18 wells, six wells and five wells, respectively, in 2011 in these three areas, all of which target the Middle Bakken member.
EOG Resources drilled the first horizontal Bakken well in eastern Montana’s Elm Coulee field in 2000, and built a strong acreage position in the North Dakota part of the play during the early leasing period of 2004–2007. Last year, the company increased its total Bakken/Three Forks position to about 600,000 net acres. The Houston-based producer drilled 111 wells in the Bakken and Three Forks formations in 2010, and is currently running a 10-rig program there to maintain a similar activity level in 2011.
EOG moves much of its Bakken oil production to market, along with third-party production, via its train-loading facility near Stanley, North Dakota. In 2010, the company loaded 148 train units of 68,000-bbl capacity each at the facility for transport to Stroud, Oklahoma. EOG’s Bakken Lite system, to gather production from its non-core assets in the play, is expected to be operational this year.
Two majors hold large acreage positions in the Bakken/Three Forks play. ConocoPhillips has 460,000 net acres and produced 14,000 boepd last year. In its 2010 annual report, the company reported plans to run five rigs in the play this year, and CFO Jeff Sheets said in a July 27 conference call that the company plans to double its Bakken and Barnett rig counts by the end of 2012. ExxonMobil holds 410,000 acres, which it picked up in its acquisition of XTO last year. In the first half of 2011, XTO received permits for 25 new wells in the Montana part of the Bakken, more than any other company.
Marathon holds 391,000 net acres in the Williston basin within five North Dakota and three Montana counties, and maintains a working interest of about 80% in its operated assets. At the end of the second quarter, the company had seven rigs operating in the North Dakota Bakken, with plans to drill 70–75 operated wells in 2011, plus an additional 50–70 non-operated wells. Net production, currently at 16,000 boepd, is expected to increase substantially in the second half as Marathon adds a second frac crew, to finish the year at 20,000 boepd. Marathon has 28 gross operated wells awaiting stimulation and plans to fracture stimulate 50 total wells before the end of the year. By 2016, the company expects to be producing 33,000 boepd in the Bakken.
Brigham Exploration has 378,000 net acres in the Bakken shale, of which almost 60% is under development. The Austin, Texas-based independent increased its operated rig count in the play to eight in early June, with five rigs drilling in the Rough Rider project area, two in Ross area (both in North Dakota), and one in Montana. The company plans to reach 10 operated rigs by midyear and to add two walking rigs in early 2012. With two dedicated frac crews working and efficiencies gained from the use of “zipper fracs,” Brigham estimates that it will be capable of fracing and bringing online a minimum of eight wells per month, with the goal of achieving 10 fracs per month. The zipper frac technique involves alternating perforation and fracturing operations between two adjacent wells so that each crew is able to work without downtime until the job is completed. Pressure is not bled off between stages, resulting in a stress barrier that prevents the fractures of the two wells from intersecting.
Brigham estimates its second-quarter production in the Bakken to be slightly more than 12,000 boepd, up from 11,300 boepd in the first quarter. To date, the company has completed 68 consecutive long-lateral, high-frac-stage wells at an average early peak rate of about 2,800 boepd.
Occidental Petroleum initially entered the Bakken in 2008, but greatly increased its leasehold in December 2010, snapping up 180,000 contiguous net acres from Anschutz Exploration for $1.4 billion to bring its total to over 200,000 acres, with a net risked reserve potential in excess of 250 million boe. The North Dakota acreage was producing 5,500 boepd at the time of the transaction and is prospective for the Three Forks formation. Anschutz divested the remainder of its $115 million. Oxy hopes to increase its Bakken/Three Forks production to 30,000 boepd by 2017.
Newfield Exploration is currently operating five rigs in the Williston basin,
where it holds about 150,000 net acres. During the second quarter of 2011, the Houston-based explorer completed nine new wells in the basin, and it expects to complete an additional 13 wells in the third quarter. The company’s 2011 development plan for the play calls for almost all wells to be drilled with 9,000-ft laterals, following two such “super extended lateral” wells drilled in late 2010.
GMX Resources spudded its first Williston basin well, targeting the Three Forks formation, on July 7, and plans to complete it during the third quarter. The Oklahoma City-based operator holds about 24,500 net acres in the basin, including 136 development locations. It plans to bring in a second rig in September.
PetroBakken operates in the portion of the Bakken play located within southern Saskatchewan. The Petrobank subsidiary drilled 45 Bakken wells (33.1 net) in the first quarter of 2011, of which 24 (21.2 net) were bilateral, with two horizontal legs extending from a single vertical wellbore. Production averaged 23,400 boepd, essentially flat from the previous quarter.
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Wells across the Williston basin are generally completed on 640-acre or
1,280-acre spacing, resulting in 5,000-ft and 10,000-ft horizontal wellbores, according to information provided by Baker Hughes. Operators in the development stage are drilling as many as three wells within a given spacing unit in the Bakken and Three Forks formations. Most wells are oriented either
north-south or northwest-southeast, usually to take advantage of induced fracture propagation in the direction of maximum horizontal stress.
Wells are always lined with casing from the surface to the heel to ensure isolation of the target formation. Single-lateral completions are standard in the North Dakota Bakken, although many variations of multilateral completions have been attempted, most notably the bilateral design successfully employed by PetroBakken in Saskatchewan.
Openhole multistage completions. Openhole completions are often used in place of cemented liners. Early in development of the Bakken, openhole completions were used for limited-entry fracture stimulation employing a single fracture treatment for the entire lateral. Since then, multistage openhole completions have become the norm, as operators generally hold a large amount of contiguous acreage in the rural region compared with other shale plays, allowing for longer laterals. Furthermore, the overlying geology dictates a relatively high-cost wellbore architecture in the vertical section of Bakken wells, making long horizontal sections economically attractive.
In a recent case study, Packers Plus Energy Services compared production results from two sets of sample Bakken wells drilled in the same field with the same basic well architecture: one set employing openhole multistage completions and the other having multistage cemented-liner, plug-and-perf completions. Located on Slawson Exploration’s acreage in the East Nesson anticline in Montrail County, North Dakota, the wells all employed an identical treatment design for each stage, consisting of a hybrid fluid and proppant loading of 0.5– 5.0 lb/gal with a total proppant volume of about 100,000 lb.
The results demonstrated substantially better performance in the openhole wells. The average initial production (IP) rate for the openhole wells was 1,474 bopd, 58% higher than for the cemented-liner wells. This differential was sustained over time, with the average 30-day and 60-day rates for the openhole wells
being 48% and 57% higher, respectively.
An important driver of improved well productivity in the play has been the use of ball-activated sliding-sleeve fracturing systems in openhole completions, which allow for very precise placement of fracture treatments (see Contributing Editor Ali Daneshy’s column, page 65). In March, Baker Hughes announced the installation of a 40-stage openhole completion system in the Williston basin for Whiting Petroleum, which the service company called “the most number of stages ever performed in a single lateral frac sleeve/packer completion system.”The service company’s modular FracPoint EX-C multistage fracturing system enables treatment of 40 stages by varying ball size by only 1/16 in. to achieve a higher than usual number of ball seats. The system’s patented design provides additional mechanical support to the ball during pumping operations.
According to Baker Hughes, reactive element packers are used with sliding-sleeve frac system in many areas of the Williston basin, to isolate intervals of a horizontal section. The company says these packers allow for a wide range of openhole sizes and improve the capabilities of packer-and-sleeve completions.
Lift automation and surveillance. Bakken production is typified by high IP rates followed by rapid pressure decline curves, so wells often must be put on artificial lift relatively early in their productive lives. Proppant flowback in these early production stages can cause premature pump failures. As a result, a common form of lift in the play is progressing cavity pumps, which are more resistant to sand plugging than rod pumps.
A primary challenge of PCP operation is to control the production rate to avoid pump-off. A method introduced by Canada’s Kudu Industries, called the PCP Well Manager, combines wedge flowmeter technology and microprocessor control of electric and hydraulic motors to extend run life while increasing cumulative production. This automated technology is combined with a
web-based system that feeds back real-time data to a dedicated supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) host, allowing technical experts to diagnose problems and operators to respond quickly to changing well conditions.
In a single Bakken well producing heavy oil in 2008, four pump changes were required due to sand and inflow issues. The well, located in Court field of
west-central Saskatchewan, had produced about 17,000 bbl in six months (93 bpd) at an operational cost of $198,000. On July 1, 2008, Kudu installed a new PCP and a hydraulic PCP controller. Over the next six months, the well produced 124,000 bbl (680 bpd) with no workovers. The pump ran for 14 months before it needed to be changed out due to wear and tear from abrasion. The hydraulic control system maintained speed changes using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) loop control on the proportional valve without adding heat to the system.
Drilling waste recycling. In May, UK-based environmental contractor TWMA was contracted by Hess Corporation to process, recover and recycle drilling wastes at multiple Bakken shale rig locations in North Dakota, using the service company’s TCC RotoTruck processing equipment. The mobile truck-mounted unit separates hydrocarbon-contaminated drill cuttings into their constituent parts of water, solids and oil for reuse or recycling. By treating drilling wastes at the source, the technology reduces the volume of wastes and provides significant cost savings through simplified logistics and recovery of drilling fluids.
Identifying sweet spots with 3C seismic. The middle member of the Bakken
formation is a very tight dolomitic siltstone, requiring natural fractures to support economic accumulations of oil. Yet the Middle Bakken has eluded detailed imaging because its thickness, typically 15–60 ft at 8,000-ft depth, is well below the resolution of conventional seismic methods, and because the P-wave response in the fractured vs. non-fractured rock is virtually identical. In 2009, Vector Seismic Data Processing formed a consortium to evaluate the seismic signature of fractured reservoirs in the Middle Bakken. A dual-source, three-component (3C), high-resolution 2D seismic line was recorded in Mountrail and Ward Counties, North Dakota. The seismic line ran through the bulk of Parshall and Sanish fields and proximal to dozens of wells, including some very prolific discoveries.
The seismic signature of the waveform on the converted-wave image showed marked differences that can be correlated to natural fractures in the Bakken and wells with high productivity. The strong relationship between the converted-wave seismic signature and Bakken productivity suggests that polarized surface seismic data can play an important role in successful Bakken exploitation.
NEXT STOP: SECOND-LEADING OIL RANKING
At midyear, North Dakota’s Bakken/Three Forks production had surpassed 350,000 bpd, and the state Department of Mineral Resources recently projected that it could potentially double to 700,000 bpd within the next four to seven years, which would make North Dakota the second biggest oil-producing state after Texas, overtaking Alaska and California. The only economic threat that could derail the high-speed Bakken oil train is the recurrence of a recession, which could lead to a drop in crude prices.
雅思阅读试卷 附完整参考答案
Section I Words A.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet. (1(1’’*6) 1.epidermic 2.motivate 3.assume 4.appealing 5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular area B.dispute,argument C.attractive D.an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely E.to provide with an incentive;impel . F.to take for granted,suppose B.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be used more than once.(1(1’’*10) evolve prepare propose minimum peer through cheat weep address exploit except 1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time.. 2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out. 3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further. 4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species. 5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full. 6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it. 7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with. 8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant. 9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room? 10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals. SectionⅡ.Translation A.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5) 1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never (放弃对知识的追求) 2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。(owing to; ignorance)
实验四 血涂片的制备与染色
实验四血涂片的制备与染色 【目的】掌握血涂片的制备和染色方法（preparation and staining of thin blood films）。 【原理】将一小滴血液均匀涂在玻片上，呈单层紧密分布，制成薄血片。用含天青B和伊红的Romannowsky类染料进行染色。细胞中的碱性物质如RBC中的血红蛋白及嗜酸性粒细胞胞质中的嗜酸性颗粒等与酸性染料伊红结合染成红色；细胞中的酸性物质如淋巴细胞胞质及嗜碱性粒细胞质中的嗜碱性颗粒等与碱性染料亚甲蓝结合染成蓝色；中性粒细胞的中性颗粒呈等电状态与伊红和美蓝均可结合，染成淡紫红色。 【器材】 1．载玻片使用前，必须仔细清洗，并用乙醇或软布清洁。 2．推片选择边缘光滑的载玻片，在两角分别作斜线标记，然后用玻璃切割刀裁去两角，制成约15mm 宽度的推片。 3．吸耳球。 4．显微镜。 5．酒精灯或Bunsen灯。 6．采血针。 7．注射器和针头。 【试剂】 1．瑞氏（Wright）染液 （1）Ⅰ液：包含瑞氏染料1.0g、纯甲醇（AR级以上)600ml、甘油15ml。将全部染料放入清洁干燥的乳钵中，先加少量甲醇慢慢地研磨（至少30min），以使染料充分溶解，再加一些甲醇混匀，然后将溶解的部分倒入洁净的棕色瓶内，乳钵内剩余的未溶解的染料，再加入少许甲醇细研，如此多次研磨，直至染料全部溶解，甲醇用完为止。再加15ml甘油密闭保存。 （2）Ⅱ液：磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.4～6.8），包含磷酸二氢钾（KH2PO4）0.3g、磷酸氢二钠（Na2HPO4）0.2g、蒸馏水加至1000ml。配好后用磷酸盐溶液校正pH，塞紧瓶口贮存。如无缓冲液可用新鲜蒸馏水代替。 2．吉姆萨染液包含吉姆萨染料0.75g、甘油35ml、甲醇65ml。将吉姆萨染料、甘油和甲醇放入含玻璃珠的容器内，每天混匀3次，连续4天，最后过滤备用。 3．瑞-吉复合染液 （1）I液：包含瑞氏染料1g、吉姆萨染料0.3g、甲醇500ml、中性甘油10ml。将瑞氏染料和吉姆萨染料置洁净研钵中，加少量甲醇，研磨片刻，再吸出上液。如此连续几次，共用甲醇500ml。收集于棕色玻璃瓶中，每天早、晚各摇3min，共5d，以后存放1周即能使用。 （2）Ⅱ液：即磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.4～6.8）。包含无水磷酸二氢钾6.64g、无水磷酸氢二钠2.56g，加少量蒸馏水溶解，用磷酸盐调整pH，加水至1000ml。 【标本】 EDTA抗凝静脉血或末梢血。 【操作】 1．采血 （1）静脉采血法：用EDTA·K2抗凝1～2h内的标本，使用玻棒、毛细管、注射针头等在距载玻片一端1cm处加1滴抗凝血，直径约4mm。 （2）皮肤采血法：选择第三、四手指，并先采红细胞、白细胞计数，再采血1滴置洁净玻片上用于血涂片制备。 2．制作涂片左手平执载玻片，或放在类似桌子等平坦地方，右手持推片从后方移动接近血滴，使血
中国液压计量泵价格前十强计量泵生产厂家公司企业排名
1.上海阳光泵业制造有限公司 上海阳光泵业制造有限公司座落于上海市金山工业园区，是国内一家著名的集研制、开发、生产、销售、服务于一体的大型多元化企业，注册资本1100万元。主导产品包括：螺杆泵、隔膜泵、液下泵、磁力泵、排污泵、化工泵、多级泵、自吸泵、齿轮油泵、计量泵、卫生泵、真空泵、潜水泵、转子泵等类别。产品以优越的性能，精良的品质已获得各项专业认证证书及客户的认可。公司拥有多名水泵专家和各类中高级工程师，不断的开发制造，升级换代产品年年都有问世。 公司拥有国内高水准的水泵性能测试中心，产品全部采用CAD设计软件和CFD计算流体力学软件等先进设计手段，产品经过精密铸造、热锻压、焊接、热处理、精加工、装配等十多道工序。使用先进的数控加工中心、等离子焊接机、全自动气体保护、半自动真空熔焊机、超频真空热处理设备、高效加工专机、理化和探伤设备等各类高精密加工检测设备。齐全的加工检测设备，于同行业中处领先地位，更加充分保证了产品的质量。公司产品达二十大系列，一万多种规格。产品广泛应用于：工业生产，建筑城镇供水，环保污水处理，市政工程，食品制药，水利电力，石油船舶等多种领域。客户包括大庆油田、胜利油田、中国水利水电、浦项集团 等世界知名企业。 2.德能泵业(天津)有限公司 德能泵业，全名称：德能泵业(天津)有限公司是一家集生产制造、技术研发、项目设计为一体的大型泵类企业，位于环渤海天津小站工业区——紧邻滨海新区天津港港口，四面高速环绕，是京津冀一体化工业群重要位置之一。主要产品有潜水轴(混)流泵、排污泵、矿山专用泵、管道泵，以及原厂配件：电控柜、水泵专用电力设备、水泵专用管件、水泵专用配件。 “德能是根本，质量是生命”是德能泵业始终如一的经营理念，秉承了“立德立能力实力新”的企业文化，为广大合作伙伴提供良好的产品和优质的服务。德能泵业管理层和科研层人员都来源于泵行业，拥有超过40年产品技术经验和相关管理经验，企业设立生产大群、售 前技术部、售后技术部、研发部、销售大群、财务部、行政部、企划部、人事部等部门结构，上行运营副总、总经理和董事会。 3.青岛晨远泵业有限公司 青岛晨远泵业有限公司是一家集生产、研发、销售为一体的民营企业，座落于美丽富饶的青岛胶州湾畔，这里交通便利，有环胶州湾高速公路、济青高速公路、同三高速公路、胶济铁路、胶黄铁路四通八达。
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案12
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第十二篇雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第十二篇 ★Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for
吉姆萨染色液
吉姆萨染色液 【产品名称】 吉姆萨染色液 【包装规格】 货号：DM0002 单瓶包装规格分别为： A液吉姆萨染液：20ml、100ml、250ml、500ml；B液磷酸盐缓冲液：250ml、500ml、5000ml； 每套/盒包装规格分别为： A液20ml+B液250ml/盒、A液100ml+B液4×250ml/盒、 A液250ml+B液5×500ml/盒、A液500ml+B液5000ml/盒。 【预期用途】 用于组织细胞学染色从而鉴别骨髓和其他造血组织（淋巴结）中的白细胞，还可用于鉴定某些微生物。 【检验原理】 吉姆萨染色原理及结果与瑞氏染色基本相同，吉姆萨染色液(Giemsa stain，又称姬姆萨染色液)对胞浆着色力较强，能较好的显示胞浆的嗜碱性程度，特别是对血液和骨髓细胞中的嗜天青、嗜酸性、嗜碱性颗粒，着色清晰，但是对胞核着色偏深,核结构显色不佳，故吉姆萨染色常与瑞氏染色联合使用。嗜酸性颗粒为碱性蛋白质，与酸性染料伊红结合，染粉红色，称为嗜酸性物质；细胞核蛋白和淋巴细胞胞浆为酸性，与碱性染料美蓝或天青结合，染紫蓝色，称为嗜碱性物质；中性颗粒呈等电状态与伊红和美蓝均可结合，染淡紫色，称为中性物质。血细胞染色：吉姆萨染料中含有美蓝和伊红两种染料，前者为碱性，后者为酸性，它们与细胞内的各种物质具有不同的亲和力，从而使其呈现出不同的色调，以便于辨认。染色体染色：也称G显带，染色体上富舍A-T碱基对的DNA和组蛋白结合紧密，胰酶处理时不易高度抽提，和染料亲和力较强，呈深带；而富含G-C碱基对的区段结合的蛋白质被胰酶抽提，和染料亲和力降低，呈浅带。 【主要组成成分】 试剂组成主要成分 1、A液吉姆萨染液吉姆萨染料 2、B液磷酸盐缓冲液磷酸盐 【储存条件及有效期】 5℃～35℃环境保存，原包装未开封染色液的有效期为24个月，在有效期内的已开封染色液应在开封后6个月内使用完，每次用后应及时拧紧瓶盖，以免挥发或变质。 【样本要求】 血细胞：要求新鲜全血或EDTA.2K抗凝血。 染色体：中期染色体。 疟原虫：耳垂或指尖采血作薄血膜或厚血膜涂片。 【检验方法】 (一)疟原虫、血细咆染色： 1、血涂片晾干后用甲醇固定； 2、配制吉姆萨染色液：取适量的A1吉姆萨染液和A2磷酸盐缓冲液，按一定比例混合，即为吉姆萨染色液，即配即用； 3、将固定的血涂片置于吉姆萨染色液浸染；
雅思阅读预测真题库1参考答案
Flood C/B/F/A/E/D Mississippi/London/Netherlands/Berlin/LosAngeles B/D Texting the Television ii/vi/vii/i/v/ix A/D/C/D/E/A/C/F Company Innovation F/C/G/B/F/E T/NG/F/T C/A/D Rainwater harvesting Corpproduction/sugar-cane platations/Three wells/1998/Roofs of houses/storage tanks NOT GIVEN/YES/NO/YES/YES/NO/NOT GIVEN/NO Design Wobby Mats And Foot health TRUE/FALSE/TRUE/TRUE/NOT GIVEN C/B/A anatomy/stress/blood pressure/resistance/pathway
Tea and Industrial Revolution vi/v/ix/i/ii/iv/vii NG/T/F/F/NG/T Seed Hunters drugs and crops/extinction /pioneers /Sir Joseph Banks /underground vaults TRUE /NOT GIVEN /TRUE /TRUE /FALSE /TRUE In any order A food / B fuel The Power of Placebo A/G/B/H/F/A/D/C F/NG/T/T/F Animal Minds:Parrot Alex NG/NG/F/T/T/F particularly chosen/chimpanzees/100 English words/avian cognition/color/wrong pronunciation/teenager Compliance or Noncompliance for Children B/C/C/A/D/F/D/E/A NO/YES/YES/YES/NOT GIVEN
吉姆萨染色液Giemsa stain
吉姆萨/姬姆萨染色液(Giemsa stain,1:9) 产品简介： 吉姆萨染液由天青2与伊红混合而成。染色原理和结果与瑞氏染色法基本相同，姬姆萨染色液对胞浆着色力较强，能较好的显示胞浆的嗜碱性程度,特别是对血液和骨髓细胞中的嗜天青、嗜酸性、嗜碱性颗粒，着色清晰，但是对胞核着色偏深,核结构显色不佳，常与故姬姆萨染液常与瑞氏染液联合使用。 嗜酸性颗粒为碱性蛋白质，与酸性染料伊红结果，染粉红色，称为嗜酸性物质；细胞核蛋白和淋巴细胞胞浆为酸性，与碱性染料美蓝或天青结合，染紫蓝色，称为嗜碱性物质；中性颗粒呈等电状态与伊红和美蓝均可结合，染淡紫色，称为中性物质。 Leagene Giemsa stain以进口的吉姆萨/姬姆萨色素为主要原料，通过研磨配制而成，能呈现出清晰的细胞染色效果。经常用于组织切片、血液和细胞涂片、细菌、染色体显带、原生动物寄生虫等染色。 Giemsa stain(1:9)的特点在于，由Giemsa stain储存液(10×)和磷酸盐缓冲液组成，1:9混合成工作液后使用；亦可以分开使用，即先用Giemsa stain染色液染色，再经磷酸盐缓冲液处理，亦可以得到满意的染色效果。 产品组成： 主要成分： 试剂(A): 主要由吉姆萨色素、甲醇等组成。 试剂(B): 主要由磷酸盐等组成。 自备材料： 1、载玻片 2、蒸馏水或去离子水 3、甲醇 4、染色架 5、显微镜 6、0.1～0.5%的乙酸
操作步骤（仅供参考）： (一)一步法涂片染色 1、Giemsa stain工作液的配制： 按试剂(A):试剂(B)=1:9混合，即取1份的Giemsa stain储存液(10×)加入到9份的磷酸盐缓冲液中充分混匀，即为Giemsa stain工作液。配制后Giemsastain的工作液为即用型试剂，不易保存，即用即配。 2、常规方法制备血液涂片或骨髓涂片，待涂片自然干燥后，用甲醇固定1～3min。 3、将血液涂片或骨髓涂片放置染色架上，滴加Giemsa stain工作液覆盖涂片，室温滴染 15～30min。 4、用自来水或蒸馏水缓慢从玻片一端冲洗。 5、干燥、镜检。 染色结果： 嗜酸性颗粒粉红色 嗜碱性颗粒紫蓝色 中性颗粒淡紫色 (二)两步法涂片染色 1、Giemsa stain工作液的配制： 按试剂(A):蒸馏水或去离子水=1:4配制Giemsa stain工作液，即取1份的Giemsa stain储存液(10×)加入到4份的蒸馏水或去离子水中充分混匀，即为Giemsa stain工作液。配制后Giemsa stain的工作液为即用型试剂，不易保存，即用即配。 2、常规方法制备血液涂片或骨髓涂片，待涂片自然干燥后，用甲醇固定1～3min。 3、将血液涂片或骨髓涂片放置染色架上，滴加Giemsa stain工作液覆盖涂片，室温滴染 10～15min。 4、加入等量磷酸盐缓冲液，轻轻晃动载玻片，室温静置5～10min。 5、用自来水或蒸馏水缓慢从玻片一端冲洗。 6、干燥、镜检。 染色结果： 嗜酸性颗粒粉红色 嗜碱性颗粒紫蓝色 中性颗粒淡紫色 （三）组织切片染色
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第一篇 内容摘要：The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. ★Why did a promising heart drug fail? Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol. 1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease. 2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone. 3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. "There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. "This cancellation came as a complete shock." 4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins. Under pressure 5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall. 6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible
瑞氏-吉姆萨染液是什么
瑞氏-吉姆萨染色液说明书 【产品名称】 瑞氏-吉姆萨染色液 【包装规格】 货号：DM0007 单瓶包装规格分别为：100ml、250ml、500ml、5000ml； 每套/盒包装规格分别为：2×20ml/盒、 2×100ml/盒、2×250ml/盒、2×500ml/盒、2×5000ml/盒。【预期用途】 主要用于对血细胞进行染色 【检验原理】 瑞氏染料是酸性染料伊红(Eosin)和碱性染料亚甲蓝(Methylene Blue)组成的复合染料, 对原生质的染色有很好的区别作用；吉姆萨染料由天青Ⅱ与伊红混合而成，染色原理和结果与瑞氏染色基本相同，吉姆萨染色对胞浆着色力较强，能较好的显示胞浆的嗜碱性程度，特别对血液和骨髓细胞中的嗜天青、嗜酸性、嗜碱性颗粒，着色清晰，但是对胞核着色偏深，核结构显色不佳，常与瑞氏染色联合使用。 瑞氏-吉姆萨染色液是利用Romanowsky Stain技术原理改良而成的，细胞的着色过程是染料透入被染物并存留其内部的一种过程，此过程既有物理吸附作用，又有化学亲和作用，各种细胞及相关成分由于其化学性质不同，对瑞氏-吉姆萨染色液中的酸性染料(伊红)和碱性染料(亚甲蓝)的亲和力也不一样，标本涂片经瑞氏-吉姆萨染色后，相应各类细胞呈现不同的着色，从而达到辨别其形态特征的目的。 【主要组成成分】 试剂组成主要成分 1、瑞氏-吉姆萨染液瑞氏染料、吉姆萨染料、甲醇 2、磷酸盐缓冲液磷酸盐 【储存条件及有效期】 5℃～35℃环境保存，原包装未开封染色液的有效期为24个月，在有效期内的已开封染色液应在开封后6个月内使用完，每次用后应及时拧紧瓶盖，以免挥发或变质。 【样本要求】 1、血细胞涂片染色：要求新鲜全血或EDTA.2K抗凝血。 2、阴道分泌物(妇科白带)涂片染色：新鲜标本离开人体涂片后，需尽快以火焰或酒精固定，以避免细胞变形。 3、骨髓涂片染色：涂片制成后，应在空气中快速摇动或扇干，防止细胞皱缩变形或固空气潮湿而溶血，不能用高温或火烤干燥。 4、脱落细胞涂片：取样本并涂片，待检涂片固定可采用自然干燥法或湿片固定法(具体操作可根据不同检体及所采用的固定液所对应的规范操作要求进行）；若采用湿片固定法，标本浸泡时间稍长些，效果会更佳；若采用湿片固定液固定标本，固定液用后需经常过滤，更换，防止细胞交叉污染。 【检验方法】 1、滴加瑞氏-吉姆萨染液于涂片上，并让染液覆盖整个标本涂片，染色； 2、将等量的磷酸盐缓冲液滴加于瑞氏-吉姆萨染液上面，以嘴或洗耳球使两液充分混合，染色； 3、水洗，冲洗时不能先倒掉染色液，可缓慢从玻片一端冲洗，以防有沉渣沉淀在标本上； 4、干燥、镜检。 【检验方法的局限性】 仅供形态学初检观察染色使用。 【注意事项】 1、血液涂片或骨髓涂片应厚薄均匀，必须充分干燥，否则在染色过程中容易脱落，以免影响染色效果。
循环泵标准汇总
循环泵标准汇总 内容来源自网络 标准编号 标准中文名称 标准英文名称 GB4706.71-2003 家用和类似用途电器的安全加热和供水装置固定循环泵的特殊要求SafetyofhouseholdandsimilarelectricalappliancesParticularrequirementsfors 标准编号
标准中文名称 标准英文名称 GB4706.71-2003 家用和类似用途电器的安全加热和供水装置固定循环泵的特殊要求 Safety of household and similar electrical appliances Particular requirements for stationary circulation pumps for heating and service installations
NF P52-101-2000 泵.旋转动力泵.加热装置和家用热水装置用电效应不足200W的循环泵.要求、试验和标记 (Pumps - Rotodynamic pumps - Circulation pumps having an electrical effect not exceeding 200 W for heating installations and domestic hot water installations - Requirementstestingmarking.) NF C73-851-2000
家用和类似用途电器的安全.第2-51部分:加热设备和配水设备的固定循环泵的特殊要求 (Safety of household and similar electrical appliances - Part 2-51 : particular requirements for stationary circulation pumps for heating and service water installations.) BS EN 60335-2-51-2003 家用和类似用途电器的安全.加热和供水设施用固定式循环泵的特殊要求 (Specification for safety of household and similar electrical appliances - Particular requirements for stationary circulation pumps for heating and service water installations)
API610及相关中国泵标准介绍-航天所解析
API610及相关中国泵标准介绍国家特种泵阀工程技术研究中心 中国航天科技集团公司第十一研究所（京） 高速泵事业部阎殿甲
1.API610（第八版）简介 1.1 API610是国际著名离心泵标准 目前，世界上最权威的泵标准化组织有三个：即美国标准协会ANSI（American National Standards Institute）所属的B73标准；国际标准化组织ISO（International Standards Organization）所属的TC-115标准；美国石油学会API（American Petrochemical Institute）所属的610标准。在三大著名标准中，由于API610是专门为石油、化工行业编制的离心泵标准，而且是全面总结炼厂和化工厂中的泵设计或泵制造引发的事故和教训而制订出来的，所以许多专家都认为API610标准是鲜血和智慧的结晶，因而在石油、化工和天然气工业用离心泵方面最具权威性。 API610标准对泵的设计和制造质量要求非常严，所以按API标准生产的泵价格也高，因为质量成本增加了。
1.2 API610标准简介 第八版API610标准于1995年8月出版。该标准中详细规 定了范围、术语、关联标准等总则；压力泵壳、作用在管口 上的力、转子、轴封、轴承、材料等基本设计；驱动机、联 轴器、底座和仪表等副机和附件；检查、试验和发货；各种 特定型泵和卖方资料等章节。第八版与第七版比较有6点不同：（1）在章节上由原来的5章增为6章，即多出了“特定型泵”1章； （2）在名称上也有变更，由原来的“一般炼厂用离心泵”改为“石油、重化学和天然气工业用离心泵”； （3）在度量衡单位方面，第八版的主单位采用SI国际单位制，以US美制单位为辅助单位，在（）内给出了参考换算值； （4）第八版给出了各国适用的标准比较表； （5）第八版还给出了各国的材料标准比较表； （6）第八版在动力学、轴振动，特别是机封方面增加了 新内容。
水泵国家执行标准大全.pdf
水泵国家执行标准大全 是一家专业从事不锈钢多级泵的水泵类生产和销售企业，自创建以来本着“科技创新、用户至上、追求卓越”的宗旨，企业不断发展壮大；组建了一支“管理科学化，组织专业化、销售健全化，服务规范化”的高素质队伍，现已发展成为一个集研制、生产、经营和服务为一体的综合企业。公司已建立了一整套从设计、开发、生产、制造到服务的严格质量保证体系。公司生产制造等系列产品。被誉为湖南省“质量最佳企业”、“重合同守信用企业”，深得用户好评。 物竞天泽、适者生存，宏力决策者审时度势、与时俱进，着眼未来，将进一步拓展海内外市场倾心开发高新技术领域产品，致力于将宏力公司打造成为中国水泵行业的龙头企业并跻身国际水泵行业先进行列。 以下是执行的国家标准号：
关键字：水泵离心泵多级泵冷凝泵 描述：知名水泵生产厂家长沙宏力泵业有限公司是一家专业从事不锈钢多级泵的水泵类生产和销售企业，公司生产制造各类优质水泵：离心泵，多级泵，冷凝泵，大型电站循环泵，油泵，渣泵，泥浆泵，渣浆泵，砂泵，热水泵。
父亲的格局决定家庭的方向 一个家庭的福气运道，不是凭空出现的，它是家庭成员共同努力得来的。 家庭要想和谐兴旺，首先要走对方向，父亲的格局就决定着家庭的发展方向。 曾国藩曾说：“谋大事者首重格局”,心中格局的大小，决定了眼光是否长远，眼光是否长远又决定了事物的成败。 家庭的发展不是一个一蹴而就的过程，家庭需要经营，需要规划。 由于社会分工的不同，父亲作为家庭中的男性，承担着家庭领导者的职能，是家庭“权威”的代表。作为家庭列车的火车头，父亲的眼光要远，格局要大，只有父亲的格局大，才能确保家庭的发展方向不出错。 老话说“不是一家人，不进一家门”,人的一生中有大部分时间都在家庭中度过，观念、思想等都会通过家人间潜移默化的影响来传递。如果父亲有一个大格局，那在他的妻子、后辈子孙都会受到好的影响。 在家庭生活中，父亲有大格局，就是在家庭遭遇困难或变故时，不退缩，能够顶住压力。对待家庭小的损失不斤斤计较，不浑浑噩噩混日子，积极对待生活，对于家庭发展有大致的规划。 蒙田曾说：“作为一个父亲，最大的乐趣就在于：在其有生之年，能够根据自己走过的路来启发教育子女。” 一个父亲胜过一百个老师，父亲是孩子在人生中接触的第一个男性形象，他肩负着帮助孩子正确认识世界，了解社会的重任。父亲在教育孩子过程中有大格局，孩子才能健康茁壮成长，才能为家庭的兴旺积蓄后备力量。 在教育孩子中，父亲的大格局体现在不给孩子贴标签，懂得孩子的品格比能力更重要。 说到才女，不少人会想到民国时的“合肥四姐妹”,进而感叹合肥张家是个风水宝地。
7+雅思阅读答案3
第三本T1P1 Build a Medieval Castle 1 TRUE 2 TRUE 3 FALSE 4 TRUE 5 D 6 L 7 A 8 J 9 G 10 F 11 C 12 E 13 F 第三本T1P2 Is Life-Casting an "ART"? 14 D 15 C 16 G 17 H 18 F 19 YES 20 NO 21 NOT GIVEN 22 NO 23 YES 24 YES 25 B 26 D 第三本T1P3 Save Endangered Language 27 v 28 x 29 iii 30 vii 31 viii 32 ii
33 G 34 C 35 B 36 E 37 A 38 D 39 C 40 D 第三本T2P1 Roller Coaster 1 chain 2 loop 3 gear 4 simple motor/motor 5 ice 6 waxed slides 7 melt 8 wheels 9 coal 10 steam engine 11 NOT GIVEN 12 YES 13 YES 14 NO 第三本T2P2 Mammoth Kill 15 hunting 16 overkill model 17 disease 18 empirical evidence 19 climatic instability 20 geographical ranges 21 Younger Dryas event 22 A 23 B 24 A 25 B 26 B 27 C
第三本T2P3 Origin of Species and Continent Formation 28 E 29 A 30 D 31 B 32 C 33 B 34 E 35 F 36 migrated 37 withering skin 38 tectonic pates 39 dispersalism 40 vicarisanism 第三本T3P1 Foot Pedal Irrigation 1 FALSE 2 NOT GIVEN 3 FALSE 4 NOT GIVEN 5 TRUE 6 TRUE 7 several hours 8 bamboo 9 cylinders 10 piston 11 7 12 half an acre 13 corrugated tin 14 $37.5 million 第三本T3P2 Human Navigation-Finding our Way 15 B 16 C 17 A 18 C 19 B 20 C
7+雅思阅读答案5
第五本T1P1 Tea and Industrial Revolution 1. vi 2. v 3. ix 4. i 5. ii 6. iv 7. vii 8. NOT GIVEN 9. TRUE 10. FALSE 11. FALSE 12. NOT GIVEN 13. TRUE 第五本T1P2 Seed Hunting 14 drugs and crops 15 extinction 16 pioneers 17 Sir Joseph Banks 18 underground vaults 19 TRUE 20 NOT GIVEN 21 TRUE 22 TRUE 23 FALSE 24 TRUE 25-26 In any order A food B fuel 第五本T1P3 Music：Language We All Speak 27 iii 28 vii 29 iv 30 i 31 viii 32 F
33 B 34 E 35 D 36 G 37 A 38 C 39 C 40 C 第五本T2P1 Making of Olympic Torch 1. flame 2. climates 3. purchase 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. F 8. E 9. H 10. (a) fuel tank 11. openings/holes 12. handle 13. propane and butane 14. double 第五本T2P2 Detection of a Meteorite Lake 14 TRUE 15 NOT GIVEN 16 FALSE 17 TRUE 18 FALSE 19 (high-pressure) air gun 20 sound energy/sound wave 21 (long) cable 22 hydrophones/underwater microphones 23 ship container/ shipping container 24 seismic reflection profiling 25 laboratory 26 three-dimensional/3D image 27 fishing nets