美国文学史期末考试资料
一. 殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末
1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
2. 另一类为清教作品
Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)
Puritanism: 清教主义
American Puritanism influences on American literature:
1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义
2. Symbolism 象征主义
3. Simplicity. 简洁
1.Edwards爱德华兹：the first modern American can the country’s last medieval man.
“the current of Transcendentalism, originating in the piety of the Puritans, vecoming a philosophy in Jonathan Edwards, passing through Emerson.”
超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生
2.Franklin富兰克林
Jack of all trades (杂家)
1) He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the U.S.:
①The Declaration of Independence ②The Treaty of Alliance with France美法
同盟条约
英美和平条约④Constitution
His claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his Poor Richard’s
)
文学史上该类作品开山之
简单、直接、明朗)
Edwards & Franklin:
Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind.
1.不同点
Franklin represents the lower levers. Tradition of religious idealism理想主义的宗教信仰2 the American Puritanism is a two faceted
the levelheaded common sense—明智冷静的判断力F
3.The one was as a good Puritan as the other. 两人均是虔诚的宗教徒
American Romanticism: 浪漫主义
1. Irving欧文：美国第一个获得国际声誉的浪漫主义作家
① The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
② The father of American literature.
Rip V an Winkle
The Sketch Book见闻札记
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡觉的传说
The Sketch Book见闻札记
1). The short story as a genre in American literature开创美国短片小说先河
2). The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American Romanticism标志着浪漫主义的开始
Irving stories are among the best of American short stories 美国短篇小说之最
Irving’s charecters:
a. Irving’s style can be described as beautiful.It is imitative,but he was a hightly skillful writer
b. He avoids moralizing as much as possible 尽量避免说教
c. He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere.擅长将故事在一个内涵丰富的环
境下展开
d. His characters are vivid and true 生动，真实
e. Humor
f. The finished and musical language 音乐般优美的语言
2. Cooper库珀
1). He was one of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement.
2). “Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》主人公Natty Bunppo
The Pioneers 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans 《最后的莫西干人》
The prairie《大草原》 The Pathfinder《探鹿者》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
3) He was a mythic writer. And he was good at inventing plots. 神话作家，编造故事的能力The greatness of cooper
1. He created a myth about the formative period of American nation创造美国格式时代的神话
2. He wrote with increasing awareness of the importance to fiction of the Western Frontier.
3. He was at once devoted to principles of social order and responsive to the idea of nature and freedom in the eilderness.他马上接受了新的社会规则，对自然和子偶的理念做出了回应
4. He is a mythic writer and good at inventing plots.
New England Transcendentalism:超验主义
Definition
Authors: Emerson & Thoreau; Hawthorne & Melville; Whiteman & Dickenson; Allen Poe
1. Emerson：强调“oversoul” (超灵)
作品：1. Nature 2. The American Scholar 3. Self-reliance
Nature regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism新英格兰超验主义的圣经The American Scholar regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence Emerson’s 文艺观点optimistic
1）True poetry and true art should ennoble. It should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher reality 真正的诗歌和艺术是高贵的，是为净化灵魂使之达到有机统一儿通向更高的现实而服务的
2）Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols, and imaginative words.他注重信念，象征和有想象力的词语
3）As to theme, emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a long poem in itself, to celebrate the life of today. 他号召美国作家为美国和今天的生活写作，对他来说，美国本身就是一首长诗
Emerson’s 写作特点
He placed emphasis on spirit or the oversoul, which is the most important thing in the university He stressed the importance of the individual.
He regarded Nature as the symbol of spirit.
Emerson’s importance in the intellectual history of America lies in the fact that he make the nation have its own feature.标志着美国文化有了自己的地位，特色
2. Thoreau 梭罗强调“nature”
His masterpiece, Walden, is the first and foremost, is the book on self-culture and human perfectibility. 最重要的，这是一本关于自我修养与完善的书。It is about man. What he is, what he should be and must be. 这本书是关于什么是人，他应该怎样做，必须怎么做的Hawthorne, Melville & Dickenson were the three great American authors of the 19c who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in 20c 是美19c三个没有同时代读者，知道20c才备受好评的作家
Hawthorne 霍桑：dark romantic悲剧式人文主义
The Scarlet Letter《红字》novel Young Goodman Brown《好人布朗》short story
The House of Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子
Young Goodman Brown中的象征
1）His wife’s name “Faith”: a. the strong relifious beliefe
b.it also means Brown lived with “faith” everyday
2）His name “Goodman Brown”: “Goodman” could mean “farmer”, and “Brown” is a very common name. “Young Goodman Brown”: a very common young farmer.
3）Forest: The evil of internal world of everybody.
4）Sky, stars: Heaven and connection with God.
5）Colors: White-purity Red-sin Brown-the symbol of common people(neutral color)
Melville悲观主义悲剧式人文主义tragic humanism
Moby Dick
1) Typee?泰皮?
2) Omoo?欧穆? from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands
3) Mardi?玛地?
4) Redburn ?雷得本? an account of his voyage to England
5) White Jacket ?白外衣? his life on a United States man-of-war
Clarel a poem
3. Whitman惠特曼: the father of tree verse 自由体之父
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
Song of Myself 《自我之歌》when lilacs last in the Dooryard,Bloom当最后的丁香花开满园时为林肯而作
Oh Captain, My captin 为林肯而作
4. Dickson 狄金森从“个人内心”角度地方短
Wild Nights
Whiteman & Dickinson were American poets in theme and technique
5. Allan Poe 艾伦·坡The Raven《乌鸦》
Literary Position
The father of modern short story; The father of detective story; The father of Psychoanalytic Criticism
Poe’s poems’ theory
1. Poems should be short, concise and readable at one sitting.
2. The aim of poem writing is beauty;
the most beautiful thing described by a poem is the death of a beautiful woman; the desirable tone 基调of a poem is melancholy悲伤.
3. He opposed didactic poems.反对说教诗歌
4. He stressed the form of poem, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme.
5. Famous Poems: The Raven, Annabel Lee, To Helen
Poe’s short story’s theory
1. The short story must be such length as to be read at one sitting (brevity)
2. The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story.
第一句话使读者对故事有一个简单的印象
3. No word should be used which does not contribute to the “pre-established”
design of the work (compression). “不为简单服务的句子都不应该在其中”
4. A tale should reveal some logical with “the fullest satisfaction,” and should en d with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader.故事应该最大程度的展露某些合乎
逻辑的真理，最后收尾的一句话应该使读者感到故事圆满结束
Poe’s achievement
1. the establishment of a new symbolic poetry;
2. the formalization（形式化）of the new short story;
3. the invention of the story of detection（侦探）and the broadening of science fiction;
4. the foundation of a new fiction of psychological analysis and symbolism;
5. the slow development of an important critical theory and a discipline of analytical criticism. Realism：现实主义
1. Howells 豪斯尔威:给总统写传记的两个人: Howells & Hawthorne
The Rise of Silas Lapham 《塞拉斯·路帕姆的发迹》
2. James 詹姆斯: the founder of psychological realism
意识流小说的先驱：The forerunner of “Stream of consciousnes” novels
The American Daisy Miller《戴茜·米勒》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》
The Ambassadors 《奉使说》→ James considered his “most perfect” work of art.
James, Howells and Mark Twain are three staunch advocates of 19c American realism.
Local Colorism:地方特色主义
Mark Twain 马克·吐温：
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆·索亚历险记》→写给“孩子们的书”
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（最有名的、美现代文学的源头）Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”
The writing style: local colorism and the colloquial style.
The writing theme: racism and growing them
James, Howells and Mark Twain all worked for realism, but they are different.
In thematic terms, James wrote the upper calss, Hwells wrote the miidle, Mark Twain wrote the lower class.
Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of genteal realism, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment of reality. Mark Twain (in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)used his theories of localism and colloquial style.
American Naturalism:美国自然主义
1. Crane克莱恩：A pioneer writing in the naturalistic tradition 自然主义写作手法先驱Maggie: A Girl of the Street《街头女郎：麦琪》is the first naturalistic novel in America Crane & Dickinson are two precursors of Imagist poetry 意象派诗歌先驱
2. Norris 诺里斯
Mc Teague《迈克提格》
3. Dreiser德莱赛
Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》
O. Henry 欧亨利：The Gift of the Magi《麦琪的礼物》
The Necklace
Sinclair辛莱克：The Jungle 《丛林》Sinclair Lewis 是美国历史上第一位诺贝尔文学奖获得者
The era of Modernism:1910-1930
Definition: modernism & Imagism: 意象派
1. Pound庞德
Cathay《华夏集》Cantos《诗章》(called pound’s “intellectual diary since 1915”)
In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站》—意象派诗歌的经典之作
The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet black bough
“apparition” has double meaning. a. meaning “appearance”.
b. meaning sth. Which seems real but perhaps is not real.
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯丽》(庞德所做最好的一首诗)
译《天净沙·秋思》Autumn
2. T.S Eliot艾略特:
The Waste Land《荒原》
1. Use of disconnected images/symbols
2. Use of literary allusions/references
3. Use of highly expressive meter and rhythm of free verses
4. Use of metaphysical whimsical images/whims
5. Use of flexible tone
3. Frost弗罗斯特：He won the Pulitzer Prize four times.
The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜驻马畔》
Frost认为poem cannot be forced to 此观点与Pound 一致
4. Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德
“The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》
“Tender is the Night”
在“Tales of Jazz age”中，Fitzgerald 提出“the Jazz Age ”
“The Last Tycoon” 《最后的大亨》he didn’t finished.
5. Hemingway
The Sun Also Rises
For Whom the Bell Tolls (during the Spanish Civil War)
The Old Man and the Sea →获诺贝尔奖（In our time, for the f irst time, Hemingway’s hero appears.）
6. Faulkner: 南部文学
The sound and the Fury喧哗与骚动
Light in August八月之光
Hemingway & Fitzgerald的异同之处：
The Commons
1. They grew up out of the same period and the same social situation. They are against the background of that time, so they wrote.
2. They are both talented writers; both lost the ability to write rather early in their career.
3. They are both great writers
The differences:
1. Reacted differently to their times:
Fitzgerald: he stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him to know what this world was like. (用写作反对describe)
Hemingway: he didn’t describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates.
2. The different features:
Fitzgerald: he tried to understand American culture at its roots
Hemingway: he is famous for his style (the simplicity and apparent naturalness of his prose, and its effect of directness, clarity and freshness. 文章简洁自然效果直接，清新自然) Transcendentalism：
1. It was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century
2. There are three major features:
1) The transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing
in the universe.
2) The transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.
3) The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or
God.(Nature was,to them,not purely matter.) 自然是超灵或上帝的象征
Famous authors such as Emerson(MP Nature, The American Scholar),Thoreau( Walden) Realism:
1.It came in the latter half of 19th century .
2.a literary and intellectual movement that led poets and novelists not to imagine life as it could be, but to examine life as it was actually lived and to record what they saw around them as honestly as they could.
3. there are three elements of Realism:
①realists were concerned with the whole of life not just the surface of it
②Realists produced intensely personal works as well as broad studies of a changing society.
③they used local color
④the famous authors are James(Ambassadors), Howells (The rise of Silas Lapham), Mark Twain(The Adventure of Tom Sawyer ) and so on .
Naturalism
In the last decade of the 19th century, influenced by industrialism, Da rin’s theory, literary naturalism came into being.
Features of Naturalism:
1.Humans are controlled by law of heredity and environment. And since they are controlled, they lack freedom of their own will.
2.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival.
3.Authors: Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets.
Dreiser: Sister Carrie
Modernism
1. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century
2. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century
academic and historicist tradition
3. The key elements of Modernism in literature are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects.
4. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm known as the Modern Age.
5. the best-known Modernists are T.S.Eliot, Pound, Fitzgerald(The Great Gatsby), Hemingway(The Old Man and the Sea )and so on.
Imagism
1. It grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912
2. It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images.
3. There are three Imagist poetic principles:direct treatment、elimination、rhythmical composition.
4. The Major Representatives of the Modern Poetry:Pound (his masterpiece is The Cantos(诗章）)T.S.Eliot (The Waste Land).
The "Lost The Lost Generation:
Generation" is a term coined by Stein to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and Europe, some after military service in the First World War. Figures identified with the "Lost other parts of Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Pound, Anderson and so on. Hemingway likely popularized the term ,quoting Stein(You are all a lost generation)as epigraph to his novel,The Sun Also Rises.
More generally,this included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.
作家作品简化版
Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac Autobiography
Irving The Sketch Book
Cooper Leatherstocking Tales
Emerson：1. Nature 2. The American Scholar 3. Self-reliance
Thoreau：Walden
Hawthorne：The Scarlet Letter Young Goodman Brown The House of Seven Gables Melville:Moby Dick
Whitman : Leaves of Grass Song of Myself
Dickson: Wild Nights
Allan Poe: The Raven
Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham
James: The Ambassadors Daisy Miller The Golden Bowl
Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer T he Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Street
Norris：Mc Teague
Dreiser：Sister Carrie
O. Henry ：The Gift of the Mag The Necklace
Sinclair The Jungle
Pound ：Cathay Cantos In a Station of the Metro
T.S Elio：The Waste Land
Frost：The Road Not Taken Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Fitzgerald：The Great Gatsby Tender is the Night
Hemingway：The Sun Also Rises For Whom the Bell Tolls The Old Man and the Sea Faulkner：Light in August The sound and the Fury
美国文学史及选读试卷 (1)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
美国文学史总结
Part I The Literature of Co Ion ial Amer ica （殖民地时期的文学） Chap ter 1 John Smith约翰.史密斯 1. A True Relatio n of Such Occurre nces and Accide nts of Note as Hath Happe ned in Virgi nia Si nee the First Pla nting of That Colo ny 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608） 2. A Map of Virgi nia with a Description of the Cou ntry 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡 村的描述》（1612） 3. The Gen eral History of Virgi nia. New En gla nd, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚 通史》（1624） Chapter 2 William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德） Of Plymouth Pla ntatio n 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826） Joh n Win throp （约翰.温思罗普） The History of New En gla nd from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3 Joh n Cotton （约翰.科登） Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯） A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地 区土着居民语言指南》 Chapter 4 Anne Bradstreet （安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家） The Te nth Muse Lately Spru ng Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家） Psalms《诗篇》 Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution （理性和革命时期文学） Chapter 5 Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林） 1. Poor Richard ' s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版） 2. The Declarati on of In depe ndence 《独立宣言》（Fran klin & Jeffers on 杰弗逊） 3. The Autobiography 《自传》 4. Collect Works 《作品选集》 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因） 1. The Caseof the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet） 2. Com mon Se nse《常识》（1776） 3. The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “ Com mon Sens” ） 4. Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791 年，II 1792 年） 5. The Age of Reas on 《理性时代》 6. Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要着作）Chapter 7
美国文学史及选读复习重点
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
华师自考美国文学史及选读试题
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
美国文学史及选读考试整理
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)
美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
美国文学史及选读试卷 (4)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ. Multiple choices. (60 points in total, 2 for each) 1. The Romantic Period in American literature started from the publication of Washington Irving's ______ and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. A. The Sketch Book B. Tales of a Traveller C. A History of New York D. The Scarlet Letter 2. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “_____”. A. the English Renaissance B. the Second Renaissance C. the American Renaissance D. the Salem Renaissance 3. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ______. A. nature , man and the universe B. the relationship between man and woman C. the development of Romanticism in American literature D. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism 14. In the following statements, _________ is NOT true about Washington Irving’s famous story “Rip Van Winkle.” A. The story is not only well-kno wn for Rip’s 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature. B. The story is set against the background of the inevitably changing America. C. The social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in the story. D. Irving describes Rip’s response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferability of the present to the past. 15. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay Experience is a serous discussion about the conflict between _________ and ordinary life.