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研究生英语教材翻译Beauty and the Beast

研究生英语教材翻译Beauty and the Beast
研究生英语教材翻译Beauty and the Beast

Beauty and the Beast

Phil Donahue

Compared to the animals around us, there’s no doubt we are a remarkable phenomenon. Someone referred to us the ―superdeluxe model‖: we walk, we talk, we smile, we taste, we touch, we think. All this is in a relatively smal l and attractive package. We’re also very good with our hands. In the comparatively brief time we’ve been available in the current form - about 50,000 years –we’ve invented the wheel, the alphabet, the clock, the reciprocating machine, the cyclotron, and everything in between. When we weren’t busy making progress, we invented more playful things like music, art, baseball, and bridge. Over the years, we’ve demonstrated an admirable willingness to cooperate with each other. We assemble in big groups to form towns and cities; we get together in twos to discover love. We’ve also shown a lot of individual spunk. The wheel wasn’t invented by a committee, and Albert Einstein, by himself, revolutionized our understanding of the universe. 和身边的动物相比,毫无疑问我们是不寻常的现象。有人把我们称作高级动物:我们可以步行,可以谈论,可以微笑,我们有味觉,有触觉,我们还能思考。所有的这些只是相对较小并且有吸引力的组合。我们也能很好地使用我们的双手。在相对较短的时间里,大约5000年,我们已经能应付现在所面临的情况(适应了环境),我们发明了车轮,发明了字母表(发明文字),发明了时钟,发明了往复式发动机和粒子加速器,还有类似的一切。当我们休闲娱乐时,我们发明了更多有趣的东西,像音乐,艺术,棒球和桥牌。这些年来,我们表露出相互合作的意愿。我们聚集在一起,形成了城镇。男女为了追寻真爱而相互结合。同时,我们也在很多时候展现个性。车轮并不是由委员会发明的,与此类似的,爱因斯坦自己一个人革命性地改变了人们对宇宙的看法。

Of course, most of our uniquely human accomplishments are the result of a combination of a cooperation and individual achievement. Even Charles Lindbergh had a ground crew. Beethoven composed the Ninth Symphony in the solitude of deafness, but scores of musicians are needed to bring it to life. Neil Armstrong had to have personal courage to step out on the surface of the moon, knowing that he might sink into 15 feet of ―moondust,‖ but he had an army of people to help him there and bring him back.

当然,人类大部分屈指可数的伟大创作是协作和个人成就的结晶。甚至连Charles Lindbergh也有一组地勤人员。贝多芬在耳聋的孤寂中创作了第九交响曲,但需要众多音乐家给其赋予生命和活力。Neil Armstrong知道可能会在月球上陷入15英尺厚的尘埃,但他依然充满勇气,踏上了月球表面,他背后有着一大批人帮助他到达那儿,然后再把他接回来。

We can only imagine what it must have felt like to stand on the moon; look back at the earth, suspended like a blue-and-white marble in space; and think how far we human have come in such a short time. That feeling itself - the tightening in the throat, the tingle up the spine, the tear of pride-is unique to the human animal. Throughout most of our history, that feeling belonged exclusively to religion. When most people’s lives were ―solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,‖ religion was the only thing that made them feel dignified, special, and proud of being human.

我们能想象,当站在月球上肯定会这么想:凝视着地球,仿若悬停在太空中的一颗蓝白相间的大理石球;想人类在这么短的时间内做到了这步。这种感觉本身——喉咙紧缩,脊柱发麻,自豪的眼泪奔涌而出——是人类独一无二的。纵观人类历史,这种感觉是宗教专有的。当大部分的人生活陷入―孤独,贫穷,低劣,粗野和短浅‖时,宗教是唯一能让他们感到做为人类的尊严、特殊和骄傲。

The peasants who gazed for the first time at the stained glass in the cathedral at Chartres undoubtedly experienced that same feeling-the most human of emotions-wonder. Most of them

had never been inside anything bigger than a thatched hut and never seen anything more colorful than a piece of dyed cloth. Even today, the sight of this huge, arched space with those luminous windows suspended high in the darkness is almost enough to make a believer of even the most skeptical. In 1260, when the church was consecrated, the peasants who shuffled through those doors must have thought they had died and gone to heaven.

第一次凝视Chartres大教堂彩色玻璃的农民们无疑会有经历同样的感受——人类最多

的情感——惊奇。他们中的很多人从来没在比茅草小屋更大的建筑中住过,从来没见过比花布色彩更多的颜色。甚至今天,在黑夜中看到这个巨大的有着明亮窗户高高悬挂的拱形空间,足以让一个怀疑者变成一个信徒。在1260年,教堂开始祭祀时,流连于其中的农民们一定会觉得他们已经逝去,进入了天堂。

In fact, Chartres cathedral, like dozens of other cathedrals built in the same period, is the medi equivalent of the modern effort to put a man on the moon. Both represent the perfect combination of individual achievement and group cooperation in the pursuit of something beautiful and lasting. The space program would never have gotten off the ground if Wernher von Braun hadn’t made his discoveries in the field of jet propulsion, and the arches of Chartres would never have soared if an anonymous French architect hadn’t devised a system of buttresses to support a two-ton block of stone 120 feet in the air and keep it there for a thousand years. But there would have been no stones to support if the wealthier townspeople hadn’t dug deep into their pockets and come up with the money needed for construction. The glass in the openings would be clear instead of stained if merchant guilds, members of the nobility, and even the French king hadn’t contribute money for the windows. And all the money would have been worthless if legions of craftsmen had n’t been willing to dedicate their skills and often their lives to making this not just another building, but a monument to human achievement.

实际上,Chartres大教堂,和当时同时期建成的很多教堂一样,是中世纪的登月工程。同样是人类在追求美丽和永恒过程中,个人成就和群体劳作的完美结合。如果沃纳·冯·布劳恩没有在火箭推进领域取得成就,空间工程根本无法开展;同样,如果某个不知名的法国建筑师没有设计加固系统来支撑2吨重的巨石离地120英尺长达1000年,Chartres大教堂的拱形结构将不会高高耸立。如果没有富足的城镇居民掏腰包为工程凑钱,那么将没有一木一石来搭建教堂。如果没有商业行会,没有贵族阶层甚至法国国王来为教堂的窗户提供资金的话,教堂外面的窗户将是透明的,而不是彩色的。如果众多手艺人不愿将它们的才能和部分时间奉献给Chartres大教堂,人类文明的创举,而是其他建筑,那么所有的钱将毫无意义。

Bees get together and build hives, termites build mounds, beavers build dams, and spiders spin webs, but what other animal can change stone and glass into poetry? Other animal can alter their environment at the margins, but only we can transform our environment so completely that we reshape our destiny. Alone in the animal kingdom, we can set goals for ourselves and then pursue them. The dream of the medi craftsmen who built Chartres was to secure a place for themselves in heaven. By lavishing love on this stone and glass, they glorified God and hoped to be rewarded in the next life. But in the process, they changed this life, made it more beautiful and more worth living.

蜜蜂聚在一起建造蜂巢,白蚁搭建土丘,河狸建造堤坝,蜘蛛织网,但是什么动物能把石头和玻璃变成诗歌?其他动物能够预警周边环境的微小变化,但是只有我们人类可以如此彻底地改变我们周边的环境以至于重塑了人类的命运。我们能为自己设定目标,然后去争取实现它,这在动物王国中是独一无二的。建造Chartres大教堂的中世纪工匠的梦想是为自己在天堂获得一个地方。通过将自己的爱无私慷慨地献给教堂的石头和玻璃,他们赞美上帝并

且希望在来生得到奖赏。但在这个过程中,他们改变了自己的生活,将其变得更加美好,更加有意义。

A place like Chartres makes us proud to be human. We can stand tall and hold our heads high. Certainly no other creature could conceive and create something of such sublime beauty, Case closed? Hardly. There is, unfortunately, another side to the human animal that’s nothing to be proud of. At places like Chartres, it’s easy—and tempting—to overlook this other side, the ugly side, of our nature. But we can’t begin to understand the human animal without it. Surely there’s beauty inside us—but there’s also a beast, a part of us that we’d like to deny but can’t, a part that gives us a knot in the stomach instead of a lump in the throat.

Chartres大教堂这样的地方让我们为作为人类而自豪。我们能昂起头高高站着,当然,没有任何一种生物能够构想和创造美得如此高尚的事物。然后,事情到此为止了吗?没有。很不幸,人类作为一种动物,存在着不值得骄傲的另一面。在Chartres大教堂这样地方,很容易,应该说引诱我们忽略人性丑恶的另一面。但是没有这一面,我们将无法去理解人这种动物。当然,我们心中有美好的一面,但是也存在丑恶的一面,我们很想去否定它,但是不能。作为我们内心组成的一部分,它不再使我们因感动而哭泣,相反,它让我们心里纠结如麻。

Even the God-loving people who fashioned the soaring vaults and delicate windows of Chartres had murder on their minds. Some of the workers may well have been veterans of the First Crusade, an expedition to save the Holy Land from the infidel Muslims that was part religious frenzy, part military adventure, and part social fad. On that excursion, begun four years after work in Chartres began, the Crusaders slaughtered thousands of noncombatants, leveled whole communities, and final ly ―saved‖ the holy city of Jerusalem by massacring all its inhabitants-men, women, children, Muslims, Jews: everybody. Muslims, after all, were only infidels, not humans, so it wasn’t like killing your next door neighbor.

甚至连建造高耸拱形和致力于大教堂窗户设计的热爱上帝的人们也曾经在他们的思想中进行过谋杀。工人中的一些是第一次十字军东征时的老兵。十字军东征,是一次为了将圣地从穆斯林异教徒手中拯救过来而进行的一次远征,它带有部分宗教狂热,部分军事冒险,部分社会流行时尚。这次远征在Chartres开始修建四年后展开,十字军屠杀了成千上万的非战斗人员,夷平了整个社区,以屠杀了所有的居民——包括男人,女人,儿童,穆斯林,犹太人:所有人的方式,最终将圣城耶路撒冷拯救回来。毕竟,穆斯林仅仅是异教徒,不是人类,这和杀死你的隔壁邻居是不一样的。

After the shrines of Christianity were in ―safe‖ hands, many Crusaders returned home and turned their attention to other things, like the cathedral at Chartres.

在基督教圣坛被拯救回来后,许多十字军士兵返回家园,开始做其他的一些事情,比如修建Chartres大教堂。

How could the same hands that carved these stones and stained this glass have wielded swords and butchered women and children? How could so much beauty and so much brutality exist side by side? This is the great contradiction of the human animal. We can pray one minute and kill the next, create one minute and destroy the next, even love and hate simultaneously. We like to think that our erratic behavior is a thing of the past, that we’ve outgrown the excesses of the Crusades. But nothing could be further from truth. There are people in Belfast today who will repeat the catechism, then go toss a bomb into a crowded pub; people who grieve for the victims of crime, then pay good money to see it reenacted on a movie screen. The same technological wizardry,

individual bravery, and group effort that put us on the moon have also given us weapons that can blow our whole planet into permanent winter.

雕刻石头,给玻璃上色的同一双手怎么会拿起刀剑屠杀妇女和儿童?如此多的美和丑恶怎么会同时存在呢?这是人类最大的矛盾之处。我们会在前一分钟祈祷,紧接着拿起屠刀,在前一分钟创造而紧接着去毁灭,甚至爱和恨同时存在。我们愿意这样认为,人类这种奇怪的行为只存在于过去,我们已经从十字军的极端行为中走出来。但是,事实并非如此。在贝尔法斯特,人们在学习完教义后,将炸弹扔进了拥挤人群中;人们会为犯罪受害人感到哀伤,之后却发很多钱去电影院观看犯罪过程的重演。科学技术、个人勇气和群体努力将人送上月球的同时,也给我们带来能将整个地球陷入核冬天的可怕武器。

Far from having disappeared with the last Crusade, the human animal’s strange capacity for contradictory behavior still affects our daily lives. As parents, we desperately want our kids to grow up emotionally healthy, able to love and be to loved; then our culture teaches them that sex

is dirty and they should be ashamed of their sexual desires. Women say they want to marry a nice person who will respect them and communicate with them; then they melt for machismo and fall for the strong, silent type. They want a man who will share the housework and feed the baby at three in the morning, but they live in a society in which few bosses grant time off to men who want to share parenting. Cops throw drunken drivers in jail while television sells beer as though it were an American entitlement. The message to teenage males:‖You’re not a man without a beer can in your hand.‖ But there are millions of teenage drivers and thousands of clov erleaves out there, and the phone rings every day, in homes across America, and it’s the hospital calling—or the morgue.

人类这种矛盾的行为远没有随着最后一次十字军东征而消失,今天它依然影响着我们的日常生活。作为父母,我们不顾一切希望自己的孩子能够在情感上健康成长,能够去爱,也能够被爱;但是我们的文化告诉孩子性是肮脏的,他们应该对他们的性欲感到羞愧。女性都说她们希望与尊重她们能够与她们交流的好男人结婚,然而她们却沉醉于大男子主义,痴痴迷恋上强壮,冷俊的男人(类似于《别和陌生人说话》中的安嘉和)。她们希望自己的丈夫都能分担家务并且在凌晨3点起来喂婴儿,但是她们生活在一个几乎没有老板愿意让自己员工花费时间去承担父母角色的环境中。警察将酒后驾车的司机关进监狱的同时,电视里疯狂播放买酒广告仿佛它是美国人应保障的基本权利。它给未成年男孩的信息是:―如果你手中没有酒瓶的话,你就不是男人。‖但是现实中有千百万未成年驾驶者和数千立交交叉路口,于是美国境内,每天都会有父母接到电话,来自医院,或者太平间。

Why do we do the things we do? Why, after thousands of years of personal tragedies and group catastrophes, do we continue to make the same mistake? Why do we persist in the same contradictory behavior day after day, century after century, alternating between Chartres and the Crusades, between grief and gore, between moonwalks and megatons?

为什么我们要做这些我们做过的事?在千百万年中无数的个人悲剧和社会灾难后,为什么我们还要继续犯同样的错误?为什么我们日复一日,一个世纪又一个世纪地坚持同样矛盾的行为?交替往返于Chartres大教堂和十字军东征,于悲痛和冲突流血,于月上行走和曼哈顿工程。

These questions aren’t just for the historians and the sociologists. They’re for everyone who wrestles with these contradictory drives in his or her own life. The impulse that sends a society back to war, despite the knowledge that children will die and mother will grieve, is the same impulse that leads you to light up another cigarette or have ―one more for road,‖ despite the knowledge that it may kill you. We live with contradictions in our own behavior—and the

behavior of others—every day. Are they a permanent part of the human condition, or can we do something about them?

这些问题并不仅仅是留给历史学家和社会学家的。他们是留给挣扎于被这些矛盾困扰的每个人。这种动力将世界拖入战争,尽管人们知道母亲会因为失去孩子而悲伤;同样是这种动力驱使你点燃了另一只香烟,或者在上路前―更进一杯酒‖,尽管你明白会因此而失去生命。我们每天生活在自己和他人的矛盾行为中。难道它们是人类状况永恒的一部分?或者,我们能为此做些什么吗?

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1:无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法,加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”,而不是“我”,能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是,要在你实验室内部,以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间,培养一个良好声誉:一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2:紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业,并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样,不仅对那些行动快速的人们,也对那些思维敏捷,并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作,而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3:风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论,”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质:那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的,组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应,因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说,伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里,你需要了解过程,但最终你会迷上答案,然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合,是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说, “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来,法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前,由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感,该机构颁布了净化法语的法律,其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧,现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur;表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举,触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度,直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎,真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸),英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国,随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”,“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释,交流也变得有些困难。比如说,汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词);引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽);老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物);婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见,两国英语曾同出一源,而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了,按美国人的观点,是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中,甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语,就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类,让我详例如下: 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历,我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录,上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问,想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外,东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如,奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖,却用了“revolting new ideas”,即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”,目口头号游手好闲者,可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广,直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传:“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”,这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”,即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是,海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌:“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐,希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们,旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而,在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中,这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯:“使用电梯时,请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯,请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序,依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂:“想要客房服务时,请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其,人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客:“来我们餐馆吧,你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人:“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关,可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧,奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而,这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往,根据其告示,“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品,他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服,尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

英语研究生专业分类

与其他不少考研热门专业一样,英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细,不同学校的方向设置类别不一,名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校,北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同,广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下,不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水,也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言,外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多,包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中,涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业,所以,英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单,一般就是两大专业。不过,这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后,就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向,这7个方向进一步细分,小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多,却也并非杂乱无章,其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析,这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向,顾名思义,指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向,这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校:全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计,仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容:主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题,目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向:此方向开设学校多,招生人数较多,就业范围非常广泛,一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程:西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17~19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校:全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计,仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容:语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用,不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告,使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解,并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读,包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向:该专业理论性较强,主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程:语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校:南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play? 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说, “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。 They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。 Every company also hires from ranks of newbies, 然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。 and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。 “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。 If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker.只是这样有点儿冒险。 “It's an educated guess,”“这是一种有根据的猜测,” says my hiring manager client.我的人事经理客户说。 Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. 作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,

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