四级长难句分析讲义

长难句分析

在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

1、四级难点

2、攻克长难句对于四级的意义

3、如何攻克

一、理解长难句两个关键性问题、三个要素

（一）两个关键问题

1、理解不到位

A．简单句Over the years, tools and technology themselves has been largely ignored by people. B．复合句The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.

2、表达不通顺

A．主线结构顺线走

a.主语从句

例1、What he told me was only half-truth.

例2、How he is going to do it is a secret.

b．宾语从句

例1、Can you hear what I say?

例2、He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.

C．表语从句例：One difficulty is that we don’t have money.

B．定语状语往前勾

a．定语

例1、the course of reasoning which led him to his decision

例2、things which easily escape attention

b．状语

例1、Let’s take a walk in the Garden at 5 o’clock.

例2、前因后果多主动

例1、We had to put the meeting off, since so many people were absent. (先因后果)

C．名词从句依序翻

（二）三个要素

1、词汇

A．专有名词

a．人名、地名、国家名、组织机构名Galileo（家里裂）Darwin Clinton Bush Pentagon b．专业术语疯牛病禽流感

B．代词

a．句内指代

1．that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener.

No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

2．one的指代作用

one指代单数可数名词，复数为ones。

A good writer is who can express the commonplace_____ in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

3．do的替代作用。

do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.

C．动词习惯用法

Time was when /好久不见/人山人海

D．多义词school

E．熟词生意

It invite you to think

F生词

a.分析词根词缀multimedia/methodology/anthropological/ungelivable /copycat(Shanzhai)

b.知词看伴

（03年61题）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live

C.汉语搭配deal with aspects/challenges/adults

2、翻译技巧

A.词义选择（知词看伴、汉语搭配）

delicate skin/ differences/ diplomatic relations

B.词序调整behavioral science/ natural selection/ perhaps never before

C.词性转换（汉语喜欢使用动词）

Jane is out.

A week after the president’s visit to China, China was in in America.

D.增词法

He ate and drank, for he was exhausted

He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.

in evolution

3、具体句型

A、定语从句

一、什么是定语从句？

例: A rich person is not the one who has the mos t, but is the one who needs the leas t.

1.名词或代词做先行词。

例：He laughs best who laughs last.

2.短语做先行词。Many of life’s problems which were solved are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

3.用句子做先行词。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe.

二、定语从句里面的关系代词的用法。

1.常用的关系代词：which, that, who, whom。Whom现在用的很少。前面有介词只能用which，不能用that。

2. 关系代词在考试中的特殊情况。

What:它是子母同体。相当于一个关系代词加一个先行词。What前面不应该在出现先行词。如果前面已经有一个关系词，就不能用what来引导。例如：Y ou can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以这儿不能用what.

All ______is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life

A.what is the need

B.the things need

C.for our needs

D.that is need

as

1. 作为、like

2. 当…….(时间)；因为（原因）；尽管（让步）

3. 引导定语从句。

(1)引导限制性定语从句固定用法：the same…as, such…as考试中往往考固定搭配。

例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

than 作为关系代词可以引导定语从句

Children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure.

A. than

B. that

C. which

D. as

特点：1)than作为关系代词引导词在从句中一般必须做主语或者作宾语。

2)than 前面的主句必须要有比较级

3)比较级所修饰的名词就是than指代的对象

三、关系副词

When

1)先行词必须是表示时间的名词。

2)如何区分when引导的定语从句和状语从句。用句子表示状语就是状语从句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.

从两方面区分：

When 引导的定语从句前一定有表示时间的名词；When 引导的状语语从句前没有有表示时间的名词。

从翻译的角度看如果是引导的定语从句可以不翻译。如果是状语从句就必须翻译成当……时候。

When=on which

Where

where=in which

where引导的从句先行词必须是表示地点的名词。例如：

I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.

先行词表示地点,不一定用where来引导。例如：

I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.

A. where I’d like to visit

B. in which I’d like to visit

C.I most want to visit

D. that I want to visit it most

B、状语从句

一、状语从句的分类：时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、比较状语、方式状语。

例句：Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ____ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.

A. when

B. since

C. for

D. whereas

1. 时间状语从句

常考的句型：Hardly…when; Scarcely…when; No sooner …than; when it comes that; when it comes to

例句：____to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A. Hardly had he begun

B. No sooner hardly had he begun

C. Not until he begin

D. Scarcely had he begin

例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.

A. before

B. as C since D. when

2.地点状语从句

Where 引导地点状语一般总是放在主句的后面。例如：A driver should slower down where there are schools.

3.原因状语从句

Since自从……；因为……

比较特殊的连词：now that…既然、in that因为。例句：The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.

4. 目的状语从句

Lest =in case=for fear that 以防，以免，引导的是虚拟语气。谓语是should +动词原形。should 常省略。

5.结果状语从句有两种引导法so…that; so that; such…that; such that

把so…that; so that; such…that; such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒装句。例如：

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine it’s speed.

to the extent (that)表示结果

to some extent在某种程度上

6.条件状语从句unless除非，如果不；if

难点：only if ; if only

only if是“只要”的意思; if only是“要是…就好了”意思。

例句：He can continue to support himself and his family ____ he produces a surplus.

A. only if

B. much as C .long before D. ever since

要记住：supposing that…;supposed that…; providing that…; provided that…;on condition that…例如：He will surely finished job on time ____he has left to do it in his own way.

A. in that

B. in case

C. as far as

D. so long as

7.让步状语从句although; though; even if; even though

例句：__ __ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers.

A. Even though

B. Now that

C. If only

D. Provided that

表示让步转折的介词：in spite of; despite

例句：______what he achieved in medicine he remained modest.

A. Despite

B. Although

C. If

D. Whereas

However; nevertheless; nonetheless

例句：This view, ____,is generally thought to be wrong.

A. however

B. meanwhile

C. therefore

D. more over

While当……时候(不考)；尽管，然而

重点：与as有关的让步状语从句

由as 引导的倒装句

adj., adv.,分词，名词，短语+as+主语+谓语。

例如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.

as 或so+adj+as+主谓结构

例如：As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.

8.比较状语从句

重点讲倍数为题

1.倍数+比较级A is three times bigger than B.

2.倍数+as…as 结构。A is three times as big as B.

3.倍数+名词结构A is Three times the size of B.

比较结构:

一些拉丁文形容词既具有原级又具有比较级的含义，但在用法上不同于英语形容词：（作比较级用时，前不能加more, 后不能加-er, 且不能接than 比较状语从句，而只能接to n. 或宾格代词。）

(1)superior…… 比……好的、优于

(2)inferior…… 比……（地位）低的、低于

(3)senior…… 比……年长的

(4)junior…… 比……年幼的

(5)prior\ anterior…… 比……早的, 先于/早于

(6)posterior………….比…晚, 迟于，

1、as… as e.g.: He can speak English as well as a native speaker.

not so …as

2、not so much as结构上有两种：not A so much as B/not so much as B.

例如：It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.

A. rather

B. so

C. than

D. as

3、rather than

4、less…and more…

5、more than

A．more than+数词

We have been close friends for more than 20 years.

B．more than+名词或是动词

He is more than a friend to her.

They may teach very well，and more than earn their salaries.

C．more than+形容词、副词或是分词

My teacher is more than strict with me.

D. no more ... than ... =not any more …than…

Chairman Mao is no more a god than we are.

no less…than…= not any less…than…

She is no less beautiful than her sister.

E. no more than

I will stay here not more than 5 days.

no less than

There are no less than 50 person killed in the accident.

C、名词性从句

一、名词从句的本质。

1.概念：就是把一个完整的句子当一个名词来使用。那么从句就具备了名词所具备的所有性

质，即可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。

2.引导名词从句常用的连词。有三类：1）that; 2)whether, if; 3)when, where ,how等连接副词

或what, who, whose等连接代词。That引导的名词性从句不能做任何句子成分。what一定在从句中充当主语或者宾语。Which 和whose 后面必须接名词。

3)多重的名词从句现象。例如：

I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.

二、主语从句

主语从句有如下几种表示方式：

1.用which, that放在句首引导主语从句。例如：

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.

3.用it is +ved /adj. +that…例如：

It is hoped that…希望，有人希望

It is claimed that…据说，有人主张

It is report ed that…据报道，据通报

It is said that…据说，有人说

It has been announced that…已经宣布

It is rumored that…听说，谣传

It is assumed that…假设，假定

It is believed that…有人相信，大家相信It is considered that…人们认为，据估计It is supposed that…据推测，人们推测

It is asserted that…有人主张

It is noticed that…有人指出，人们注意到It is suggested that…有人建议，建议

It is learned that…据说，据闻，已经查明It is estimated that…据估计，有人估计

It is proposed that…有人提出It is will be seen from this that…由此可见

It is stressed that…有人强调说

It is sometimes asked that…人们有时会问

It is alleged that…据说

It is has b een proved that…已经证明

It is still to be hoped that…我们仍然希望

It must be admitted that…必须承认，老实说It is universally accepted that…人们普遍认为It is unanimously agreed that…大家一致同意It should be realized that…我们应该认识到

It can be said without exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张的说

It i s reputed that…人们认为，可以认为

It is demonstrated that…据证实，已经证实

It is pointed out that…有人推荐，有人建议

It was told that…有人曾经说

It noted above that…前面已经指出

It can not be denied that…无可否认

It was felt that…有人认识到了

It is calculated that…据计算

It has been found that…人们已经发现

It w ill be said that…有人会说

It has been illustrated that…据图示，据说明It was first intended that…最初就有这样的想法

It must be pointed out that...必须指出……

It must be admitted that...必须承认……

It is imagined that...人们认为……

It will be seen from this that...由此可知……

It should be realized that...必须认识到……

It is (always) stressed that...人们(总是)强调……

练习：

It is no exaggeration to say…

It is obvious that…

用whether引导主语从句。例如：

Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.

三、宾语从句

2005年例句Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us?

用it作形式宾语的句子，在翻译时，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译，it有时候可以不用翻译。

例、I heard it said that he had gone abroad.

例7、I regarded it as an honour that I am chosen to attend the meeting.

四、表语从句

就是一句话做另一个句子的表语。就是把从句放在系动词的后面。1997年例句：A report brought back by visits to the US is how friendly most Americans were to them.

五、同位语从句

就是用来补充说明同位语的名词成分的句子。结构是：名词+that+从句。

例如：There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. that

不做句子成分。

★判断一个句子是定语从句/状语从句/宾语从句/主语从句/表语从句/同位语从句的方法：

D．平行结构（并列结构and, but, or）

大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比,例如：not only…but(also) ；prefer…to…；rather than有的是同类对比：and ;but；or；both… and…；either…or…; neither…nor…..

平行结构测试时候注意以下几点：

1．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die one’s feet than _______.

[A]living on one’s knees [B]live on one’s knees

[C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。

rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _______ in a personal style.

[A]rather than [B]other than [C]better than [D]less than

For the new country to survive, _______ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

[A] to name a few [B]let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say

Freedom and dignity are possessions , and they are essential to practices.

New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future.

小结：英语中的并列结构是指两个或两个以上的并列成分有明显的连词标记或标点符号连接，翻译的时候常常需要重复前面的并列部分。

E．插入结构(可有可无，解释说明)

China，in fact，has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many

aspects.

China，a great nation with 1.3 billion people, will short her other Asian neighbors. The movie-to be frank-moved me to tears.

Honesty, I believe, is his virtue.

F．倒装结构

一．全部倒装：谓语+主语

1）表示方向的副词或地点状语：out, in ,up, down, away, on, here, there如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane.

In Beijing lives the old man.

Here comes the bus.

注意：here，there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词，如果是人称代词则不需要倒装

“ where is the cup？” “Here it is！”

Here you are.

There he comes.

2)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：

Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

二、部分倒装: 助动词+主语+谓语

1、当否定词或者含有否定意义的词放在句首

no sooner…than…;hardly/scarcely/barely…when…;never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：

Never was a story more woe than that of Juliet and her Romeo.

Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves.

2、副词放句首

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：

So involved with their computers ______ that leaders at summer computer camps

often have to force them to break for sports and games.

[A]became the children [B]become the children

[C]had the children become [D]do the children become

3、在非真实条件句中可省略if ，倒装。

虚拟条件句基本形式

A、与现在相反：If +主+V-ed(be-were),主+could/would/should/might+ V

B、与将来事实相反：If +主+should(were to)+ V，主+could/would/should/might+ V

C、与过去事实相反：If +主+had done ,主+could/would/should/might+ have done ★情态动词与虚拟语气

一．情态动词＋完成时态（虚拟，推测）

1．表示已经发生的情况。

1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定……”。如：

My pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

[A] must be [B] had been [C] must have been [D] had to be

2）can’t / couldn’t have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……”。如：

Mary_______ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

[A] couldn’t have received [B] ought to have received

[C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received

3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：

At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2．表示虚拟语气。

1) needn’t have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didn’t need to do”,译为“其实没必要……”。如：

As it turned out to be a small house party, we_____ so formally.

[A] needn’t dress up [B]did not need have dressed up

[C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：

I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

3) ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如：

Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .

4) could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如：

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

5) may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会……”。如：

It might have been better to include more statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction.

二．几个情态动词常考的句型：

1)．may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近；

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。

2) ．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over….如：

Y ou cannot be too careful when you drive a car.

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

3) ．usedn’t 或did’t use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。

4）．should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：

I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。

4、让步状语从句的4种情况。1）动词提前：Try as he might.

2）名词提前：（不加冠词）Child as he is.

3）形容词提前：Y oung as he is.

4）副词提前：Hard as he tired.

Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight

让步状语从句只能用as /though 倒装，不能用although倒装。

5、在结果状语从句中，若so/such放在句首，主句用倒装。eg: So pretty a girl is she that ……

6、only +副词，介词短语，状语从句，则主句倒装。如：only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because

Only when you realize the importance of English can you learn it well.

介词结构Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only when you have obtained sufficient data_______ a sound conclusion.

[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can

7．用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装

1）肯定重复倒装用：so

They have got up, and so has jack

2) 否定重复倒装用：nor, neither, no more

If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they

9．“not only…but also”结构时，如果not only 放在句首，则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.

△特殊的倒装结构

出现在句型be+主语+其他，。如：

The business of each day ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was

G．强调结构

一、强调动词

I watched TV last night.

I trust you.

He likes swimming.

She did accomplish the task in time.

We do have sufficient food and drink.

二、强调句型

It is + 强调部分+ that + 剩余部分

It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

It was when Hemingway lived in Cuba that he wrote The Old Man and the Sea.

It is only when one is ill that one realizes the importance of health.

H．省略结构

英语一方面十分注重句子的结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多：名词的省略，动词的省略，句法方面的省略，情景方面的省略。而在英译汉的时候往往补充这些省略了的内容。

例1、One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

例2、Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

一、定语从句省略为后置定语

I know the teacher who comes from Britain.

I like reading the books which is written by Hemingway.

二、状语从句省略为分词短语或独立主格结构

If we were giver more time, we would do it better.

If time permits, we will do it better.

总结：省略状语从句时，先找到先发生的句子，如果主语一样，可以去掉先发生动作的主语，再根据这个句子是主动还是被动来变化形式；如果主语不一样，可以保留这个句子的主语，同样对后面的动词发生形式变化，这种变化后的形式叫做独立主格结构。

★时态：

1、“过去、一直、已经、了”表示和过去相关的时态

2、“正、正在”表示和进行相关的时态

3、“将、将要、就要、将会”表示和将来相关的时态

Pearson has pieced together the work……

digital age will have arrived

实战演练

2008-6

1．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and ——without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it.

2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one.

3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)

4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.

2007-12

1．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson.

2. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter’s experience.

3. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked.

2007-6

1. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

2. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct

your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting(稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. Y ou must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

3. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”

4. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

5. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.

6. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

7. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men.

8. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right

brain, or nature versus nurture(培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.

9. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore.

10. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues.

总结——长难句分析步骤

1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；

然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照

所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上

下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。

3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。

4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

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