美国文学期末考试复习
Ⅲ. 重要作家及作品
Nathanial Hawthorne (纳撒尼尔·霍桑)
1.life
2.works
(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from an Old Manse
(2)The Scarlet Letter
(3)The House of the Seven Gables
(4)The Marble Faun
(5)The Blithedale Romance
(6)―Rappaccini’s Daughter‖
(7)―The Birth-ma rk‖
(8)―Young Goodman Brown‖
3.point of view
(1)Evil is at the core of human life, ―that blackness in Hawthorne‖
(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).
(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.
(4)He has disgust in science.
4.aesthetic美学的ideas
(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity.
To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to
fruition.
(2)He was convinced that romance was the
predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what
Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.
5.style – typical romantic writer
(1)the use of symbols
(2)revelation of characters’ psychology
(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual
(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach
a lesson
(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world
of uncertainty – multiple point of view
6.Hawthorne’s Literary View:
(1)He repeatedly complains about ―the poverty of materials‖ in America.
(2)He believes that romance is the predestined form of American narrative. He makes a distinction between novel and r omance in his Preface to ―The House of the Seven Gables‖.
(3)He is haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life, therefore we see ―black vision‖ in his works.
7.―The Minister’s Black Veil‖:
Parable: allegory
Mr. Hooper: a Christ figure; moral ambiguity
the veil: a symbol of sin, separation
themes: isolation of the individual from society; guilt of sin
The Scarlet Letter, （adultery）
1.About the story:
(1)The story of Hester Prynne Set: the 17th century
(2)What is situated immediately outside the door of
the prison in which Hester is kept: A rosebush
(3)How does Hester support herself financially: as a
seamstress
(4)She always wears: black
(5)―A‖ represents: adultery
2.Major characters in the story:
(1)Hester Prynne: wears ―A‖; ―A‖ defines her identity
(2)Arthur Dimmesdale: wears ―A‖ in his heart; his
soul never in peace (invisible wearer)
(3)Roger Chillingworth: the maker of scarlet letter
(4)Pearl: the p roduct/result of ―A‖
3.Symbolism: (special movement in literature; the use of symbols)
In ―The Scarlet Letter‖:
(1)The rosebush: passion
(2)The forest: an ungovernable place
(3)The scarlet letter: adultery; sin
(4)Pearl: wildness; passion
(5)The meteor: community
4.Refuse to take off ―A‖:
(1)For Hester, to remove scarlet letter would be to
acknowledge the power it has in determining who she is
(2)She is determined to transform its meaning and
her identity
(3)She wants to be the one who controls its meaning
(4)She stands as a self-appointed reminder of the
evils society can commit
Young Goodman Brown
1. Psychological interpretation——Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychology):
(1)superego——consciousness——the principle of
morality 超我
(2)ego——subconsciousness——the principle of
reality 自我
(3)id——unconsciousness——the principle of pleasure
本我
Brown’s journey is psychological as well as physical:
Village, a place of light and order——Forest, a place of darkness and wildness
consciousness——unconsciousness
village——superego——Faith
Brown——ego
forest——id——Satan
Hawthorne saw the dangers of an overactive suppression of libido and the consequent development of tyrannous superego.
2. Men, Women, and the loss of Faith:
Despite the literary sexism of his day, Hawthorne portrays women as powerful moral agents.
Although Faith is not a three-dimensional character, the story centers on her husband’s rejection of her. Women are victimized.
Women——angle in the house——do not have desires, rights and needs
Fallen women——prostitutes, witches, and mad women
Faith to Brown is female sexuality; Satan to Brown is patriarchal authority
3. Female images:
Innocents vs. Temptresses:
(1)Governor’s wife, Goody Cloyse, prostitutes,
maidens, witches, Quaker women, Faith
(2)Sex is seen as alluring and dangerous
(3)Brown is an empty and failed husband and father
Herman Melville (赫尔曼·麦尔维尔)
1.life
2.works
(1)Typee 《泰皮》
(2)Omio 《殴穆》
(3)Mardi 《玛地》
(4)Redburn 《雷德本》
(5)White Jacket 《白外衣》
(6)Moby Dick 《白鲸》
(7)Pierre 《皮埃尔》
(8)Billy Budd 《比利·巴德》
3.point of view
(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ (negative attitude towards life).
(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).
Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress
4.style
(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of
multiple view of his narratives.
(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.
(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power
have been profusely commented upon and praised.
(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.
(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of
factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)
Moby Dick《白鲸》：
Moby-Dick, often considered the greatest American novel, is a masterpiece with many layers. It is a sea adventure, an exciting chase after a destructive and mysterious creature. The enormous white whale Moby-Dick torments Captain Ahab, who is obsessed with finding and killing Moby-Dick, having lost a leg in a previous encounter with the whale, and Ahab’s burning desire for revenge really is the center of the story. At the novel’s end, Ahab finds and attacks Moby-Dick, but the terrible whale takes Ahab, his ship Pequod, and nearly all its crew down to a watery grave with him.
1. An encyclopedia of everything
A Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates (extreme individualism)
2. Image of ship: ship on the sea is the human soul search the meaning in the universe.
3. Purpose——noble: he think Moby Dick as an evil
Hero: he is a hero but not a traditional hero (he does not stand for goodness); a villain hero
4. Byronic hero (create by Byron): mad, bad, dangerous to know, obsessive——rebellions: challenge the authority; unconventional; right the wrong
Satanic: revengeful; rebellious; the fight between God & Satan
5. The Pequod——a symbol of doom(named after a native American tribe in Massachusetts; did not long survived of white men(extincted); is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones)
The sailors are of different ethics——all people in American (individual)
Queequeg’s Coffin——life boat; life
6. Theme of Moby Dick:
(1)Melville’s bleak view (negative attitude) the sense
of futility and meaninglessness of the world. His attitude to life is ―Everlasting Nay‖. Man in this universe lives a
meaningless and futility.
The adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless. Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.
Modern life——the loss of faith, the sense of futility——well expressed in Moby Dick
(2)Alienation (far away from each other): exists between man & man, man & society, and man & nature.
(3)Loneliness and suicidal individualism——the basic pattern of 19th century American life
(individualism causing disaster and death)——Moby Dick is
a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism.
(4)Rejection and quest:
Voyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and values
Henry David Thoreau （亨利·戴维·梭罗）
1.life
2.works
(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River康《科
德河和梅里麦克河上的一个星期》
(2)Walden《瓦尔登湖》
(3)Civil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从权利，又译作消
极反抗》
(4)Life Without Principle
3.point of view
(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.
(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.
(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.
(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.
(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.
(6)―Simplicity…simplify!‖
(7)He was sorely disgusted with ―the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society‖.
(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.
Walden
Edgar Allen Poe (埃德加·爱伦·坡)
I.Life诗人、小说家和文学评论家
II.Works
(1)Ms Found in a Bottle
The Purloined Letter
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Masque of the Red Death
Annabel Lee
To Helen
Sonnet—To Science
The Raven
(2)Literary theory
a.The Philosophy of Composition
b.The Poetic Principle
c.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told Tales
III.Themes
1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing
―Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.‖
2.disintegration (separation) of life
3.horror
4.negative thoughts of science
IV.Aesthetic ideas
1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.
2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not be of moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.
V.Style – traditional, but not easy to read
VI.Reputation: ―the jingle man‖ (Emerson)
VII.His influences
Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼)
1.life诗人、人文主义者
2.work: Leaves of Grass 草叶集(9 editions)
(1)Song of Myself
(2)There Was a Child Went Forth
(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry
(4)Democratic Vistas
(5)Passage to India
(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
3.themes –―Catalogue of American and European thought‖
He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.
Major themes in his poems (almost everything):
●equality of things and beings
●divinity of everything
●immanence of God
●democracy
●evolution of cosmos
●multiplicity of nature
●self-reliant spirit
●death, beauty of death
●expansion of America
●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in
the world)
pursuit of love and happiness
4.style: ―free verse‖
(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme
(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought
(3)phonetic recurrence
(4)the habit of using snapshots
(5)the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖
(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure
(7)use of conventional image
(8)strong tendency to use oral English
(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong
(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines
5.influence
(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.
(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.
(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.
(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school
or form, bears witness to his great influence.
Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生)
1.life (American philosopher, poet and essayist; the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism)
2.works
(1)Nature——his first book expressing the main principle of Transcendentalism. It is regarded as
―American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖
(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet
(3)Self-Reliance
(4)Each and All
(5)Rhodora
3.point of view
(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the ―oversoul‖.
(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.
(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by ―the infinitude of man‖.
(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself
by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.
老尹：
(1)the transcendence of the Oversoul. His Nature records his ―moment of ecstasy‖, the moment of losing one’s individuality.
(2)the infinitude of man and human perfectibility. Emerson believes that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.
(3)nature as symbolic of God. In the eyes of Emerson,
―nature is the vehicle of thought,‖ and ―particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts‖.
4.aesthetic ideas
(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.
(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.
(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.
(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American
authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.
5.How important is Emerson in history?
He embodied a new nation’s desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative period.
His aesthetics marked the birth of true American poetry.
He called for an independent culture, which represented
the desire of the whole nation to develop a culture of its own.
His reputation declined somewhat in recent years because of his cheerful optimism.
Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文）
1.several names attached to Irving
(1)first American writer
(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old
world
(3)father of American literature
2.life作家
3.works
(1) A History of New York 《纽约外史》
(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. 《见闻
札记》）(He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)
(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of
Christopher Columbus《哥伦布传》
(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉
纳达》
(5)The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》
4.Literary career: two parts
(1)1809~1832
a.Subjects are either English or European
b.Conservative love for the antique
(2)1832~1859: back to US
5.style – beautiful
(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness
(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining
(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
(4)vivid and true characters
(5)humour – smiling while reading
(6)musical language
James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏）
1.life (―father of American novelists‖; the creation of the west frontier and its heroes)
2.works
(1)The Precaution (《戒备》（1820, his first novel,
imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)
(2)The Spy 《间谍》(his second novel and great
success)
(3)Leather stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集(his
masterpiece, a series of five novels)
The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie
3.point of view
The theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law,
order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights
4.style
(1)highly imaginative
(2)good at inventing tales
(3)good at landscape description
(4)conservative
(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability
(6)language and use of dialect not authentic
5.literary achievements
He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.
Benjamin Franklin
1.life (printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomat)
2.works
(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac
(2)Autobiography——
form: the first autobiography of American
meaning: American dream & individualism
self-improvement; business (contents); prototype of American success (significance); Puritanism and enlightenment spirits
3.contribution
(3)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.
(4)He was called ―the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven‖.
(5)Everything seems to meet in this one man –―Jack of all trades‖. Herman Melville thus described him ―master of each and mastered by none‖.
(6)Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩
1.father of the American Revolution
2.propagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action
3.main works:
(1)The American Crisis
(2)Common Sense
(3)The Right of Man
(4)The Age of Reason
Poetry:
1.Genre:
Narrative Poetry 叙事诗
Epic Poetry 史诗
Dramatic Poetry 戏剧诗
Satirical Poetry 讽刺诗
Lyric Poetry 抒情诗
2.Basic Elements of Poetry:
(1)R hythm: the beat created by the sounds of the poem
(2)Meter: a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
a)Foot: unit of meter 有几个重音就有几个foot
b)Types of Feet: Iambic——unstressed, stressed抑
扬格（最常见）
Trochaic——扬抑格
Anapestic——抑抑扬格
Dactylic——扬抑抑格
Kinds of Metrical lines: monometer (1 foot on a line), dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octameter
美国文学史习题 (1)
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《英语文学文化及影视赏析》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1、课程名称（中英文）：英语文学文化及影视赏析/English Literature and Culture & Appreciation of English movies 2、学时学分：75学时理论教学，2学分 3、适用专业：非英语专业研究生 4、开课学院：外国语学院 5、课程负责人：姜萌萌 二、课程描述： 本课程拟对英语经典文学与相关文化概况进行简要介绍，并遴选英美国家的经典作家和作品，对其文学特色、文化背景进行分析。课程重视文学作品与时代背景、西方历史文化的联系，在教学中将理论与实践相结合，做到寓教于乐。在课内，不仅有作家作品、相关文化背景和信息的介绍、经典作品片段的解读，并通过课堂讨论以及影视作品的欣赏帮助学生最直观地理解西方文化与文学作品的文本意义。在课外，学生需要查阅相关资料，完成相关问题的回答与读书报告，以一种轻松愉悦并且多方面切入的方式学习、了解和体验英语文学文化。该课程目的在于通过英语文学文化的学习，提高学生对英语语言的掌握能力、增强对英语文学经典的理解力和对西方文化的审美能力，进一步养成对英语的敏感性，培养人文素质和文学涵养。 三、教材： 王守仁主编，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 陶洁主编，《美国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 秦秀白，《英美国家概况》，北京：高等教育出版社。 王佐良，《欧洲文化入门》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 自编讲义 四、教学方式： 理论与实践相结合。 五、考核方式： 提交一篇与所学课程相关的课程论文，用英语完成。 总成绩=期末考试成绩70%+平时成绩30%（考勤占10%）
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
美国文学简史 期末复习资料
i.T h e C o l o n i a l P e r i o d 1.关键词: America Puritanism 2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints 3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse” 4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. 5.works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Age of Reason”理性时代 6.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物 7.dawning nationalism 代表人物 Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花 first modern American & the last medieval man 8.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism ) 9. a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening 10.works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue” “American Dream”“Self-made” 11.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism) 12.“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式 13.“18th century enlightenment” ii.Romanticism 1.Washington Irving（1783-1859） 2.①titles: “the father of American literature” 3.“the American Goldsmith” 4.②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American Romanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature) 5.Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 6.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851） 7.①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement 8.②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel) 9.first is “The Pioneers” 10.---Plot: ---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple- ---character: Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom, against civilization, wilderness is good Judge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law ③Writing style: intriguing plot majestic landscape descriptions rich imagination
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美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
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One “His shadow lies heavier than any other man's on of his fellow Americans said, this young nation.”D.Thomas Paine B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson A. John Smith 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT __A____. D. individualism C. intuition B. imagination A. common sense The Raven was written in 1844 by __B______ 4. B. Edgar Allan Poe A. Philip Freneau D. Emily Dickinson C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5. The ship __C____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. D. Titanic C. Mayflower B. Armada A. Sunflower D____ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in 6. Melville's novel __ pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. Moby Dick D. C. White Jacket A. Typee B. Omoo 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, __D____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. D.Transcendentalism C.Sentimentalism B.Rationalism A.Modernism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in ___A______. B. Sister Carrie A. The Scarlet Letter The Old Man and Sea D. C. The Great Gatsby 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ___B___ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. 页1 第 A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against____B__ or a move away from the bias towards
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美国文学期末复习题 -
1._ ___ had been an evident influence on Naturalism. It seemed to stress the animal impulse of man, to suggest that man was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. A. Unitarianism B. Origins of Species C. Puritanism and Influence D. Capitalist Economy 2.Who is called “the true father of our national literature” by the writer H. L. Mencken? A. Benjamin Franklin B. Mart Twain C. Hemingway D. William Faulkner 3.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, which was still a big influence upon the writers of this period, there were two thinkers _____ whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period. A. the German Karl Marx and the American Sigmund Freud B. the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud C. the Swiss Car Jung and the American William James D. the Austrian Karl Marx and the German Sigmund Freud 4.The American realists approached the harsh realities and pressures in the post-Civil war society by _____. A. a comprehensive picture of modern life in its various occupations, class stratifications and manners B. a psychological exploration of man’s subconsciousness C. a disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War D. both A and B 5.By the turn of the century, with the publication of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg and The Mysterious Stranger, the change in Mark Twain from ______ to _____ could be felt. A. an optimist...an almost despairing pessimist B. an almost despairing pessimist...an optimist C. a local colorist...a naturalist D. a naturalist...a local colorist 6.The Portrait of A Lady is generally considered to be Jame’s masterpiece, which ____. A. incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European cultural environment B. tells a story about a young and innocent American confronting the complexity of the European life C. is about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome D. tells about some Europeans who learn with difficulty to adapt themselves to the American life 7.About Henry James’ literary criticism, which of the following is not right? A. It is both concerned with form and devoted to human values. B. He indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life in every possible form. C. He advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him. D. He believes that the artist can’t feel the life, but he can understand human nature in their own way. 8.The characters presented by the naturalist writers were _____. A. more often than not dominated by their environment and heredity