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连词和介词

连词和介词
连词和介词

1. 连词的分类

连词和介词一样,不能单独在句子里作句子成分,只能起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的作用。

1.1 关联连词

起关联作用的连词有 and,词组both… and,neither… nor,not only… but also…,as well as 等,其用法如下:

(1)and

①用于肯定的并列。如:

The drink was cold and sweet.这饮料喝着又凉又甜。

有些被视为一个整体的两个名词并列时,词序固定。如:

thunder and lightning(电闪雷鸣) hat and coat(衣帽) rich and poor(穷富)

and 并列两个动作时,表示动作的连续或重复。如:

She brushed her teeth and went to bed.她刷了牙就睡觉了。

Will you close the window and turn off the light before you leave?

你走之前把窗户关上,灯关掉好吗?

②and 与 yet 连用,引导对比性的内容。如:

He is rich, and yet leads a modest life.他富有但生活不奢侈。

③and 常于动词 try,wait 等之后与另一个动词连用(try 等词此时需为原形)。如:

Try and get some water.想办法找些水来。Let’s wait and see.我们等等看吧。

④and 用在动词 come,go,run,hurry up,stay,stop 等不及物动词之后代替 to,与另一个动

词连接,则第二个动词表示目的。此时 come 等可有过去式和第三人称形式。如:

I went and watched the game with Jimmy yesterday.昨天我和吉米去看比赛了。

Go and buy a new coat for yourself.去给你自己买件新大衣吧。

在口语中,go 后面的 and 常省略。如:Go jump in the river.

⑤在“祈使句+ and +句子”中,祈使句表示条件,后面的句子表示结果。如:

Work hard and you’ll make progress.努力工作你就会有进步。

Use your head and you’ll find a way.动动脑子你就会有办法。

(2)并列连词both… and… 与 and 的作用基本相同,但语气较 and 强。但both… and…不能并列连接两个句子。如:

He can speak both English and French.他会说英语和法语。

The book is both interesting and instructive.这本书既有意义,又有趣味。

He is famous both as a novelist and as a statesman.

作为小说家和政治家,他都是有名的。

and 和 bot h… and… 的否定形式一律用neither… nor…。如:

I neither smoke nor drink.我既不吸烟也不喝酒。

(3)并列连词词组 as well as,not only… but also… 作用与 and 相同,只是各自的侧重点不同。用 as well as 时,侧重点在 as well as 前的部分;用not only… but also…时,侧重点在 but also 后面的部分。请比较下面两个句子译文的词序:

他不仅有一辆摩托车,而且还有一辆小汽车。

He’s g ot a car as well as a motorbike./He’s got not only a motorbike but a car.

她不仅美丽而且聪明。

She is clever as well as beautiful./She is not only beautiful but clever.

在使用 as well as 时还要注意以下几个方面:

①尽管 as well as 也可连接两个句子,但有时表示的是比较意义,而不是并列意义。如:

She sings as well as she plays.她演奏得好,歌唱得也好。

②as well as 引导的句子不能出现在句首。例如,不可以说:

As well as he broke his leg, he hurt his arm.他不仅断了腿而且伤了胳膊。

③as well as 后跟动词时,一律要用动词的 -ing 形式。如:

She sings as well as playing the piano.她钢琴弹得好,歌唱得也好。

1.2. 选择连词

(1)or

①在陈述句中,or 连接两个通常在内容上相互排斥的部分。如:

Is he innocent or guilty?他是有罪还是无罪?

②在否定句或否定结构中表明并列的两个部分都是否定。如:

I can’t speak English or French.我既不会说英语也不会说法语。

(2)either… or

either… or 和 or 作用相同,只是选择的意义较 or 强。如:

Come either today or tomorrow.今天来,要么明天来。

(3)whether… or

I shall go, whether you come with me.不管你是否跟我一起去,我是要去的。

1.4 转折连词

1. but 表示情况相反的,形成鲜明对照

Charms strike the sight, but merits win the soul.美貌悦目,美德服人。

2. 委婉的转折

I’d like to help you but I’m very busy.我想帮助你,可是我太忙。

3. 在动词 expect,hope,think,intend,mean( = intend),suppose,want 之后,以解释意图或动作未实现的原因。如:

I meant to come to see you last night, but a friend dropped in.

昨晚我本想来看你,但一个朋友来访了。

除了转折连词 but 外,连接副词 yet,still,however,while 等也可表示转折。如:

You can do it in an hour, yet you kept me waiting for a week.

你一个小时就可以做的事情,却让我等了一个星期。

1.5. 表示因果的连词

1. for

for 作并列连词,表示原因时,只能用在表示结果的句子之后,且用逗号隔开,通常用来对前面的句子进行说明解释或提供证据。如:

She looks pale, for she has been ill.因为她生病了,所以她脸色苍白。

2. so,therefore 等副词也能在意义上起连接作用。如:

I’ve never been to France and therefore I don’t know much about it.

我从来没去过法国,所以我对那个国家不了解。

1.7.

2.2. 从属连词的用法

引导一个从句作句子成分的连词叫从属连词。从属连词分为两类:引导名词性从句的连词和引导副词性从句的连词。

1.7.

2.2.1. 引导名词性从句的从属连词

1. 从属连词 that

引导名词性从句的 that 无词汇意义,在从句中不作句子成分,仅起连接作用。如:It seems that he will not agree with us.似乎他不同意我们的意见。

that 引导的名词从句有几点要注意:

(1) 引导的名词从句作主语并且处于句首时,that 不能省略。从句作主语只用于非正式英语,在正式英语中常用 the fact that 从句作主语。试比较:

That air has pressure was known long ago.空气有压力,人们早就知道。(非正式)

(2) that 引导的名词从句作动词 believe,expect,hear,hope,know,say,suppose,tell,think,wish 等的宾语时,that 可以省略。如:

I thought you knew his death.我原以为你知道他的死呢。

(3) 并列的 that 从句作宾语时,that 永远不省略。如:

Everyone could see what was happening and that poor George was really scared.

大家都看到正发生的事,也看到可怜的乔治吓坏了。

(4) that 从句作 have,owe,take 等几个及物动词的宾语时,在这些动词与 that 从句中嵌入形式宾语 it。如:

He owed it to his first teacher of English that he had a good pronunciation.

他的发音很好,他把这一点归功于他的第一位英语老师。

(5) 作介词(but,except 等除外)宾语时,要用 the fact。

2. 连词 whether

引导名词从句的 whether 有词汇意义,表示“是否”,但不作句子成分。

Whether he will come is unknown.他来不来还不知道呢。

I am worrying about whether I hurt her feeling.我担心是否伤了她的感情。

whether 在引导从句作动词宾语时,口语中常用 if 代替,尤其是动词 wonder 等之后。如:

I wonder if you would mind helping me.不知道你是否愿意帮助我。

注意:doubt 后面引导名词从句的连词 whether 和 that 的用法:当 doubt 是肯定式时,用whether 引导名词从句,如果是否定式,则用 that 引导。如:

There is some doubt whether John will come on time.约翰会不会准时来还有怀疑。

3. wh-word(when,where,what,who,how,why)作从属连词,wh-words 引导名词从句时,一有词汇意义;二起连接作用;三在从句中充当句子成分。如:

Who wrote the novel is unknown.谁写的小说还不清楚。

1.5 引导副词从句的从属连词

引导副词从句的从属连词根据其引导的副词从句的意义可分为:

1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词及词组

(1) as,after,before,once,since,till,until,when,while 等。如:

He came up while I was speaking.我正说话时他来了。

when,while,as 在引导时间状语从句时,译成汉语都是“当……时”,但有区别。其区别是:

时间上的同时性。表示在时间的某一时刻主句和从句的动作同时进行时,如果主句和从句中的动词是短暂动词,用 as 和 when。如:

He arrived just as/when we stepped into a taxi.我们刚跨进出租车他就到了。

若主句、从句动作不是同时发生,只能用 when。如:

When he had had breakfast, the day’s work began.他吃过早饭,一天的工作就算开始了。若表示的两个动词在某一段时间内都在持续进行,要用 while(此时用于 while-从句中的动词必须是持续动词)。如:

They arrived while we were having dinner.他们来的时候我们正吃饭。

若主句中动词不是持续动词,又表示该动作发生在 while- 从句中所表示那段时间中的某一点,此时可用 when/as 代替 while。如:

As we were having breakfast, a postman called.我们正在吃早饭时,邮递员叫门了。

表示“一段时间内”的同时性时,while 与 as 可以互换。此时主句和从句中动词必须是持续性动词,但有区别。用 while 强调的是主句动词贯穿于 while- 从句所表示时间的始终;用 as 则强调两个动作的同时进行。如:

She waited outside while I fetched her the coat.我给她取衣服时她在外边等着。

(2) 从属连词词组有 as long as,as soon as,hardly/scarcely/barely… when,no sooner than,every ti me when…

I’ll tell you as soon as I know.我一知道就告诉你。

no sooner… than… 和hardly/scarcely… when;虽然译成汉语都是“一……就……”,但有区别。区别如下:

当表示两件事紧接着发生时用no sooner… than… 如:

He had no sooner pulled down the huts than he found a snake.

他刚拆掉小屋就发现一条蛇。

当前一件事导致了后一件事的发生时用 no sooner… than… 如:

He had no sooner found the tomb than he asked men to guard it.

他一发现那座墓就让人看守着。

表示后一件事的发生往往是出乎意料时用hardly… when… 如:

He had hardly entered the room when he found his TV set stolen.

他一进屋就发现电视机被盗了。

表示“一…就…”,还可以用副词 immediately, directly 等。如:

I came directly I got your message.我听到信儿就来了。

此外,还有一些表示时间的名词词组,如:the moment,the minute,the instant,every time,next time 等,这些词也可以引导时间状语从句。如:

The instant we heard the alarm, we fell in for action.我们一听到警报就立即行动起来。

2.引导地点状语从句的从属连词 where 和 wherever如:

Make a mark where you stop.在停的地方做了记号。

3. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词

引导方式状语从句的从属连词主要是 as,as if 或 just as 口语中有时用 like。如:Lucy cried as if her heart would break.露西哭得好像心要碎了。

4. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词

引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有 3 个:as,because 和 since。其中 because 语气最强,as 的语气最弱。如:

I bought an umbrella because I thought it might rain.

我买了一把伞,我原以为天可能要下雨。

since,as,because 在引导原因状语从句时有以下几点区别:

as 和 since 引导的从句一般在主句之前,引导一个显而易见的事实以说明主句动作的理由,英语多用 as,美语多用 since。如:

As it is cold outside, I’ll put on my overcoat.因为外边很冷,我就穿上大衣。because 引导的原因状语从句,一般放在主句之后,重在说明主句动作的原因或理由。如:Did he come because he wanted money?他是需要钱才来的吗?

当原因状语被强调或被否定时,要用 because,不能用 as,不能用 since。如:He will surely succeed for he works hard.他肯定会成功,因为他学习很用功。

It is because he works hard that he will surely succeed.

正是因为他学习很用功,他才会成功。

在书面语中还用 in that,now that 引导状语从句表示原因。如:

Now that you mention it, I do remember.你一提这事我想起来了。

用 now that 引导原因状语从句时,主句和从句的时间必须一致,否则不能用 now that。

5. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词

(1) 引导让步状语从句的从属连词用 though,although,even if/though 和 as 等。如:

Though he is old, he still works hard.尽管他年纪大了,他还是努力工作。

(2) 引导让步状语从句时,用 although 比用 though 正式。如:

Though he may fail, he will try again.尽管他可能会失败,他还会一试。

Although it has been raining hard, the road is passable.

尽管天一直下雨,路还是可以通行的。

但 though 前可用 even 强调,although 则不能用 even 强调。如:

Even though he doesn’t understand a word, he kept smiling.

尽管他听不懂话,他还是一直微笑。

(3) 用 though/although 引导让步状语从句时,主句前可以用副词 yet,still, nevertheless 加强转折,但不能使用并列连词 but 表示转折。如:

Though he is over seventy, yet he can ride the bike.

尽管他已年逾七十,他还能骑自行车。

(4) as 引导让步状语时,通常要使用倒装语序,但有时也可用 though 代替。如:

Poor as the old man was, he always managed to help the others.

(5) as 用于上面的句型,有时不是表示让步,而是表示原因。如:

Tired as she was, I decided not to disturb her.因为她很累,我决定不去打扰她了。(6) while 也可引导让步状语从句,但语气较轻,重点在于突出对比主句与从句的差异。如:

While I like the colour of the hat, I do not like its shape.

尽管我喜欢帽子的颜色,但不喜欢它的样式。

(7) whether… or 引导的让步状语从句,表示两个对比的情况,且有条件含义。如:

Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as they planned.

不管天气好坏,他们都要按原计划动身。

(8) whatever 与 no matter what 等引导让步状语时表示无论在什么情况下的随意选择,这种从句有时使用 may。如:

Whatever happens we shall not lose hope.无论发生什么事情,我们都不能失去希望。

6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词

(1) if,unless

You’ll miss the bus if you don’t hurry.如果你不快点,你就赶不上汽车了。

请注意以下几点:

多数情况下,unless 的意义(尤其在真实条件句中)相当于if… not,但通常用于真实条件句中,表示除惟一条件。如:

You will be late unless you set off earlier.如果不早点走,你就会迟到。

在虚拟条件句中通常用if… not。如:

If sh e weren’t so silly, she would understand.

如果她不是太傻的话,她会明白的。

在表示只有从句动作不发生,主句动作才有可能出现时,只能用if… not 而不用unless。如:I’ll be glad if she doesn’t come this evening.今晚她要不来,我才高兴呢。

(2) providing/provided that, on condition that 和 supposing that

I will go providing that my expenses are paid.只要报销开支我就去。

(3) as 和 so long as

You can go where you like so long as you get back before dark.

只要在天黑前能回来,你爱去哪儿就去哪儿。

7. 引导结果状语的从属连词

引导结果状语的从属连词用so… that, such… that 或 so that

(1) so… that

They talked so fast that I could hardly put in a word.

他们说得太快了,我连一句话也插不进去。

(2) such… that

He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.

他给我们讲的故事很滑稽,我们都笑了。

8. 引导目的状语的从属连词

(1) 引导状语从句时用 so that 和 in order that

He works no Sundays so that he can earn enough to pay his tuition.

他星期天也工作,为的是能挣够交学费的钱。

在通常情况下,so that 引导的目的状语从句出现在句末,有时也可以把 so that引导的目的状语从句放在主句之前。如:

So that we could see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.

为了能够看到日出,我们一早就向山峰出发了。

(2) lest,in fear that,for fear that,in case that 通常从相反的角度表示目的,从句谓语用 should +动词原形。如:

She explained again and again lest others should misunderstand her.

她再三解释,惟恐大家误会了她。

1. 介词

介词又叫前臵词,一般放在名词的前面。介词是一种虚词,一般不重读,不能在句中独立充当一个成分,它只是表示它后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句与其它成分的关系。

1.1 介词的分类

介词可按其结构分为:

1. 简单介词:简单介词是由一个单词构成的介词。分为普通介词(如:at,by,for,in,over,to,up 等),合成介词(如:as for,onto,into,within,without,out of 等),和分词介词(如:concluding,regarding,concerning 等)三种。

2. 二重介词:二重介词是由两个简单介词重叠使用构成的。如:from among,since before,until after,except in 等。

3. 短语介词:介词是由两个或者两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的。一般说来,这个短语的最后一个词是简单介词。如:according to,because of,instead of,in front of,with reference to 等。

介词还可按其词义分为下列几种:

1. 表示地点。如:about,across,after,among,around,behind,below,beside,beyond,down,from,into,off,over,throughout,towards,up,within,without 等。

2. 表示时间。如:about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,till(until),to,towards,within 等。

3. 表示除去。如:besides,but,except 等。

4. 表示比较。如:as,like,above,over 等。

5. 表示反对。如:against,with 等。

6. 表示原因、目的。如:for,with,from 等。

7. 表示结果。如:to,with,without 等。

8. 表示手段、方式。如:by,in,with 等。

9. 表示所属。如:of,with 等。

10. 表示条件。如:on,without,considering 等。

11. 表示让步。如:despite,in spite of,notwithstanding 等。

12. 表示关于。如:about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to 等。

13. 表示对于。如:to,for,over,at,with 等。

14. 表示根据。如:on,according to 等。

15. 表示其他。如:for(赞成),without(没有)等。

1.2 介词短语在句中的作用

介词后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句叫介词宾语,有时也可以叫介词补足语。可做介词宾语的词语主要有:名词或名词性从句、代词、数词、动名词或动名词短语以及由连接代词(副)词引导的从句或不定式短语。

介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。

介词短语在句中可作:

1. 定语。如:China is a country with a long history.中国是历史悠久的国家。

2. 表语。如:You must remain in bed.你必须卧床休息。

3. 补足语。如:I found everything in good condition.我发现一切状况良好。

4. 状语。如:

We put the play on in a theatre.(地点状语)我们在剧院上演这部戏。

In spite of the heavy rain, they arrived.(让步状语)尽管雨下得很大,他们还是到了。

5. 作主语。如:From Shenyang to Dalian is four hours' drive.从沈阳到大连开车要4个小时。

6. 作宾语。如:

The three thieves served a sentence of between 4 and 6 years.三个盗窃犯服刑 4 到 6 年。

1.6.3. 常用介词的基本用法

介词在英语中的使用很广泛,也是高考中的重点,正确使用介词是很重要的,下面归类讲述一些重点介词的用法:

(一)时间介词:

1. In

A. 表示世纪、年代、年、月、季节、星期等较长的时间。如: in 1999,in January,in the week

B. 表示每天的上午、下午、晚上。如: in the morning/afternoon/evening

C. in 后接一段时间的名词,表示“过多久以后”,常用于将来时的句中。 in 有时表“在……之

内(within)”。如:I’ll come and see you again in five days.过五天后,我再来看你。

D. in + n. 表时间,相当于 during。如:in the war/storm 等。

2. on

A. 某(几)天如: on Sundays,on May 1st 等。

B.某天的上午、下午、晚上。如:on Monday morning,on Christmas Eve 等。

C.on + doing 表示“一……就……”。如:

On entering the room she saw him.

她一进屋就看见了他。

3. at

A. 表小时或分钟。如: at ten to nine(九点差十分)。

B. 后接特定的时间名词。如: dawn(黎明),daybreak(天亮),night,mid-night,noon 等。

C. 表用餐时间。如: at breakfast/supper/lunch 等。

D. 表年龄。如:at the age of…等。

E.还有 at this/that time 等。

(二)方式介词:

1. by

A. 后接 ing 分词

B. by hand 用手,手工;by letter 用写信的方法;by post 由邮局传递;by electricity 用电

C. divide by 用……除;learn by heart 背下,记住

D. by land/air/water/sea/boat/ship/car/bus/train/taxi/rail(way)/plane 等。

E.by means of…(用/靠……的方法);by way of…(取道于,经由,用……的方法)。

2. with

A. 后接表示工具的名词,多有“手拿着”之意。如:He struck me with a whip.

B. 后接人体的器官。如:You can lift a big piece of bamboo with one hand.

C.后接表示情绪、态度的名词。如:He looked at them with great satisfaction.

3. through

A. 后接与电讯有关的名词,表示获得知识、消息的来源。

如:Our country has sent and received TV programmes through man-made satellite.

B. 后接名词,说明行为者的经历。

如:Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.

C. 后接透过、穿过的物体,说明行为者所依靠的途径。

如:He was looking through a telescope.

4. on

A. 后接表示食物的名词表示所依靠的食物。如:All ants live on liquid food.

B. 接支撑身体的部位。如:I knelt on one knee over him.

C. 接表示大型交通工具的名词,名词前有相应修饰语。如: on the NO.1 bus,on this ship

5. in

A. 后接表示情绪或精神状态的名词。如:in silence,in tears,in surprise

B. 表示与语言文字有关的方式。如:in word,in English

C. 接表示具体的小型交通工具名词。如:in my car,in that boat,in his plane

D. 与 way,order,hurry 等连用。如:in this way,in order,in a hurry

E. 后接表示包裹用品名词。如:She wrapped him with a blanket.

(三)双重介词的用法:

两个介词的表意角度不同,前者比较笼统,后者比较具体,前者需要后者补充。

如:There were five matchsticks in between the two pages.

He has travelled everywhere but in his own country.

The strong wind from off the coast now whipped the house.

We have seen that the hibernating animal reduced movement to far below the ordinary level.

(四)but 的用法:

A. 表示“除去……之外”、“只不过”之义。在很多情况下可与 except 互换,只是 but多用在

代词后面。如: I have written all my lessons but one.

B. 一般只接动词不定式作宾语,不接 ing 分词作宾语,当 but 之前含有 do 时,but后的不定式

要省 to。如: Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.

C. cannot but,could not but,cannot choose but,could not choose but,cannot help but,

could not help but 为特殊句式后接动词原形,表示“只得”、“不得不”。

如: I could not choose but go.

D. never… but 表示“除非”、“若不”。

如: I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in the old times.

E. but for = if it were not/had not been for 用于虚拟语气中表示“要不是”。

如: But for his advice we should fail.

F. 可连接两个主语。介词后边的代词要用宾语。句子前的谓语要与 but 前的主语一致。

如: Nobody but me knows it.

(五)against 的用法:

1. 逆着、迎着(方向)。如: We run against the wind.

2. 反对。如: He was active in politics and was strongly against slavery.

3. 撞击;碰着。如: He hit against the pole reading as he was walking.

4. 靠着。如: He put the ladder against the wall.

5. 和……对照;与……对比;以……为背景。如: Red flags stand out brightly against the blue

sky.

6. 防备。如: defend against enemy, protest against rain

(六)包含 with 的几个词组:

agree… with/be angry with sb. satisfied with

fill with get in with

get on well with

1.6.4. 介词的后臵及省略

1. 介词的后臵

介词一般放在名词之前,但在下列情况下,则常后臵(常在全句分句或从句之末)。

(1)介词宾语为疑问词时。如:

Who does your father always argue with?你父亲总是和谁辩论?

在间接疑问句或感叹句中介词也可后臵。如:

The teacher asked us what the scientist burst on.

老师问我们那位科学家突然发现了什么。(间接疑问句)

(2) 介词宾语为关系代词或缩合连接代词时。如:

She showed a great interest in the conversation which we joined in?

她对我们参与其中的谈话很感兴趣。

(3) 在其他情况下。如:

He even couldn't find a man to speak with about the matter.

他甚至找不到一个人来说说这件事。

To be the leader of a symphony orchestra is something any violinist can be proud of.

作为一个交响乐团的首席小提琴手是任何一个小提琴手都会感到骄傲的事。

2. 介词的省略

现代英语在某些情况下有一种省略介词的趋势。

(1) 省去 as。如:I don't consider Mrs. Moore my friend.

我不认为摩尔夫人是我的朋友。(my friend 之前省去 as,现在一般认为不应该用 as) (2) 省去 at。如:What time did he meet his death in the field?

他是什么时候死在疆场的?(what 前省去 at)

(3) 省去 by。如:We are asked to go economy.

我们被要求厉行节约。(economy 前省去 by)

(4) 省去 from。如:Can't you stop him achieving his purpose?

你不能阻止他达到他的目的吗?(achieving 前省去 from)

(5) 省去 in。如:John joined the army the same year the war broke out.

约翰参了军,同年战争就爆发了。(the same year 前省去 in)

(6)省去 of。如:

The Pacific Ocean is so big that it could hold twenty countries the size of the United States.太平洋很大,它可以装得下 20 个美国那样大的国家。(the size 前省去 of)

(7) 省去 on。如:

We had a big reception for the new ambassador the evening of November 18.

我们于11月18日晚为新大使举行了招待会。(the evening 前省去 on)

(8) 省去 to。如:

The reception accorded the book has been very gratifying.

这本书受到欢迎是非常可喜的事。(accorded 后省去 to)

(9) 在列举一系列名词时,介词要省去,以免重复。如:

While she was sitting on the bench, she suddenly felt an ache on the shoulder, the head, the back.

她坐在长椅上时,突然感到肩上、头上、背上一阵疼痛。(the head 与 the back 前省去 on) 但在下面句子中由于强调介词 of,故需重复。如:

He was guilty of vanity, of several meanness.他有虚荣心,干过好几桩卑劣的事。

下面一句中连词 and 前后的介词不同,故一般皆不可省略:

Dr. Sun has agreed to be an adviser to and member of the board of the college.

孙博士同意担任这所学院的顾问和董事。

1.6.5. 部分介词的用法比较

1. above,over

(1) 表示“高于……”时,above 与 over 通用。如:

Let's hang the painting over/above the fire place.我们把这幅油画挂在火炉上方。(2) 表示“覆盖”或“动作的超越”时用 over。如:

The plane was flying over the city.飞机在那个城市的上方飞翔。

(3) 表示“多于……”时用 over。如:

You have to be over 18 to see this film.你超过 18 岁才能看这部电影。

(4) 立体刻度的“以上”用 above。如:

She is well above average in intelligence.智力上她大大超过了一般人。

2. across,over 和 through

(1) 表示在线状物的“另一侧”时,across 与 over 通用。如:

The bookstore is just over/across the street.书店就在街对面。

(2) 发生在水面上或某物的上方的动作用 over,发生在水中的动作用 across。如:

How long would it take to swim across the river?游过那条河要用多长时间?

When I last saw him he was climbing very slowly over the fence.

我上次看到他的时候,他正慢慢地爬越篱笆。

(3) 平面内的动作用 across 或 over,三维空间(如房屋等)内的动作只用 across。如:

Who are those people wandering across/over the fields?在地里转来转去的那些人是谁?

He walked across the room, smiling strangely.他在房里怪笑着走来走去。

有时 across 也可以用于“从平面的一侧到另一侧”的动作。如:

I walked across the square to the cafe.我走过广场到了那家咖啡店。

(4) 表示“从一个物体的一侧到另一侧”或“从周围有物的环境内的一侧到另一侧”的动作用through。如:It took us three hours to walk through the forest.

我们用了 3 个小时才走出森林。

(5) 与抽象名词连用,用 through 表示从头到尾。如:

Right through the meal, the cat made trouble for the woman.

在整个做饭过程中,那只猫给那位妇女惹了不少麻烦。

3. below,beneath 和 under

(1) below 和 under 都表示“在……下面”,但 below 表示两表面之间有空隙(space), under 则

表示接触。如:They live below us.他们住在我们下面。

(2) under 有“垂直在……下”、“正下方”之意,below 则没有此意。如:

My desk is under the lamp.我的桌子就在灯下。

The sun sank below the horizon.太阳落在了地平线下。

(3) below 有“在……下游”之意,under 却没有此意。比较:

There used to be a mill one mile below the bridge.

从前在那座桥下游一公里处有间磨房。

A lot of boats pass under this bridge every day.每天许多船从这座桥下经过。

(4) beneath 有时可以代替 under,但多用于抽象意义。如:

He would think it beneath him to tell a lie.

4. besides,but,except 和 except for

(1) 在肯定句中,besides 意为“除……之外”、“还……”(包括曾提到的对象),but,except 意

为“除……之外”(不包括曾提到的对象)。如:

Besides English, we study mathematics.除了英语外,我们还学习数学。

① 在否定句中,其意义相同。如:

She knew nothing besides/except that he was a doctor.

她除了知道他是个医生外,其他什么都不知道。

② besides,but,except 前面,有实义动词 do 时,后面的不定式不带 to,没有do 时则要带 to。

如:Mary did nothing but clean the dishes.

③ 如果没有实义动词 do,besides 后面习惯用动词 -ing 形式,but 和 except 后习惯用带 to 的

不定式。如:

Besides helping their parents to gather in the wheat, the students taught them to read and write.除了帮父母收麦子外,这些学生还教他们读书写字。

④ 在表示“除外”意义时,but 与 except 相同,但用 except 较正式。except 侧重于“有例外”,

but 侧重于“几乎全部”。如:

We are all here except/but Mary.除了玛丽外,我们都在这儿。

但是在介词短语、名词从句前多用 except。如:

I know nothing about him except that he lives the next door.

我除了知道他住在隔壁外,什么也不知道。

⑤ but 通常只用在 who,where,what,all,know,nothing,nobody,anybody,anything,everything,

nowhere 之后。All but one man were wounded.除了一个男的以外,其余的人都受伤了。

(2) except 和 except for 的区别。

① except 表示“除外”,except for 表示“例外”,因此,前后有同类词语时用 except。如:

Nobody knows the answer except Mary.除了玛丽,没有人知道这个答案。

无同类词语时用 except for。如:Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

除了几处的拼写错误外,你的作文还是挺好的。

② except 只能放在句首,而 except for 短语可放在句末。如:

The roads were deserted except for a few cars.这条路没有人,只有少数汽车从这里通过。

③ except 前的句子通常是否定的,而 except for 前的句子通常是肯定的。如:大街上只有值勤

的警察。可译为:There was no one in the street except the policemen on duty. 或 The streets were deserted except for the policemen on duty.

但 except for 短语出现在句首时,后面的句子也可以是否定的。如:

Except for the policemen on duty, there was no one in the streets.

除了值勤的警察,大街上什么人也没有。

5. amid(st),among 和 between

(1) amid 和 among 的区别

① amid 的介词宾语可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,而 among 后的宾语只能是复数名词。

如:Amid warm applause the honoured guests mounded the rostrum.

尊敬的客人在热烈的掌声中登上了讲台。

② among 指处于可分离的事物中,amid 指处于不可分离的事物中。如:

He is amid the crowd.他淹没在人群中。

He is among the crowd.他在人群里。

(2) among 与 between 的区别

若用于同类事物时,between 用于两者之间,among 用于三者以上。如:

The girl is standing between a woman and a child.

这个女孩就站在一个妇女和孩子之间。

She is sitting among her children.

她坐在她的孩子们中间。

常用连词和介词

常用连词和介词 常用连词 as 1.一边.一边2.当...时3.因为as soon as 一…就… as(so) long as 只要 as(so) far as 据…所知as...as 像...一样 as-- 尽管 accordingly 因此所以although, though 虽然尽管After 在...之后 A as well as B 不但A而且B before 在...之前 besides 而且 because 因为,放在主句后。both A and B 既是A又是B but 但是,而是,的确…但consequently 因此所以either A or B 不是A是B even if 即使 even though 即使 else 否则 for fear that 以防万一

furthermore 而且 however 然而 hence 因此所以 however 不论 if 如果是否 in addition 而且 in order that 为了 in case 以防假使,如果 in that 因为既然 lest 以防万一 moreover 而且 not...until--直到...才 no sooner--than-- 一…就… not so(as)...as 不像... now that 既然 no matter(what, when, where, how) 无论(什么.何时,何地……) nor 也不 neither A nor B 既不是A也不是B not only A but also B 不但A而且B nevertheless 然而 once 一旦; 一度

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英语常用介词和连词

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from 从…开始,始于,今后,来自,由于; in 在之内(敞开状态),从事于,在…期间(较长时间);inside 在…之内(封闭状态),在…内部(时间),少于;into 到…里,进入到…之内,深入…之中; in spite of 尽管,不管,不论; like 象,如同; near 在…近旁,近似于; of …的,由…制成的,关于,对于,属于; off 从…离开,从…掉下,脱离; on 在…之上,依附于,在…时候,(特定的时间); opposite 在…对面; out of 从…出来,出于,…中间有…; outside 在…之外,向…之外; over 越过,在…正上方; past 过去(时间),超过,晚于,从…经过; regarding 关于,对于,就…而论; round 在周围,环绕,在…一带,在…附近; since 自从,自…以来,从…至今,既然,因为; through 穿过,通过,从头至尾,经由,凭借; throughout 遍及,贯穿,从头至尾; till 直到…为止,直到…(才),在…以前; to 向,往,给…,直到…为止,在…之前; toward 向,对于,为了,接近,将近; under 在…正下方,在…之内,低于,未满; until 到…为止,在…以前; up 向上,在上,沿; upon 在…之上,在…后立即; with 与…一起,和…,带着…,偕同,一致; within 在…之内(时间),在…范围,不越出; without 在…外面,没有,如果没有,要没有;

介词和连词

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连词及介词短语

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介词和连词

介词和连词 一、考点聚焦 1、介词的分类与语法功能 (1)介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at、in、for等;合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词,如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如: ①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast. ②He quarrelled with her yesterday. ③He succeeded in passing the final exam. ④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time. ⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well. (2)介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如: ①This machine is in good condition.(表语) ②Where is the key to my bike?(定语) ③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语) ④She always thinks herself above others.(宾补) 2、介词搭配 (1)“动词+介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。 ①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意 义的动词与of 连用) ②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用) ③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用) ④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系(=动词 + sb.’s + 部位,可换

介词和连词

介词和连词 考点总结 1. 方位介词和时间介词的用法; 2. 常见的介词短语 3. 连词的用法 基础要点 1. 介词 介词一般用于名词或者代词前面,表示该词与句中其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语(如果是人称代词,则要用宾格)。介词和介词宾语合在一起构成介词短语。 1) 常见的方位介词及用法

3. 连词 例题演示 1. (改错题)( ) Because strawberries are very delicious, so I like them very much. A B C 解题思路:because和so不能同时出现在一个句子中,因此本题的正确答案为B 2. (单选题)I don’t have a sister ____________ a brother. A. and B. with C. or 解题思路:连接否定句和疑问句中的并列成分要用or,所以本题的正确答案为C。 提分技巧 1. 熟记介词和连词的用法。 2. 熟记常用的介词短语。 备考训练 二、用恰当的时间介词:in, on, at, from…to…, for, before, after, during, since填空。 1. My mother’s birthday is ____________ May 10th. 2. He gets up ____________ six thirty every day. 3. We have classes ____________ Monday ____________ Friday. 4. Summer comes ____________ spring. 5. ____________ summer holiday, I often swim with my father. 6. Tom gets up very early ____________ the morning. 7. ____________ you go, please turn off the light. 8. Amy does homework ____________ an hour every night. 9. John has become a doctor ____________ ten years ago.

连词和介词短语练习及解析

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介词和连词

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