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专八mini-lecture 历年真题

Writing a Research Paper 2005

I. Research Papers and Ordinary Essay

A. Similarity in (1) __________:

e.g. —choosing a topic

—asking questions

—identifying the audience

B. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________

1. research papers: printed sources

2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________

II. Types and Characteristics of Research Papers

A. Number of basic types: two

B. Characteristics:

1. survey-type paper:

—to gather (4) ___________

—to quote

—to (5) _____________

The writer should be (6) ___________.

2. argumentative (research) paper:

a. The writer should do more, e.g.

—to interpret

—to question, etc.

b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.

—to recommend an action, etc.

III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research Paper

In choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.

Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topic

Question No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topic

Question No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________

Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________

The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.

Meaning in literatine 2006

In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.

I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) ________-

Apart from reading an author's work in question, readers need to

1 ) read (2) ______ by the same author;

2) get familiar with (3)_______ at the time;

3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.

II. Meaning exists "in" the text itself. ?

1)some people's view:

meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4)________,etc

2) speaker's view:

meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5)' _________ Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different (6) ___________perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text.

III. Meaning is created by (7) _________

1)meaning is (8)___________

2)meaning is contextual;

3) meaning requires (9) __________

—practicing competency in reading

—practicing other competencies

—background research. in (10)__________ , etc.

What Can We Learn from Art? 2007

I. Introduction

A. Differences between general history and art history

— Focus:

— general history: (1)_____

— art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc.

B. Significance of study

More information and better understanding of human society and civilization II. Types of information

A. Information in history books is (2)_____

— facts, but no opinions

B. Information in art history is subjective

— (3)_____ and opinions

e.g. — Spanish painter's works: misuse of governmental power

— Mexican artists' works: attitudes towards social problems III. Art as a reflection of religious beliefs

A. Europe: (4)_____ in pictures in churches

B. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palaces

Reason: human and (5)_____ are not seen as holy

C. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremonies

Purpose: to seek the help of (6)_____ to protect crops, animals and people. IV. Perceptions of Art

How people see art is related to their cultural background.

A. Europeans and Americans

— (7)_____

— expression of ideas

B. People in other places

— part of everyday life

— (8)_____ use

V. Art as a reflection of social changes

A. Cause of changes: (9)_____ of different cultures.

B. Changes

— tribal people: effects of (10)_____ on art forms

— European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works

— American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese painting

The Popularity of English 2008

I. Present status of English

A. English as a native/first language

B. English as a lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose

(1)______ are different

C. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language:

— 320-380 million native speakers

— 250- (2) _____ million speakers of English as a second language

II. Reasons for the popular use of English

A. (3) ____ reasons

— the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America;

— British settlers brought the language to Australia;

— English was used as a means of control in (4)_____

B. Economic reasons

—spread of (5) _____

— language of communication iii the international business community

C. (6)______ in international travel

— use of English in travel and tourism

— signs in airports

— language of announcement

— language of (7) ______

D. Information exchange

— use of English in the academic world

— language of (8) _____ or journal articles

E. Popular culture

— pop music on (9)______

— films from the USA

III. Questions to think about

A. status of English in the future

B. (10) ______ of distinct varieties of English

Writing Experimental Reports 2009

I.Content of an experimental report, e.g.

--- study subject/ area

--- study purpose

--- ____1____

II.Presentation of an experimental report

--- providing details

--- regarding readers as _____2_____

III.Structure of an experimental report

--- feature: highly structured and ____3____

--- sections and their content:

INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did it

METHOD how you did it

RESULT what you found out

____5____ what you think it shows

IV. Sense of readership

--- ____6____: reader is the marker

--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study

--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:

introduction to relevant area

necessary background information

development of clear arguments

definition of technical terms

precise description of data ____8____

V. Demands and expectations in report writing

--- early stage:

understanding of study subject/area and its implications

basic grasp of the report’s format

--- later stage:

____9____ on research significance

--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:

inadequate material

____10____ of research justification for the study

Paralinguistic Features of Language 2010

In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.

First category: vocal paralinguistic features

A.(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________

B.Examples

1. whispering: need for secrecy

2. breathiness: deep emotion

3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________

4. nasality: anxiety

5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacy

Second category: physical paralinguistic features

A.facial expressions

1.(3)_______ (3)__________

----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome

2.less common expressions

----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest

----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________

B.gesture

gestures are related to culture.

1.British culture

----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________

----- scratching head: puzzlement

2.other cultures

----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________

----- pointing at nose: secret

C.proximity, posture and echoing

1.proximity: physical distance between speakers

----- closeness: intimacy or threat

----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________

Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________

2.posture

----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indeicate(9)_____ (9)________

----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude

3.echoing

----- definition: imitation of similar posture

----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________

----- conscious imitation: mockery

Classifications of Cultures 2011

According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.

I. High-context culture

A. feature

- context: more important than the message

- meaning: (1)__________

i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itself

B. examples

- personal space

- preference for (3)__________

- less respect for privacy / personal space

- attention to (4)___________

- concept of time

- belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time

- no concern for punctuality

- no control over time

II. Low-context culture

A. feature

- message: separate from context

- meaning: (6)___________

B. examples

- personal space

- desire / respect for individuality / privacy

- less attention to body language

- more concern for (7)___________

- attitude toward time

- concept of time: (8)____________

- dislike of (9)_____________

- time seen as commodity

III. Conclusion

Awareness of different cultural assumptions

- relevance in work and life

e.g. business, negotiation, etc.

- (10)_____________ in successful communication

Observation 2012

People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.

A.Differences

---- daily life observation

--casual

--(1) ________

--defendence on memory

---- research observation

-- (2) _________

-- careful record keeping

B. W ays to select samples in research

---- time sampling

-- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour

-- random: fixed intervals but (3) _______

Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination.

---- (4) _______

-- definition: selection of different locations

-- reason: humans’ or animals’ behaviour (5) ______ across circumstances

-- (6) ______: more objective observations

C. W ays to record behaviour (7) _______

---- observation with intervention

-- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant

-- field experiment: research (8) ______ over conditions

---- observation without intervention

-- purpose: describing behaviour (9) ______

-- (10) ______ : no intervention

-- researcher: a passive recorder

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2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】

十年专八翻译真题附答案

2013汉译英生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。Life is like a cup of wine；people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. 将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。Hold in the hand and gaze at it，the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood，which is the impress of life.抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste，the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life，which is complicated and blurred. 喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。Once the sip is swallowed，the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind，leaving a person lifelong benefit. 红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine：the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows，just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. 当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 When life comes to twilight years，it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity，just like a bottle of wine to be savored. 英译汉联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。 2012汉译英痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. ―Just leave it here‖, she told herself, ―This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center‖. The chi ld was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. 英译汉But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 2011：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛