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英文APA格式参考

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) FORMAT

(5th Edition)

This crib sheet is a guide to the APA style and is not intended to replace the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Only selected examples were chosen for inclusion here. For other examples, see the printed Manual. When using the APA format it is important to remember that the intent of the Publication Manual is to assist the editorial staff of APA journals in typesetting. This crib sheet it intended for use for students writing term papers. Therefore according to APA, you may relax the APA's rules in some cases to make it more readable. Students should find out whether their instructor has rules that take precedence over those of the Publication Manual.

Journal Article, One Author

Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 23, 635-647.

Journal Article, Two Authors

Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230-343.

Magazine Article, one author

Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song? Psychology Today, 102, 70-77.

Newspaper Article, No Author

Study finds free care used more. (1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A25. Book, Two Authors

Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Edited Book

Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education. New York: Praeger.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of lingering arm injuries. In B. Selig & W. Selig (Eds.), A compilation of long stories (pp. 211-234). Milwaukee, WI: MB Press.

ERIC（Education Resources Information Center）Document

Peterson, K. (2002). Welfare-to-work programs: Strategies for success (Report No.

EDO-JC-02-04). Washington D.C.: Office of Educational Research and

Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED467985)

Entry in an Encyclopedia

Imago. (2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 10, p. 79). Chicago: World Book Encyclopedia.

Report from a Private Organization

Kimberly-Clark. (2002). Kimberly-Clark (Annual Report). Dallas, TX: Author. Brochure

Minnesota Coconut Growers Association. (2008). Growing coconuts for fun and profit [Brochure]. Crookston, MN: Author.

Dissertation

Olsen, G. W. (1985). Campus child care within the public supported post-secondary educational institutions in the state of Wisconsin (dare care) (Doctoral

dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985). Dissertations Abstracts International, 47/03, 783.

Videotape

Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis.

(Motion picture). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Citation of a Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the References list only the source that you actually used. For example, suppose you read Fielder (2008) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that article: Braun (2008) defined bat speed as "the ability to catch up to a baseball with a moving bat" (p. 11).

In this case, your in-text citation would be "(Braun, 2008, as cited in Fielder, 2008)." Fielder (2008) would be fully referenced within the list of References.

Electronic Formats

Internet Article Based on Print Source

The citation is done as if it were a paper article and then followed by a retrieval statement that identifies the date retrieved and source.

Sahelian, R. (1999, January). Achoo! Better Nutrition, 61, 24. Retrieved September 17, 2001, from Academic Index.

Web Page with Private Organization as Author

Midwest League. (2003). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved October 1, 2003, from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/indivpitching.html

Chapter or Section in an Internet Document

Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved September 17, 2004, from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/menu.html

Web page, Government Author

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas.

Retrieved September 18, 2001, from

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm

Company Information from Aggregated Database

Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company profile). (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2002, from Business and Company Resource Center.

Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited (company profile). (2004). In Hoovers. Retrieved April 29, 2004, from Lexis-Nexis.

Personal Communications

Personal communications may be things such as email messages, interviews, speeches, and telephone conversations. Because the information is not retrievable they should not appear in the reference list. They should look as follows: Example: J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000) I learned that …. Reference Citations in Text

To refer to an item in the list of references from the text, an author-date method should be used. That is, use the surname of the author (without suffixes) and the year of the publication in the text at appropriate points.

Example: Researchers have indicated that more is expected of students in higher education (Hudson, 2001) and secondary education (Taylor & Hornung, 2002).

One author

Issac (2001) indicated in his research..

In a recent study, research indicates (Isaac, 2001)

Two or more authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs. For works with three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by et al.

When a work has no authors

Cite in text the first few words of what appears first for the entry on the list (usually the title) and the year.

Specific parts of a source

(Yount & Molitor, 1982, p. 19)

(Cooper, 1983, chap. 4)

Works with no author

(“New Student Center,” 2002)

Introduction to parenthetical citations

This section provides guidelines on how to use parenthetical citations to cite original sources in the text of your paper. These guidelines will help you learn the essential information needed in parenthetical citations, and teach you how to format them correctly.

Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper. This allows the reader to see immediately where your information comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes.

The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.

Where to place parenthetical citations

You have three options for placing citations in relation to your text: Option Description Sample Citation

1. Idea-focused Place the author(s) and

date(s) in parentheses

at an appropriate place

in or at the end of a

sentence Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

Researcher-focused Place only the date in

parentheses

Fisher (1999) recommended that

health education be required for high

school graduation in California.

Chronology-focused Integrate both the

author and date into

your sentence

In 2001, Weist proposed using the

Child and Adolescent Planning

Schema to analyze and develop

community mental health programs for

young people.

Additional Guidelines

?Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources.

?Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or

from different sources.

Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences

ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used

two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not

support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley

(1989) who used much larger samples to

demonstrate that . . .

Cite source with one or two authors

The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with one or two authors.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

First and subsequent citations Within a paragraph, omit

the year in citations after

the first one if no

confusion with other

studies will result

Fisher (1999) administered

a questionnaire . . .

Fisher's results

indicated . . .

[new paragraph] The

questionnaire administered

by Fisher (1999) was used

by . . .

A source with 1 or 2 authors Cite name(s) in first and

all subsequent citations

(Adkins & Singh, 2001)

Adkins and Singh (2001)

Authors with same surname Use initials even if the

years are different

D. Baldwin (2001) and M.

L. Baldwin (1999)

Cite source with three or more authors

The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with three or more authors.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

A source with three to five authors In all citations after the

first, use the first author's

name followed by et al.

First citation: (Baldwin, Bevan,

& Beshalke, 2000)

Subsequent citation: (Baldwin et

al., 2000)

A source with six or more authors Use the first author's

name followed by et al. in

all citations

6 authors: (Utley et al., 2001)

7 authors: (Yawn et al., 2001)

[Note: In the reference list, use of et

al. begins with 7-author references.]

Sources with two or more six-author groups with same first surname If two or more six-author

groups shorten to the

same surname, cite the

surnames of as many

subsequent authors as

needed to distinguish

references.

(Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001)

(Baldwin, Bevan et al., 2000)

Cite source with no author

The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with no author.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

A source with no author Use the first few words of

the title--in quotation

marks for article or

chapter, in italics for

self-contained item ("Mad Cow," 2001) (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

An edited work with no author Use editor(s) names in the

author position

See guidelines for citing

authored works

Cite multiple sources in one reference

The following table gives some examples of how to cite multiple sources in one reference.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

Two or more works in parentheses Arrange by order of

the reference list; use

a semicolon between

works

Several researchers (Greenberg,

Domitrovich, & Bumbarger, 2000;

Roy, 1995; Yawn et al., 2000) . . .

Representative works Use e.g. (for Sample

Citation) before

parenthetical citations

The need for more effective

prevention of mental illness in children

has been the focus of many reports

(e.g. National Institute of Mental

Health, 1998; U.S. Public Health

Service, 2000; Weist, 2001).

Major work plus others Use see also after

major work

(Roy, 1995; see also Embar-Seddon,

2000; Greenberg, 2001)

Cite an electronic source

In general, you should cite an electronic source within your paper in the same way as you would a print source, by placing the author's last name (or short title of the source, if there is no author) and year of publication in parentheses.

The following table gives some examples of how to cite electronic sources in more unusual cases.

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

Entire Web site Don't put on reference

list. Include URL in-text

instead The University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Web site is an excellent source of information on writing (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/writing/).

Direct quotation from electronic source without page numbers Use paragraph numbers

(preceded by para. or ?);

add section numbers for

long documents

Universal interventions

"target the general public or a

whole population group that

has not been identified on the

basis of individual risk"

(Greenberg et al., 2000,

Section I, para. 20).

Long Quotations

Place quotations of 40 or more words in block form: Indent the entire quotation five to seven spaces, or 1/2 in. (the same distance you indent the first line of a paragraph). An example of the formatting of a paragraph containing a block quotation follows:

Each paragraph of your text begins with an indent of five to seven spaces, or 1/2 in., from the left margin. Block quotations are often introduced with a colon:

Indent the whole block quotation as far as the first line of a normal paragraph of text. Don't put quotation marks around it. If the source you are quoting includes quotation marks, you should include them "as they appear in the original."

If the block quotation has more than one paragraph,

indent the first line of each additional paragraph five to seven spaces or 1/2 in. from the new margin. The parenthetical citation (or the page number[s],if the author and date are used to introduce the quote) follows the final punctuation mark of the block quotation, with no period after the closing

parenthesis. (Author, 2001, page 000)

Below is an example of an actual block quotation and its introduction:

According to Greenberg (2001), two different criteria were

proposed to determine brain death: the "higher-brain" and the

"whole-brain" concepts. He describes the higher-brain formulation

as follows:

A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because his

neocortex, the seat of consciousness, has been destroyed.

He has thus lost the ability to think and feel-—the

capacity for personhood--that makes us who we are, and

our lives worth living. (pp. 37-38)

(The full reference to Greenberg is Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such a thing as brain death? New Yorker, 36-41.)

For more information on the formatting of long quotations, see pages 117-118 and 292-293 of the fifth edition of the Publication Manual.

Tables and figures

If your paper requires tables and/or figures, you should consult the relevant sections of the fifth edition of the Publication Manual for specific formatting guidelines.

For tables, see pages 147-176; for figures, see pages 176-201 of the Publication

Manual.

University of Wisconsin page.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/writing/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/writing/Handbook/DocAPAFormat_Add.html

APA Formatting and Style Guide

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3311394427.html,/owl/resource/560/01/

Summary: APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations,

endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 207-214 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.

In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

?Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.

?If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions

apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing

New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:

Writing new media.)

?When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.

?Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."

?Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The

Wizard of Oz; Friends.

?Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations

Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces

from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the

author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source.

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks.

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two

sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwards: When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterward in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual. (Funk & Kolln, 1992)

Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal

communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal

communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style

(personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Note:When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the ? symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, ? 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.

Footnotes and Endnotes

APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright.

When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( — ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.

Scientists examined—over several years1—the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2 (These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3)

All footnotes should appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word “Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout.

1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species. Content Notes

Content Notes provide supplemental information to your readers. When providing Content Notes, be brief and focus on only one subject. Try to limit your comments to one small paragraph.

Content Notes can also point readers to information that is available in more detail elsewhere.

1 See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary animal.

If you quote more than 500 words of published material or think you may be in

violation of “Fair Use” copyright laws, you must get the formal permission of the

author(s). All other sources simply appear in the reference list.

Follow the same formatting rules as with Content Notes for noting copyright

permissions. Then attach a copy of the permission letter to the document.

If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information.

You should also submit written permission along with your work. Begin the citation with “Note.”

Reference List: Basic Rules

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper.

Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

?All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

?Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than

six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to

indicate the rest of the authors.

?Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

?If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed

in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

?When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a

colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the

second word in a hyphenated compound word.

?Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

?Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

?Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Reference List: Author/Authors

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

Last name first, followed by author initials.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Two Authors

List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and."

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Three to Six Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

More Than Six Authors

If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.," which stands for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al."

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).

Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.

Organization as Author

American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993).