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考博英语阅读理解习题解析

Passage One The Hero

My mother’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.

My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.

One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.

The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.

It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, “It’s the armistice. The war is over.”For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.

41. Where was the narrator’s family when this story took place?

A. In Germany.

B. In Hungary.

C. In the United States

D. In New York.

42.His grandfather ____________.

A. could not speak and read English well enough

B. knew nine languages equally well

C. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to German

D. loved German best because it made him think of home

43. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.

A. it was war time and Germans were their enemy

B. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-German

C. it was easier to get newspapers in English in America

D. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime

44. The narrator’s mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war, because________.

A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was very patriotic

B. she hated the war and the Germans very much

C. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like them

D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a hero

Passage Two

Waking Up from the American Dreams

There has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of “Wal-Martization”of America, which refers to the attempt of America’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.

While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they’re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India.

The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.

Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decried schools’in adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.

45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.

A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the society

B. Americans can always move up the pay ladder

C. American young people can have access to college, even they are poor

D. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs

46. Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.

A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its cost

B. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroad

C. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costs

D. dismantle the career ladder and stop people’s mobility upward

47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?

A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.

B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.

C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.

D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it’s difficult to change the present situation.

Passage Three Seniors and the City

Tens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And they are willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shave broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburban retirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer, Fran Mc Carthy asks: “Who ever thought that suburban flight would be roundtrip?”

The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.

48. Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.

A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbs

B. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climb

C. they are no longer interested in playing golf

D. in the city, they have more social and cultural life against loneliness

49. From the passage we can infer that_________.

A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of construction with senior retirees

B. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who moved back into the city are very well-off

C. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less

beautiful

D. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis

50. Fran Mc Carthy’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.

A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move back

B. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtrip

C. suburban flight years ago would go in circles

D. senior people’s moving back into the city would take place all over the United States

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考博英语阅读理解习题

Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information，but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don't mean anything except “I'm letting off some steam. I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying. Just pay attention to what I'm feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner，“This step has to be fixed before I'll buy.”The owner says，“It's been like that for years.”Actually，the step hasn't been like that for years，but the unspoken message is：“I don't want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can't you？”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it，when it occurred，the related conditions or situation，and how it was said.

When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example，a person who says “No！”to a serials of charges like “You're dumb，”“You're lazy，”and “You're dishonest，”may also say “No！”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you're good looking.”

We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words，“If sure has been nice to have you over，”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance；sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.

1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing

partners，if ___.

A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.

B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.

C.they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.

D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.

2.“I'm letting off some steam”in paragraph 1 means___.

A.I'm just calling your attention.

B.I'm just kidding.

C.I'm just saying the opposite.

D.I'm just giving off some sound.

3.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means___.

A.the step has been like that for years.

B.he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.

C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.

D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.

4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical，but are justifiable if___.

A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.

B.seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.

C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.

D.expressed to a series of charges.

5.The word “ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done___.

A.without true intention.

B.light-heartedly.

C.in a way of ceremony.

D.with less emphasis.

答案：ＤＢＡＢＣ

Which is safer-staying at home，traveling to work on public transport，or working in the office？Surprisingly，each of these carries the same risk，which is very low. However，what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry？Unfortunately，the former is 65 times riskier than the latter！In fact，the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity，and almost as safe as staying at home. examda

The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately，they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City （1947），Flixborough （1974），Seveso （1976），Pemex （1984）and Bhopal （1984）。

Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso，and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal，where up to 3，000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives，just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.

Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate（硝酸铵），which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management，which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town，local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The

Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction os exploding storage tanks. Yet，by a miracle，the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire，then 3，000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.examda

1.Which of the following statements is true？

A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.

B.Traverlling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.

C.Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.

D.Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.

2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because ____.

A.they are very rare

B.they often cause loss of life

C.they always occur in big cities

D.they arouse the interest of all the readers

3.According to passage，the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened at ____.

A.Texas city

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.Mexico City

4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of ____.

A.natural gas，which can easily catch fire

B.fertilizer，which can't be stored in a great quantity

C.poisonous substance，which can't be used in overcrowded areas

D.fuel，which is stored in large tanks

5.From the discussion among some experts we may coclude that ____.

A.to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industry

B.the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industry

C.all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure had been taken

D.natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe 答案：ＤＢＡＢＣ

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid ）fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA，the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways，such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However，it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.

DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt，not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations，a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.

The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge，Mass.，and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In

particular，they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.

In response to their criticisms，population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Haven，Conn.，argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998，however，the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And，in April，a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.

1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used，suspects____.

A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations

B.would have to submit evidence for their innocence

C.could easily escape conviction of guilt

D.cold be convicted of guilt as well

2.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.

A.the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate

B.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern

C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals

D.two different individuals leave two DNA samples.

3.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl，the current method ____.

A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals

B.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern.

C.Is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics

D.Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying

4.The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____.

A.enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members

B.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can match

C.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person

D.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person

5.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____.

A.DNA testing should be systematized

B.Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing

C.The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing

D.The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing 答案：ＣＢＡＢＢ

What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry，art，or mathematics

during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child？There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child，because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.

In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be，however，that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics，they will probably make a success of that study.

As for musical ability，it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear，a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute，and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music，the child may become a musician. The same factors，in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited，then nor even the love of it，but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.

1. Which of the following statements is not true？

A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during their pregnancy.

B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.examda

C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.

D. There are no connection between mother's nervous systems and her unborn child's.

2. A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that ____.

A. she is emotionally shocked

B. she has a good knowledge of inheritance

C. she takes part in all kind of activities

D. she sticks to studying

3. According to the passage， a child may inherit____.

A. everything from his mother

B. a knowledge of mathematics

C. a rather general ability that we call intelligence

D. her mother's musical ability examda

4. If a child inherits something from his mother，such as an especially sensitive ear，a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs，he will ____.

A. surely become musician

B. mostly become a poet

C. possibly become a teacher

D. become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music

5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage？

A. Role of Inheritance.

B. An Unborn Child.

C. Function of instincts.

D. Inherited Talents.

答案：ＢＡＣＤＡ

考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷80.doc

考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age

中央财经大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析

中央财经大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan,along with Tylor,was one of the founders of modern anthropology.In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________. In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________. Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures. 45.________________. Also in the early1900s,French sociologistémile Durkheim

(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理

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