企业预算管理系统 大学毕业设计
大连交通大学信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)任务书题目企业预算管理系统
任务及要求：
1.设计（研究）内容和要求
任务：
1、调查企业预算执行管理系统方面当前技术的发展近况，完成实习报告，字数不
少于3000，第三周交给指导老师。
2、结合自己实习情况安排进度，填写进度计划表，第二周完成后交给指导老师签
字，并严格执行。
3、按照软件工程思想，独立完成系统的设计和程序开发，完成代码估计2000行左
右。
4、用JAVA技术实现企业预算执行管理系统功能。
5、程序简洁，算法可行，运行情况良好。
要求：
1、每周和指导老师至少见面沟通一次，回报课题进展情况，接受老师询问。
2、接到任务书后，查阅与题目及专业相关的外文资料进行翻译，要求不少于10000
个外文字符，译出汉字不得少于3000，于第四周交给指导老师审阅。
3、毕业设计第13周完成毕业论文的装订，并由指导老师评阅。论文要求12000
字以上，包括综述、系统总体设计、系统实现、性能分析、结论等。
4、教学第13周通过中软及教研室组织进行软件验收，验收时要提供软件使用说
明书。
5、于第13周提出毕业答辩申请并签字。
6、第14 周答辩，要求制作PPT
2.原始依据
通过大学几年的学习，已经学习了诸如软件工程、数据库原理及应用、数据结构、C++、Visual Basic、JA V A等多门程序设计语言和网络等基础知识和专业知识，学生有能力而且可以独立完成小中型项目的设计与开发。学校现有设备和环境可以提供给学生实习和上机，而且具有专业老师可以指导学生。
3.参考文献
[1] 陈火旺.徐建波.周新莲.Web设计原理与编程技术[M].中南大学出版社.2005.
[2] 武延军,黄飞跃.精通JSP编程技术[M].人民邮电出版社.2001.
[3] 徐国智.SQL Server 2000数据库系统开发实例精粹.电子工业出版社.2006
[4] 飞思科技产品研发中心.JSP应用开发详解[M].电子工业出版. 2002
[5] 柏亚军.JSP编程基础及应用实例集锦[M].人民邮电出版社.2001.
[6] (美）Michael J.Young.前导工作室译.XML学习指南[M].机械工业出版社. 2001.
[7] 李江,张威.实例解析XML/XSL/Java网络编程[M] 北京希望电子出版社 2002
[8] 李振华.季小武.Drwamweaver基础教程.清华大学出版社.2005.
[9] 聂小燕.DrwamweaverMX2004动态网站建设全攻略.兵器工业出版社.北京科海电子
出版社.2005.
[10]塞奎春.JSP信息系统开发实例精选.机械工业出版社.2006.
[11]（美）Damon Hougland.Aaron Tavistock .马朝晖译. JSP 核心技术.机械工业出
版社. 2001.
[12] 潇湘工作室刘涛徐冉.DrwamweaverUltraDev网页设计与网站开发.人民邮电出
版社.2000.
[13] 许增伟.张强.JSP快速高效开发利器——DrwamweaverUltraDev.清华大学出版
社.2002
[14] 刘韬.SQL Server 2000数据库系统开发实例导航.人民邮电出版社.2004
[15] 熊锡仪.动态网页设计.清华大学出版社.2004
指导教师签字：
教研室主任签字：
年月日
大连交通大学信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)进度计划与考核表
学生姓名刘传盛专业班级计算机科学与
技术08-2班
指导
教师
王影
魏琦
本课题其
他人员
无
题目企业预算管理系统
日期计划完成内容完成情况指导老师检查签字
第1周
确定课题，查找相关资料，加强自身相关知识和技术，接受任务书。
第2周
根据课题进行调研,完成调研报告,安排毕业设计进度,填写毕业设计进度表。
第3周查阅相关资料,进行外文文献翻译。
第4周
对企业预算管理系统进行分析并写出相应的开发工具。
第5周
对企业预算管理系统进行概要设计，整理出相应文档并开始做数据库的设计。
第6周
对企业预算管理系统进行详细设计，画出流程图。
第7周
对企业预算管理系统进行详细设计，以及数据库的分析设计，进行系统的详细说明。
第8周
对企业预算管理系统进行编码设计,运用JSP整理要做的模块。
第9周
对企业预算管理系统进行数据库设计，并写出完整的代码。
第10周
对企业预算管理系统进行数据库设计并进行测试。
第11周
系统测试，借助一定工具软件对界面进行美化。写论文
第12周
系统基本实现，对所有资料进行整理，完成写论文。
第13周对论文作总体查看、修改。
第14周参加答辩。
指导教师签字：年月日注：“计划完成内容”由学生本人认真填写，其它由指导教师考核时填写。
大连交通大学信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
学生姓名刘传盛专业班级计算机08-2班指导教师王影魏琦职称高工讲师
所在单位信息科学系计算机教研室
教研室主任宋丽芳
完成日期 2012 年 4 月 13 日
Database and Data Warehouses
What is a Database?
What is a database? A database is a collection of related data items. It is generally stored on secondary storage devices that allow rapid direct access to individual data items. Redundancy is minimized; where possible, only a single copy if a data item exists. The database may be used by many different application systems at once, eliminating the need for separate systems to maintain the data for each application .When a user program inquires if a particular item is in the database, a database management system (DBMS) does the actual searching. The user does not need to be familiar with the format in which the data is stored or the actual physical location of the data.
The DBMS cerates the database, keeps it up-to-date, and provides reday access to authorized user. Database management systems also provide extensive security measures to prevent unauthorized access. They make it convenient for expressing relationship between related data items and facilitate the design of user application systems. They provide backup and recovery capabilities to prevent against loss or destruction of vital information. They ensure database integrity, that is, what is supposed to be in the database is there and what is not supposed to be .isn’t. a person called the database administrator determines who may access the database, modify it, add new relationships ,and the like. This is a very important lifeline. The real question in database management systems is how to organize information to provide rapid answers to the kinds of questions users are likely to ask. The same data organized differently can yield drama-tidally different access speeds. There common ways are used to structure a database to indicate the relationships among the data items; these are the relational database, the hierarchical data-base, and the network database.
Hierarchical Network, and Relational Databases (three principal logical database models) The Hierarchical Model
In a hierarchical database, data records are arranged in a strict parent child relationship. Each parent record may have many children, but each child record has exactly one parent. Figure 3-1 shows a simple hierarchical database, indicating the relationship between a customer and the orders it has placed with a company. Searching a hierarchical database is rapid and convenient as long as it is searched from the top down. IBM’s IMS (Information Management System) is the most widely used hierarchical DBMS. Hierarchical DBMS are best suited for problems that require a limited number of structure answers that can be specified in advance. Once data relationships have been specified, they cannot easily be changed without a major programming effort. Thus, the hierarchical model cannot respond flexibly to changing requests for information.
The Network Model
The network database model is best at representing many-to-many relationship among
data. In other words, a ”child” can have more than one “parent”, as Figure3-2 illustrates.
Computer Associates ’IDMS is a network DBMS for computer mainframes.
Network DBMS are more flexible than hierarchical DBMS, but access paths must still be specified in advance. There are practical limitations to the number of links, or relationships ,that can be established among records. If they are too numerous, the software will not work efficiently. Neither network no hierarchical database management models can easily create new relationships among data elements or new patterns of access without major programming efforts.
The Relational Model
In the early 1970s the relational database approach was developed to provide a much more user-friendly organization. Instead of using complex structures of pointers the relational database stores information simply as tables called relations. These tables are sometimes called flat because the rows of the table really are very much the same as the records of a file.
Each row in a relation is called a record. Each column corresponds to a particular field within the record (fields are also called domains).The fields are headed by attributes, which describe the entries in the column. A relational database consists of one or more relations. A relational DBMS performs three primary operations on relations to form new relations:
●Two relations may be joined (combined).
● A relational may be projected (some of the columns are extracted form the
relations and used to form the columns of the new relation).
●Records may be selected according to various user specified criteria’s(Structured
Query Language) is the most important query language based on the relational model. For instance, a relation named Accounts, record bank accounts, their balance, and type might look like:
Accounts
AccountＮｏBalance Type
173921 1700.00Checking
251101 888.00Savings
………
Heading the columns are the three attributes: Account No, Balance, and Type. Below the attributes are the rows, or records. The first row says that account number 173921 has a balance of one thousand and seven hundreds dollars, and it is checking account .Suppose we wanted to know the balance of account 173921.We could ask this Query in SQL as follows: SELECT balance FORM Accounts WHERE accountNo=173921
IBM’s DB2 and Oracle from the Oracle Corporation are examples of mainframe relational database management systems. Microsoft Access is a PC relational database management system. (Oracle also has a PC version).
Client-Server Architecture
Many varieties of modern software use a client-server architecture, in which requests by one process (the client) are sent to another process (the server) for execution. Database systems are no exception. In the simplest client/server architecture, the entire DBMS is a server, except for the query interfaces than interact with user and send queries or other commands across to the server. For example, relational systems generally use the SQL language for representing requests from the client to the server. The database server then sends the answer, in the form of a table or relation, back to the client. The relationship between client and server can get more complex especially when answers are extremely large. There is also a trend to put more work in the client, since the server will be a Bottleneck if there are many simultaneous database users.
New Forms of Database and Data Warehouses
Object-Oriented Database
Object-oriented databases store data as objects that can be automatically retrieved and shared. Included in the object are the processing instructions to complete each database transaction. These objects can contain various types of data, including sound, graphics, and video as well as traditional data and processing procedures. The objects can be shared and reused. These features of
Object-oriented databases promises to facilitate software development through reuse and the ability to build new multimedia application that combine multiple types of data. Benefit of Odom’s is their ability to support application for the World Wide Web, as described in the focus on Technology.
Object-oriented database are still a relatively new technology and can be much slower than relational systems for handing large quantities of data where there is a high volume of transaction processing. Hybrid object-relational data bases have been developed that combine the capability of handing large numbers of transactions found in relational Dams with the capability of handing complex rela tionships and new types of data found in Odom’s.
Hypermedia Database
Hypermedia database manage data differently from object oriented DBMS. but they can also contain diverse types of data. They store data as “chunks”of information, with each chunk in a separate node. Each node can contain traditional numeric or character data or whole
documents ,software programs, graphics, and even full motion video. Each node is totally independent-the nodes are not related by a predetermined organization scheme as they are in traditional database. Insured, user establishes their own links between nodes. The relationship among nodes is less structured than in a traditional DBMS. Searching for information does not have to follow a predetermined organization scheme. Users can branch directly form one node to another in any relationship they establish. For instance, a hypermedia database on automobiles might link basic product information with descriptive sales brochures, a video showing the automobile in action, and the location of authorized dealers.
Data Warehouses
Many companies have allowed their data to be stored in many separate systems that are unable to provide a console dated view of information usable company-wide. One way to address this problem is to build a data warehouse .A data warehouse is a database that consolidates data extracted from various production and operational systems into one large organization’s core transaction processing systems are reorganized and combined with other information, including historical data so that they can be used for management decision making and analysis. In most cases, the data in the data warehouse can be used for reporting-they can not be updated-so that the performance of the company’s underlying operational system is not affected. The focus on problem solving describes some of the benefits companies have obtained by using data warehouses.
Browser/Server
B/S (Browser/Server) the structure is the browser and the server structure. It is along with Internet technology starting, to C/S structure one kind of change or improvement structure. Under this kind of structure, the user work contact surface is realizes through the WWW browser, extremely little partial business logic (Browser) realizes in front end, but main business logic (Server) realizes in the server end, forms the so-called three 3-tier structure. This greatly simplified the client side computer load, reduced the system maintenance and the promotion cost and the work load, reduced user's overall cost (TCO). Looked by the present technology that the local area network establishes the B/S structure the network application, and through the Internet/Intranet pattern under the database application, the relatively easy assurance, the cost is also low. It is the disposable arriving development, can realize the different personnel, from the different place, by the different turning on way (for instance LAN, WAN, Internet/Intranet and so on) visits and the operation common database; It can protect the data platform and the management access authority effectively, the server database is also very safe. At present in my courtyard the net (Intranet), outside the net (Internet) with Beijing East Qinghua University Corporation “the case, the administration of office software”
is the B/S structure management software, the police officer can realize the work service in local area network various workstations through the WWW browser. Specially after the JA V A such cross platform language appears, the B/S construction management software is convenient, is quick, is highly effective.
Data dictionary
The data dictionary (Data dictionary) is the record database which and the application procedure Yuan data table of contents one kind of user may visit. The initiative data dictionary is refers to when makes the revision to the database or the application program structure, its content may the data dictionary which renews automatically by DBMS. The passive data dictionary is refers to when the revision must renew its content manually the data dictionary.
The data dictionary is a reservation space, a database, this is uses for the store information database itself. The data dictionary possibly contains information, for example: The database design material, the storage SQL procedure, the user jurisdiction, the user statistics, in the database process's information database growth statistics, the database performance statistics, the data character canonical is in the system each kind of data description set, carries on the main achievement
which the detailed data collection and the data analysis obtain.
The data dictionary usually includes the data item, the construction of data, the data stream, the data storage and the treating processes five parts. The data dictionary is about the data information set, is also all element definition set which contains to the data flow graph. Composes 1 data stream, 2 data stream components, namely the data element 3 data storages 4 process the database the important part is the data dictionaries. It deposits has the related information which the database uses, to the user is group of read-only tables. The data dictionary content includes:
(1) database all pattern object information, like table, view, bunch, and index and so on. Assigns how many spaces, current has used how many spaces and so on.
2) row default value.
(3) restraint information integrity.
(4) user's name. the
(5) user and the role the jurisdiction which awards.
(6) user visit or use audit information.
(7) other produce database information. the database data dictionary is group of tables and the view structure. They deposit in the SYSTEM table space.
The database data dictionary is not only each database center. Moreover to each user is also the very important information. The user may use the SQL sentence to visit the database data
dictionary.
Data Independence, Integrity, and Security
Data Independence
In database system, each program works with its own view or views of the database. If new fields are added to a database record, the DBMS preserves the existing views so that existing programs don’t have to be c hanged. The ability to modify the structure of the database without affecting existing programs that refer to the database is called data independence
Data Integrity
Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more server problem.
Data Security
Data security refers to the protection of a database against unauthorized or illegal access or modification. This usually involves one or more level of password protection that is specified in the data dictionary. For example, a high-level password might allow a user to read from, write to, and modify the database structure, whereas a low-level password might only allow a user to read from the database.
Usually an audit trail, the recorded history of the modifications to a database, can be used to identify where and when a database was tampered with and it can also be used to restore the file to its original condition..
数据库和数据仓库
1.什么是数据库？
数据库就是相关的数据项的集合。它通常被存储在辅助存储器上，这些设备允许快速直接地访问单个数据项。这样可以做到冗余最小，如果数据项存在的话那么它只有一个副本。数据库可被很多不同的应用系统使用，因而避免了不同的系统为每一个应用而维护一个数据库。当用户程序需要数据库中的特殊项时，数据库土管理系统（DBMS）做实际的搜索。用户不需要了解数据的存储格式或数据的实际物理位置。
数据库管理系统建立数据库并不断更新，为授权用户提供方便的访问方法。数据库管理系统也提供其它的安全措施以防止非授权访问。DBMS使用相关数据项之间关系的表示非常方便，使用户应用系统的设计变得容易。它们提供备份和恢复功能以防止重要的信息丢失或被破坏。由系统管理员决定谁可以访问数据库、修改数据库以及增加新的关系等。这也是非常重要的责任。数据库管理员具有对商业信息生命线最大的控制权。数据库管理系统真正的问题是如何组织信息为用户提出的各种可能的问题提供快速的答案。以不同方式组织的相同数据会产生非常不同的访问速度。为了表明数据项之间的关系，通常有三种方法用于建立数据库：关系数据库、层次数据库和网状数据库。
2.层次、网状和关系数据库（3个主要的逻辑数据库模型）
(1)层次模型
在层次数据库中，数据记录按严格的双亲—孩子关系控制。每一个双亲记录可以有许多孩子，但是每一个孩子只能有一个双亲。图3-1所示为一个简单的层次数据库，它显示了顾客和一家公司的定货关系。从上到下搜索一个层次数据库是快捷和方便的。IBM的信息管理系统（IMS）是应用最广泛的层次数据库管理系统。层次数据库管理系统最适合于需要有限个能够提前详细说明的结构性答案的问题。一旦数据关系被详细说明，如果没有强有力的编程支持，它们是不能轻易被修改的。因此，层次模型不能灵活地满足信息要求改变的情况。
(2)网状模型
网状数据库模型最适宜于表示数据之间多对多的关系。换句话说，“孩子”可以有不止一个“双亲”，如图F-2所示。Computer Associate的IDMS就是一个大型计算机的网状数据库管理系统。
客户A
图3-1 层次模型图3-2 网状模型
网状数据库管理系统比层次数据库管理系统更加的灵活，但是访问路径仍需提前说明。实际应用中，记录之间建立的连接或关系有一些限制。如果关系太多的话，软件将不能有效地工作。在不修改主程序的情况下，网状和层次数据库管理模型都不能容易的在数据元素之间建立新的关系或新的访问方式。
(2)关系模型
在20世纪70年代早期发展关系数据库是为了提供更多的对用户友好的组织。关系数据库简单地将数据存储为表格（这些表格叫关系）而没有采用复杂的指针结构。这些有时被称为平面文件，因为表的行同文件的记录非常相似。
关系中的每一行叫一个记录。每一列是记录的一个特殊的域。域对应以域名开头，它描述了整个一列。关系数据库包含一个或多个关系。一个关系数据库管理系统对关系进行以下三种主要的操作以建立新的关系。
连接两个关系（合并）。
扩展一个关系（从关系中抽出某几列用于形成新的关系的列）。
根据用户描述的不同标准选择记录。
SQL（结构查询语言）是基于关系模型的最重要的查询语言。例如，一个叫“账目”的关系记录银行的账目，它们的结余和类型如：
账号结余类型
173921 ￥1700.00检查
251101 ￥888.00储蓄
………
列的头是3个域名：账号、结余、类型。域名以下是行或记录。第一行说明账号173921有1700元的结余，它是检查账号。假设我们想知道账号173921的结余，我们可以用SQL发出请求如下：
SELECT balance FORM Accounts WHERE accountNo=173921
IBM的DB2和Oracle公司的Oracle就是大型计算机关系数据库管理系统。Microsoft的Access是个人计算机关系数据库管理系统。（Oracle也有个人计算机版
本）。
3.客户/服务器结构
现代软件中有很多采用客户/服务器结构。在这种结构中一个过程（客户）的要求发送给另一个过程（服务器）去处理，数据库系统也不例外。在最简单的客户/服务器结构中，除了查询接口外整个数据库管理系统都是服务器，查询接口和用户打交道并且发送查询或其他命令给服务器。例如：关系系统通常用SQL语言来表示从客户到服务器的要求。然后数据库服务器以表或关系的形式将答案返回给客户。当答案非常大时，客户和服务器的关系可能会变得复杂。如果同时有很多数据库用户，那么服务器就会成为瓶颈，因此现在也有一种将更多的工作交给用户的趋势。
4.浏览器/服务器结构
B/S（Browser/Server）结构即浏览器和服务器结构。它是随着Internet技术的兴起，对C/S结构的一种变化或者改进的结构。在这种结构下，用户工作界面是通过WWW 浏览器来实现，极少部分事务逻辑在前端（Browser）实现，但是主要事务逻辑在服务器端（Server）实现，形成所谓三层3-tier结构。这样就大大简化了客户端电脑载荷，减轻了系统维护与升级的成本和工作量，降低了用户的总体成本（TCO）。以目前的技术看，局域网建立B/S结构的网络应用，并通过Internet/Intranet模式下数据库应用，相对易于把握、成本也是较低的。它是一次性到位的开发，能实现不同的人员，从不同的地点，以不同的接入方式（比如LAN, WAN, Internet/Intranet等）访问和操作共同的数据库；它能有效地保护数据平台和管理访问权限，服务器数据库也很安全。
5.浏览器/服务器结构和客户端/服务器结构的区别
1．硬件环境不同:
C/S 一般建立在专用的网络上，小范围里的网络环境，局域网之间再通过专门服务器提供连接和数据交换服务。B/S 建立在广域网之上的，不必是专门的网络硬件环境,例与电话上网，租用设备。信息自己管理。有比C/S更强的适应范围，一般只要有操作系统和浏览器就行。
2．对安全要求不同:
C/S 一般面向相对固定的用户群，对信息安全的控制能力很强。一般高度机密的信息系统采用C/S 结构适宜。可以通过B/S发布部分可公开信息。B/S 建立在广域网之上，对安全的控制能力相对弱，可能面向不可知的用户。
3．对程序架构不同
C/S 程序可以更加注重流程，可以对权限多层次校验，对系统运行速度可以较少考虑。B/S 对安全以及访问速度的多重的考虑，建立在需要更加优化的基础之上。比C/S有更高的要求 B/S结构的程序架构是发展的趋势，从MS的.Net系列的BizTalk 2000 Exchange 2000等，全面支持网络的构件搭建的系统。SUN 和IBM推的JavaBean
构件技术等，使B/S更加成熟。
4．软件重用不同
C/S程序可以不可避免的整体性考虑，构件的重用性不如在B/S要求下的构件的重用性好。B/S对的多重结构,要求构件相对独立的功能。能够相对较好的重用，就入买来的餐桌可以再利用,而不是做在墙上的石头桌子。
5．用户接口不同
C/S多是建立的Window平台上，表现方法有限，对程序员普遍要求较高B/S 建立在浏览器上，有更加丰富和生动的表现方式与用户交流。并且大部分难度减低,减低开发成本。
6．信息流不同
C/S 程序一般是典型的中央集权的机械式处理，交互性相对低，B/S信息流向可变化，B-B B-C B-G等信息、流向的变化，更像交易中心。
6.数据库的新形式和数据仓库
1 面向对象的数据库
面向对象的数据库将数据作为能自动重新得到和共享的对象存储。包含在对象中的是完成每一项数据库事务的处理指令。这些对象可能包含不同类型的数据，包括传统的数据和处理过程，也包括声音、图形和视频信号等。对象可以共享和重用。面向对象的数据库的这些特性通过重用和建立新的多媒体应用的能力使开发软件变得容易，这些应用可以将不同类型的数据结合起来。面向对象数据库管理系统的好处就是它们支持WWW应用的能力。
2超媒体数据库
超媒体数据库管理数据的方法与面向对象数据库管理系统不同而且它也可能包含不同类型的数据。它们将数据按信息“块”存储，每一块在一个单独的节点里。每一个节点可能包含传统的数字、字符数据或整个文档、软件程序、图形甚至连续运动的视频图像。每一个节点是完全独立的——节点并不像它们在传统数据库中那样通过预先确定的组织方案联系起来，而是由用户自己建立节点间的连接。节点间的关系并不像传统数据库管理系统那样结构化，搜索信息也不需按照事先确定好的组织方案，用户可以直接从一个节点到另一个节点而不管它们之间是什么关系。
3数据仓库
很多公司允许他们的数据被存在很多开放的系统上，但这些系统不能在公司范围内提供了一个统一的可用的信息视图。解决这个问题的方法是建立一个数据仓库。数据仓库是一种数据库。它将从不同产品和操作系统调出的数据组合在一起放入这种大型数据库，对管理状况做出报告和进行分析。这种数据库对源于机构核心事务处理系统的数据进行重新组织并与其它信息（包括过去的信息）进行合并。这些数据可以用来做出管理方面的决策和对管理进行分析。在大多数情况下，数据仓库中的数据只可以