并列句和复合句

并列句和复合句

—、并列句

用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。

(一)并列句的构成

其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。

(二)常用的并列连词

also...,neither...。nor，either...or，as well as等。

二、复合句

复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构，主句是全句的主体，从句是主句中的一部分，不能独立存在。

根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在这里重点讲解宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。

(一)宾语从句

注意：

whether和if引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须用whether，不能用if。

①具有选择意义，宾语从句中有or或or not时。例如：

Eg：We really don’t know whether news is true or not．

我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。

②在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如：

Eg：We are talking about whether we’ ll go back to our hometown．我们正在讨论是否回老家去。

③作discuss等词的宾语时。例如：

Eg: We discussed whether we should close the shop．

我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。

2．宾语从句的语序

宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义，一律用陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。例如：

Are you a student? He asks．→

He asks if you are a student．

他问你是否是学生。

Where does he work? Do you know?→

Do you know where he works?

你知道他在哪工作吗?

3．宾语从句的时态

1．时间状语从句

①时态：当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句或含有将来的意义时，由when，as soon as，till／until，before引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。例如： Eg: As soon as he returns home，I’ ll let you know．

他一回到家，我就告诉你。

②引导词：由when，while，as，since，after，before，until／till， as soon as等连词引导。

Father was waiting for me when I got home yesterday ．

昨天我到家时，爸爸正在等我。

While we were having a meeting ，my sister came in to ask for me

． 正当我们开会时，我妹妹进来找我。

She sang happily as she walked along the lake ．

她一边沿着湖边走，一边欢快地唱着歌。 I didn ’t go to bed until ／till he came back at ll o’clock last night ．直到他昨晚11点回来我才睡觉。

Please Wait here until I come back ． 请在这等，直到我回来。 c)since 引导的从句，表示“自……以来”，从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点，要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作，通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“It is／hasbeen...since+从句”中，从句用一般过去时，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。例如：

It is ten years since she joined the army ． 她参军已有十年了。

2．条件状语从句

①条件状语从句由if(如果)，as long as(只要)，unless(除非)等引导。如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时。例如： If it SNOWS tomorrow，we will have a day or two off．如果明天下雪的话，我们将放假一两天。

We won’t go to his party unless he invites us．

如果他不邀请我们的话，我们就不去参加他的晚会。

②if的用法

①结果状语从句由so，so...that...，such...that...，so that等引导。

It is so cold outside that nobody will go out to play．

外面很冷，以至没有人愿意出去玩。

He has so many books that I don’t know which one I should borrow．他有这么多书，我不知道该借哪一本。

He is such a good man that we all like him．

He is so good a mall that we all like him．

他是一个大好人，我们都喜欢他。

4．原因状语从句

原因状语从句由because，as，since等引导。

如果是直接原因，通常用because引导；如果原因是人们已知的事实，用since引导；如果原因和理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的，用as引导。由since，as引导的原因状语从句，一般位于主句之前。例如：Jim didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill．

吉姆昨天没去上学，因为他病了。

Since we are middle school students，we should listen to our teachers．既然我们是中学生，我们就应该听老师的话。

5．目的状语从句

目的状语从句由so that，so，in order that等引导。从句中常用can，could，may，might等情态动词。例如：

My father gets up early every day so that he can catch the first bus．爸爸每天都起得很早，以便能赶上头班车。

6．让步状语从句

让步状语从句由although，though等引导。意思为“虽然(尽管)……但是……”，要注意不能与but用在同一个句子中。

例如：

Although the doctor was tired，he went on working．

尽管这个医生很累了，但他还继续工作。

7．比较状语从句

比较状语从句由than，as...as，not so...as等引导。例如：

He is as tall as his father．

他和他爸爸一样高。

8．地点状语从句

地点状语从句由where，wherever等引导。例如：

Where there is a will，there is a way．有志者事竟成。

(三)定语从句

1．概论

定语从句在复合句里起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有who，whom，whose，which，that，when，where，why等。

一、单项选择

（）1. I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow. _________ he comes, I'll tell you．

A. if; Whether

B. whether; Whether

C. if; That

D. if; If

（）2. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.

A. when does he come

B. how will he come

C. if he comes

D. whether he'll come

（）3. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?

A. what

B. how

C. whether

D. where （）4. Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?

A. how did he mend

B. what did he mend

C. how he mended

D. what he mended

（）5. I want to know _________.

A. whom is she looking after

B. whom she is looking

C. whom is she looking

D. whom she is looking after （）6. Do you know where _________ now?

A. he lives

B. does he live

C. he lived

D. did he live

（）7. Do you know what time _________?

A. the train leave

B. does the train leave

C. will the train leave

D. the train leaves

（）8. I don't know _________. Can you tell me, please?

A. how the two players are old

B. how old are the two players

C. the two players are how old

D. how old the two players are

（）9. The small children don't know _________.

A. what is their stockings in

B. what is in their stockings

C. where is their stockings in

D. what in their stockings

（）10.I can't understand _________.

A. what does Christmas mean

B. what Christmas does mean

C. what mean Christmas does

D. what Christmas means

二、按要求转换句型

1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell us?（改写句子）

→Could you tell us _________ Mr. Brown _________ living in China?

2. "Does the girl need any help?” he asked me.（变为复合句）

→He asked me _________ the girl _________ some help．

3. Jim is not a student. Tom is not a student, either.（合并为一个句子）

_________ Jim _________Tom is a student.

4. When does the train leave? I want to know.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）

I want to know _________ the train _________.

5. They went home after they had finished their homework. (用not．．．until 改写)

They _________ go home _________ they had finished their homework．6. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)

Li Lei wants to know _________ Peter _________ here yesterday.

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