中国文化五十话题--中英翻译
Topic 1 文化概述
在中国五千年的文明史上，中国人有无数的发明和创造，如汉字、中医、丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)、指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药(gunpowder)。这些独特的发明和创造是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献，证明中华民族是一个富于原创性的民族。与此同时，中国人又有一种开放的胸怀，欢迎远方来的朋友，并以极高的热情吸收和包容外来的文化。大唐盛世和明代郑和七下西洋都表明，中华文明具有开放性和包容性。
Over a history of 5 000 years, Chinese people have produced numerous inventions. These unique inventions, including Chinese characters, traditional Chinese medicine, silk, porcelain, compass, papermaking, printing and gunpowder, are significant contributions Chinese made to the global civilization, proving that the Chinese nation is full of creativity. In the meanwhile, the Chinese people have always kept an open mind toward foreign friends and absorbed foreign cultures with great enthusiasm. Both the prosperity of Tang Dynasty and Zheng He’s seven long voyages to the West Seas in Ming Dynasty demonstrate the openness and inclusiveness of Chinese culture.
Topic 2 四大发明
说到中国古代的科技文明，就不能不说四大发明（the Four Great Inventions）。人们普遍认为，指南针、火药(gunpowder)、造纸术和印刷术的发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用；并且，这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，也影响着世界的文明进程。从历史发展的角度来看，中国古代的四大发明是为人类社会生活带来革命性变化的科学发明，这是中国人对世界文明的伟大贡献。中国的四大发明在人类科学文化史上留下了灿烂的一页，推动了人类历史的前进。
When it comes to science and technology in ancient China, the Four Great Inventions, including compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing, should always be discussed. It is commonly believed that the Four Great Inventions have promoted the development of politics, economy and culture of ancient China dramatically; moreover, these inventions have a great impact on the civilization of the world since they have been introduced into the Western world in various ways. From the perspective of historical development, the Four Great Inventions of ancient China are scientific inventions that bring revolutionary changes to the social life of human beings, which are great contributions Chinese made to the civilization of the world. The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are brilliant in the history of human science and culture and promote the progress of human history.
Topic 3 长城
说到中国文化，不得不提到长城。从公元前7世纪到公元16世纪，在大约2 200 年的时间里，先后有19个朝代修建过长城，所修的长城累计有10万千米以上。主要的长城修建工程是在秦代、汉代和明代。现今存有遗迹的主要是明长城，从东边人海口的山海关( Shanhai Pass)开始，一直到沙漠深处的嘉峪关(Jiayu Pass)，全长6 700 千米。长城是世界历史上最伟大的工程，其建造时间之长、参与人数之多、工程难度之大，在世界上无出其右。
When it comes to Chinese culture, the Great Wall is the one that will be definitely referred to. From the 7th century BC to the 16th century, through about 2 200 years, the Great Wall was built in 19 dynasties and reached a length of more than 100 000 kilometers. Major construction was carried out in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties. The Great Wall we visit nowadays is mainly the
Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, stretching 6 700 kilometers from Shanhai Pass on the eastern seashore to Jiayu Pass in the depth of desert. The Great Wall is the greatest project in the history
of the world for its unparalleled span of construction, number of labors and difficulty.
Topic 4 移民现象
现在，很多人选择在国外生活，这引起了人们极大的关注。越来越多的人，特别是大量知识分子(intellectual)，移民到美国、英国和加拿大等发达国家。并且，很多在国外学习和工作的人都在为“绿卡”而奋斗。造成这种现象的原因有很多，其中，追求高质量的生活是关键。再者，这些人中大多数人移居国外是想让孩子在那儿接受良好的教育。此外，一些人只是想体验他们所喜欢的异域文化。以上这些就是造成他们决定移居他国的原因。
Nowadays many people choose to live in a foreign country, which has aroused great concern. More and more people, especially plenty of intellectuals, migrate to some developed countries, such as America, Britain and Canada. In addition, there are still many people studying and working in foreign countries struggling for green cards. There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Among all these factors, pursuing high-quality life plays a critical role. Moreover, most of them migrate to some foreign countries with a view to making their children Receive good education there. Besides, some people just want to experience the foreign culture they like. All these above factors contribute to their choice to migrate to another country.
Topic 5 中国汉字
近年来，随着经济的快速增长，中国的国际影响力提升了，世界上学汉字的人也多了起来。这套独特的符号系统积淀了丰富的历史文化内容，西方人在学汉字的过程中甚至能体会到这个东方民族的微妙心灵。如今在中国，汉字也越来越受到人们的重视。人们发现，这一文字符号包含着丰富的文化内涵和审美意蕴，在科技飞速发展的今天，反而越来越显示出它的光彩。古老的文字在现代的文化生活中焕发出新的魅力。
With its rapid economic development in recent years, China’s international influence has greatly increased, so the number of Chinese character learners across the world has been on the rise. This unique symbol system accumulates the rich historical and cultural content in it. When Western people learn Chinese characters, they may even understand the delicate thoughts of this oriental nation. Nowadays, great importance is attached to Chinese characters in China. It is found that the glamour of these character symbols with rich cultural and aesthetic connotation is greatly shown especially in the current society with rapid scientific development. These ancient characters are revitalized in modern civilization.
Topic 6 郑和下西洋
公元1405 年7月11日，地球蓝色的海洋上出现了一支庞大的船队，前后有208 艘船，这是有史以来最大的一支船队，船上所载的各类人员有27 500多人，也是有史以来最多的航
海人员。船队由一位叫郑和的人统帅。船队带着中国这个古老国家的瓷器、丝绸、茶叶等数不尽的珍奇，穿越南海、马六甲海峡( the Strait of Malacca)，横跨印度洋，到达亚洲、非洲的很多国家。在此后的28 年间，郑和一共六次下西洋，随船人员共计10万多人，访问了30多个国家。
On July 11, 1405, a huge fleet consisting of 208 ships appeared on the blue sea of the earth. It was the greatest fleet with more than 27 500 crews that the world had ever seen. The Commander of this fleet was Zheng He. Carrying porcelain, silk, tea and other numerous Treasures from China, a country with a long history, the fleet passed through the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca, traversed the Indian Ocean and arrived at many countries in Asia and Africa. Over the next 28 years, Zheng He led six more fleets with crew members adding up to more than 100 000 people, and visited more than 30 countries.
Topic 7中国艺术
中国人创造了很多独特的艺术形式，如纯净的瓷器，千古传诵的唐诗(Tang poetry)，以演员表演为中心的京剧等。这些艺术形式呈现了中国人的心灵世界，显现了中国人独特的美感，成为展示中国人生命力和创造力的窗口，具有永恒的魅力。中国人将艺术当作提升生活品质、慰藉( soothe)心灵的媒介，艺术是中国人人生哲学的延伸。中国的艺术传统是一部记载着中国人生活品位和美感世界的活的图画，反映出中国人的优雅心态。
The Chinese have created many unique forms of art, such as pure porcelain, enduring Tang poetry and actor-centered Peking Opera, etc. These art forms with eternal charm reveal the inner world of the Chinese people, demonstrate their unique sense of aesthetics and become the windows that show the vitality and creativity of Chinese people. The Chinese regard art as a way to enhance the quality of life and to soothe the mind. Art is an extension of the Chinese philosophy of life. Chinese art tradition is a vivid picture of Chinese people’s lifestyle and aesthetics, reflecting Chinese elegance.
Topic 8 中国园林
中国人建造园林有两干多年的历史，主要有皇家园林(imperial garden)、寺院园林和私家园林。现存的皇家园林，如北京颐和园，都是举世闻名的园林。中国的佛教和道教寺院也多建有园林，如杭州灵隐寺。在这中间，私家园林独具风味。今天，在江南(South“the Yangtze River)和长江沿岸的苏州、扬州等地所见的私家园林，多是明清两代留下的，它们如同一幅幅山水画( the landscape painting)，展现出独特的魅力。中国园林艺术有丰富独特的创造，是理解中华民族美感特点的一个重要领域.
Chinese people started to build gardens more than 2 000 years ago, mainly including three styles of garden: the imperial garden, the temple garden and the private garden. The extant imperial gardens today, such as the Summer Palace in Beijing, are world-famous gardens. Many gardens were also built in China’s Buddhist and Taoist temples, such as the Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. While among the Chinese gardens, the private gardens have a unique ambience. Scattered in South
of the Yangtze River and Suzhou, Yangzhou and other places along the Yangtze River, the private gardens are mostly legacies from Ming and Qing Dynasties. They resemble the landscape paintings with distinctive charm. Rich and unique creativity could be found in Chinese gardens, which is an important field to understand Chinese aesthetics.
Topic 9 中国诗歌
中国是诗的国度。尤其到了唐代，中国古典诗歌进人了全盛时期( heyday)。唐代近三百年间，涌现出了大批优秀诗人和杰出的诗歌作品。唐代诗歌数量极大，题材广泛，意象(image)和风格多样化，出现了大量思想性和艺术性完美结合的作品。唐诗是中国人的千古绝唱。唐代的伟大诗人不胜枚举，其中李白、杜甫、王维因其诗歌所蕴含的中国文化的意味和情趣而最具代表性。
China is a country of poetry. Especially in Tang Dynasty, Chinese classical poetry reached its Heyday. During the nearly three-hundred-year reign of Tang Dynasty, large numbers of excellent poets and outstanding poems mushroomed. Poetry of Tang Dynasty featured large quantities, wide themes and diversified images and styles, and many masterpieces with perfect combination of great thoughts and artistry emerged. Poetry of Tang Dynasty is Chinese eternal legacies. Li Bai, Du Fu and Wang Wei are the representatives of great poets of Tang Dynasty due to the unique meaning and temperament of Chinese culture in their poems.
Topic 10 茶馆文化
中国很多地区依然保留着传统的茶馆文化，尤其是在四川省的省会成都，茶馆遍布城市的各个角落：路边、桥下、公园里，甚至寺院和其他历史景点。泡茶馆（relaxing in teahouse）是当地市民最喜欢的消遣方式之一。工作日的下午三点钟，茶馆里往往人满为患。当地人坐在古色古香的竹椅里，所用的茶具本身可能也是古董。服务人员托着一大堆茶具急匆匆地跑来跑去，将长嘴壶（long-spout kettle）里倒出来的水注满茶杯，为顾客冲泡最优质的茶叶。Traditional teahouse culture still exists in many parts of China, especially in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province. Teahouses are everywhere: on the sides of roads, under bridges, in the parks and even inside temples and other historical sites. Relaxing in teahouse is one of the favorite pastimes of the locals in Chengdu. A teahouse full to the brim-at three o’clock on a workday afternoon-is nothing out of the ordinary. Locals sit on quaint bamboo chairs and drink from traditional tea sets that could well be antiques in their own right. Teahouse waiters scurry around with trays of tea sets, and top up tea cups with hot water poured from long-spout kettles to brew up the high-quality tea for tea drinkers.
Topic 11 京剧角色
“生、旦、净、丑”是京剧中的角色分类。“生”是男性正面角色，“旦”是女性正面角色，“净”是性格鲜明的男性配角(supporting role)，“丑”是幽默滑稽或反面角色。每种角色又有表明身份的险谱( facial make-up)、扮相(costume)等，只要演员一上场，你一看便知。在人的脸上涂上某种颜色以象征这个人的性格和品质、角色和命运，是京剧的一大特点，也是理解剧情的关键。简单地讲，红脸含有褒义，代表忠勇(valor)；黑脸为中性，代表猛(vigor)智；黄脸和白脸含贬义，代表凶诈。
Sheng, dan, jing, chou refer to different types of roles in Peking Opera. Sheng is the positive male
role, dan is the positive female role, while jing is a supporting male role with a distinctive character and chou is the clown or a negative character. Each type of role has its own facial make-up and costume that expose its identity as soon as he/she appears on the stage. One major characteristic of Peking Opera is the color painted on the face of a character that shows personality, quality, role and fate. It is also the key to understanding the plot. To put it simply, red is appreciative, standing for loyalty and valor; black represents a neutral role, representing vigor and wisdom; yellow and white both suggest cunning, negative characters.
Topic 12 羊
羊是一种本性温顺（docile）、易于管理的动物。从岩画（rock painting）上原始人镌刻的形态各异的羊形象中，我们可以看出人类与羊的亲善、和谐关系。羊为人们的生活或祭祀而牺牲，是“有义personal loyalty之物”。羔羊似乎懂得母亲的艰辛与不易，所以吃奶时是跪着的。羔羊的“跪乳”被人们赋予了“孝顺”和“懂礼”的意义。据文献记载，人们很早就把羊的美德视为人的道德准则和榜样，这反映了人们对羊的精神感受和对羊的秉性的人格化概括。
The sheep is an animal that is docile in nature and easy to manage. From the sheep images of various shapes on the rock paintings carved by primitive men, we can see the good and harmonious relationship between human beings and sheep. Sheep sacrifice their lives for people’s living or worship, and therefore are deemed as embracing personal loyalty. The lamb seems to know the hardship of its mother, sucking the breast on bent knees. Such behavior is considered by people to have symbolic meanings of filial piety and courtesy. According to the documents, people have long regarded this morality of sheep as a moral code and example for human beings, which is a reflection of people’s feeling toward sheep and a personalized summary of sheep’s nature.
Topic 13 联合国中文日
联合国中文日是联合国语言日的一部分。根据传说，仓颉( Cang Jie)创造了中国最原始的象形文字( hieroglyph)。上苍因仓颉造字而感动，为其降下一场谷子雨，这就是“谷雨”(the Grain Rain)的由来。中文日因此被定在每年中国农历的“谷雨”，以纪念汉字始祖仓颉。从2010 年开始，联合国每年都在中文日前后举行多种形式的庆祝活动。例如：2014 年，纽约联合国总部以书画展、茶艺表演( tea-making performance)、歌曲演唱和书法讲座等形式庆祝中文日。The Chinese Language Day is part of the UN Language Days. According to legend, Cang Jie created the original hieroglyph used in China. The Heaven was moved and rained grain in praise of him, which is the origin of the Grain Rain. As a result, the Chinese Language Day is set on the rain Rain according to the Chinese lunar calendar in memory of Cang Jie, the ancestor of the Chinese characters. Since 2010, the UN has been holding all kinds of celebrating activities around this day every year. For example, in 2014, the UN Headquarters in New York celebrated this day with painting and calligraphy exhibitions, tea-making performances, singing performances, calligraphy lectures, etc.
Topic 14 筷子
筷子由两根长短相同的木棍组成，是中国的传统餐具( eating utensil)。筷子出现在三千多年
前，它的出现不仅是中国烹饪文化的变革，也是人类文明的标志。此外，筷子在烹饪技巧的发展过程中也起着推动作用。如今，筷子不仅是一种餐具，还成为一种独特的文化形式，对于我们来说，筷子可以作为艺术品来欣赏、研究和收藏。筷子虽小，但仍被世界上许多人所推崇。一项有趣的实验表明，当你在使用筷子的时候，许多关节和肌肉都会得到锻炼。Chopsticks, the traditional eating utensils in China, are a pair of equal length sticks.
Chopsticks appeared more than three thousand years ago. The appearance of chopsticks is not only a revolution of Chinese cuisine culture, but also a symbol of human civilization. Besides, chopsticks have promoted the development of cooking techniques. Today, chopsticks not only area kind of tableware, but also have become a unique culture form, coming in front of us as a work of art for appreciation, research and collection. Chopsticks are small, but they are adored by many people in the world. An interesting experiment shows that many joints and muscles can be exercised when you use chopsticks.
Topic 15 风筝
风筝起源于中国，在这个国家，制作风筝的理想材料一应俱全：丝织品用来做帆，极具韧性的(high-tensile-strength)丝线可以制作风筝线，轻盈的骨架则由韧性十足的竹子制成。据说，风筝是墨子和鲁班在公元前5世纪时发明的。在13世纪末期，马可·波罗首次将与风筝有关的故事介绍到欧洲。尽管风筝最初只被看作是珍奇物品( curiosity)，但自18世纪开始，风筝被用作科研工具。现在，风筝节已经成为一种流行的娱乐形式，最为著名的就是中国的潍坊风筝节。
Kites originated in China, where ideal materials for making kites were readily available: silk fabric for the sail; high-tensile-strength silk thread for the flying string; and resilient bamboo for the light framework. It is said that kites were invented by Mo Zi and Lu Ban in the 5th century BC. Stories of kites were first introduced to Europe by Marco Polo in the late 13th century. Although kites were initially regarded as curiosities, since the 18th century they have been used as a vehicle for scientific research. Now, kite festivals have become a popular form of entertainment, and the most famous one is China’s Weifang Kite Festival.
Topic 16 铜鼓
铜鼓（bronze drum）文化是远古时代在长江以南及东南亚的广大地区流行的一种典型文化代表。在古代，铜鼓多用于祭神、征战和节日活动。在祭神时，它是神圣的法器（artifact）；征战时，它是号令军队振作士气的军乐器；在节日里，它又成为最激动人心的打击乐器（percussion instrument）。铜鼓给人们带来的不仅是精神层面的东西，它还有重要的实用价值。许多少数民族依然保留着在传统节日及婚娶和丧葬等场合使用铜鼓的习俗，
The bronze drum was a kind of typical culture popularized in the wide area of South of the Yangtze River in China and Southeast Asia in ancient times. More often than not, it was used on such occasions as sacrifice ceremonies to gods, launching ceremonies for the war and festival activities. It was sacred artifact on the sacrifice ceremonies, military musical instrument transmitting orders to soldiers and reviving the morale in the war, exciting percussion instrument in festivals. In addition to its spiritual content, the bronze drum also benefits people with its important value of practical use. Many minority groups still adopt the tradition of playing the bronze drums on the occasions of traditional festivals, wedding ceremony, funeral ceremony, etc.
Topic 17十二生肖之鼠
鼠相貌猥琐，鬼鬼祟祟，破坏力强，落得个“老鼠过街，人人喊打”的千古骂名。但它居于中国
三生肖(the twelve symbolic animals)之首，自古以来就令人不可思议。一个较为合理的解释是：鼠常在夜里23时至凌晨1时四处活动，这是一天当中最黑暗的时候，老鼠此时出没便于隐藏行迹。由此看来，鼠昼伏夜出的（nocturnal）习性是使它能够在十二生肖中独占鳌头的主要原因，与其口碑不佳及相貌可鄙没有关系。
Rat looks mean and stealthy, and always causes mass destruction, winning it the notorious reputation for “A rat crossing the street is chased by all.” However, it ranks first among the twelve symbolic animals, which has always been a wonder since ancient times. A more reasonable explanation is; Rats often move around from 11 pm to 1 am, the darkest hours in a day that is convenient for the rats to hide themselves. Judging from this, the habit of being nocturnal is the main reason why rat is put in the first place in the twelve symbolic animals, which has nothing to do with its bad reputation or contemptible looks.
Topic 18 中国寄宿幼儿园
20世纪90 年代，中国寄宿幼儿园(boarding kindergarten)的孩子数量达到顶峰，在当时送孩子去这样的学校是一种地位的象征。不过最近，这一体系不再像当初那样流行。一些私立和公立的(state-run)寄宿幼儿园都陆续关门，其他的幼儿园正在从寄宿变为日托。位于上海的中国福利协会幼儿园(The China Welfare Institute Kindergarten)以前是寄宿幼儿园，但现在22个班里只有3个寄宿班。中国家长现在开始意识到，孩子很小的时候要多花时间陪陪他们，这点很重要，因为孩子们正处于学习的阶段，这是成长过程中一个很重要的阶段。
The number of kids sent to boarding kindergartens in China peaked in the 1990s, when sending a young child to such schools was a symbol of status. Recently, however, the system has become less popular. Some boarding kindergartens, both private and state-run, are closing one after another. Others are switching from boarding classes to day care. The China Welfare Institute Kindergarten in Shanghai used to be a boarding kindergarten, but now in the 22 classes, only 3 classes for young children are residential. Chinese parents are now starting to realize that it’s important to spend more time with their kids when they are very young, because they are learning in this period and it’s a very important stage of growth.
Topic 19 家庭观念
中国人重团圆、重亲情、讲孝道（filial piety），并强调家庭的和睦。中国人最期望的就是“家和万事兴”。当家庭中出现矛盾的时候，中国人最忌讳把这些矛盾暴露在外人面前，所以中国人常说“家丑不可外扬”。中国人在家庭中还特别重视父母、长辈的意见，“不听老人言，吃亏在眼前”便是强调长辈的经验对年轻人具有重要的作用。中国人还强调家庭教育对孩子人格形成的重要影响，常说“子不教，父之过”。
Chinese people attach great importance to reunion, family love, filial piety and a harmonious relationship among the family members. What they expect most is “the family being in harmony
and all affairs prosperous”. When there emerges a conflict in the family, it is a taboo for Chinese people to expose the problem to others. Therefore it is often said by Chinese people, “You’re your dirty linen at home.”In a Chinese family, the opinions of parents and the elders are greatly respected. It is often quoted, “You will suffer losses if you close your ears to the elders”, which reflects that the elders’ experience is of great importance to the younger generation. And Chinese people place emphasis on family education which is believed to have great influence on children’s character building, and this can be demonstrated by the proverb “Failing to educate the children is the fault of the father. “
Topic 20科举考试
科举考试（Keju）是中国古代人才选拔的一种方式。由于采用分科目选举人才的办法，所以叫作科举。隋炀帝于公元605 年开设进士科，用考试的办法来选拔人才，这标志着科举制度的开始。它把读书、考试和做官三者紧密结合起来，揭开了中国人才选拔史上崭新的一页。唐朝承袭了隋朝的人才选拔制度，并进行了进一步的完善。因此，科举制度逐渐完备起来。科举考试实行了1 000多年，在实践中逐渐形成的一些较好的制度至今仍在我们的社会生活中发挥着作用。
Keju, or the imperial examination, is a means to select talents held in ancient China. It got its name since it adopted the method of selecting talents through a range of different subjects. In605 AD, Emperor Yang of Sui established the imperial examination system to select talents, which symbolized the official formation of Keju. The system interconnected learning, examination, and the selection of officials closely, opening up a new page in the annals of talents selection system. The Tang Dynasty followed and further improved the talents selection system of the Sui Dynasty. Consequently, the imperial examination system gradually became perfect. During the over 1 000 years’ implementation of the imperial examination, some good systems have been set up in practice, exerting an influence on our social life till today.
Topic 21 造纸术
东汉(Eastern Han Dynasty)末年，蔡伦的造纸术被广泛应用。到了公元3至5世纪的两晋时期(period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties)，人们开始在纸上写字，并由此发展出写在纸上的书法艺术。中国的造纸术先后传到了现在的越南、朝鲜和日本。公元7世纪左右，又传到了印度。造纸术还通过陆上丝绸之路传到了西亚和欧洲。欧洲的造纸业大致从公元12世纪开始，在之前，欧洲人主要使用羊皮等来书写，据说书写一本《圣经》需要300多张羊皮，可见其昂贵程度。造纸业的兴盛开创了人类文明的新纪元。
In the late of Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun’s papermaking technology widely came into use. In the period of Eastern and Western Jin Dynasties (the 3rd to 5th century AD), people began to write on paper and calligraphy on paper was developed correspondingly. Chinese papermaking technology was introduced to Vietnam, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Japan, and around the 7th century was introduced into India. Papermaking technology was also introduced to West Asia and Europe through the Silk Road. The papermaking industry in Europe started in about the 12th century. Before that, the Europeans mainly wrote on sheepskin. It is said that writing a Bible needed more than 300 sheepskins, indicating the expensiveness of it. The rise of
papermaking industry started a new era of human civilization.
Topic 22 中国经济发展势头
当前我国经济发展势头良好，经济增长的内在机制（the internal mechanism）不断增强，基本做到了速度、质量和效益的统一。但是，我们也要清醒地看到，世界上没有一个国家的经济发展可以长盛不衰，永远保持高速度。中国也不例外。改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的，但是新的矛盾和问题也出现了，如国企（state-owned enterprise）改革问题、贫富分化问题、腐败问题、金融风险问题、生态环境破坏问题等。这些问题都需要我们高度重视，尽快找到有效的解决办法。
At present our economy enjoys good momentum of growth. The internal mechanism for economic growth has been increasingly strengthened. We have, to a large extent, struck the right balance among speed, quality and economic benefit. But we must keep a clear mind and realize that there are no countries in the world that can keep an economic boom with high-speed growth. China won’t be an exception. The achievements of the reform and opening-up are obvious to all. But now there are also some new problems. These include the problems. In the reform of state-owned enterprises, the enormous gap between the rich and the poor, corruption, risks in the financial sector as well as ecological and environmental damage. We need to pay high attention to the problems mentioned above and find effective solutions in the shortest time.
Topic 23 上海自由贸易试验区
发展中国（上海）自由贸易试验区(China(Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone)是国家战略，是深化改革、扩大开放的重大举措，意义深远。这项重大改革以制度创新为着力点，重在提升软实力(soft power)，各项工作影响大、难度高。建设中国（上海）自由贸易试验区是顺应全球经贸发展新趋势，实行更加积极主动开放战略的一项重大举措。建设自由贸易试验区的主要任务是探索中国对外开放的新路径和新模式，推动加快转变政府职能和行政体制改革( reform of administrative System)，促进转变经济增长方式和优化经济结构。
Developing the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is a national strategy, and a major initiative for deepening the reform and expanding opening-up, which has a profound and important influence. This major initiative focuses on institutional innovation and emphasizes on promoting soft power. All the work is significant but in great difficulty. Building the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone is a major move to conform to the new trend of global economic and trade development and implement a more proactive opening-up strategy. The main task of this action is to explore the new path and pattern of Chinese opening-up, speed up the transformation of government function and the reform of administrative system, foster the transformation of the economic growth pattern and optimize the economic structure.
Topic 24 科技园区建设
在经济增速放缓的大背景下，作为推动新型城镇化建设的重要载体，科技园区( high-tech Zone)的建设至关重要。在创新成为重要经济驱动力的今天，科技园区作为全球知识经济中企业和研究机构的创新、创业最佳栖息地，不仅承载着推动技术创新、加速知识转移（knowledge Transfer)、加快经济发展的使命，也是城市经济发展与竞争力的重要来源。科
技园区如何充分发挥其在“新型城镇化”进程中的巨大作用，已经成为人们关注的焦点。In the context of slow economic growth, the construction of high-tech zone is crucial as an important carrier to promote the new urbanization. Today when innovation becomes a major economic driver, high-tech zone, the best habitat for the innovation and new business of enterprises and research institutes in the global knowledge economy, not only takes on the mission of promoting technological innovation and accelerating knowledge transfer and economic growth, but also plays an important role as a source of economic growth and competitiveness in cities. How the high-tech zone gives full play to its great function during “new-type urbanization” has been focused on.
Topic 25 中国经济结构的改善
中国经济已经出现了明显的结构改善的迹象。一方面，贸易顺差(trade surplus)出现了明显的而且是持续的下降，其主要原因不是出口的放缓，而是进口的加速；另一方面，居民消费占GDP的比重并不像统计所说的持续下降，而是从2007 年开始就持续上升。这些结构调整方面的明显改进并不是具体政策调整所带来的，而应归功于市场，是市场的力量推动结构调整。中国经济应该坚定不移地沿着市场化(marketalization)的方向走下去。
It is shown that the structure of Chinese economy has been’ obviously improved. For one thing, trade surplus has declined dramatically and continuously. The primary reason is not the slowdown in the export but the acceleration of import. For another, the proportion of residents’consumption on GDP does not keep declining as statistics show, but has kept rising since 2007.The obvious improvement of structure comes up owing to the market rather than some specific policy adjustment. It is the power of the market that promotes structure adjustment. Chinese economy should unswervingly go on the path of marketalization.
Topic 26 会展业
会展业(exhibition industry)在中国被誉为朝阳产业。目前，中国的会展业已经成为新的经济点。北京奥运会和上海世博会的成功举办对中国的会展业发展意义深远。这两件国际盛事不仅让世界认识了中国，更为重要的是，为中国会展业引入了大量的外国资金、技术和人才。但是，我们也必须清醒地认识到制约中国会展业发展的因素。中国的会展业起步较晚，直至最近才发展成一个独立产业，其出现和发展都带有自发性和随意性。
Exhibition industry is referred _to, in China, as sunrise industry. At present, China’s exhibition industry has become a new economic growth point. The Beijing Olympic Games and the Shanghai World Expo were successfully held, which exerted a far-reaching impact on the development of exhibition industry. The two international events have not merely made China known to the world. More importantly, they have introduced abundant foreign capital, technologies and talents to the exhibition industry of China. However, we must also be well aware of the constraining factors of China’s exhibition industry. Starting relatively late, China’s exhibition industry did not develop into an independent industry until very recently. Both the emergence and the development of the industry are spontaneous and random.
Topic 27 贸易争端
翻译对文化的影响
翻译对文化的影响 2014年06月16日第A9版：文化教育 作者：沈望舒来源：学习时报字数：3104 1 翻译，在常规认识中，它只是社会中很小一部分人的一种能力、职业、贡献；但史实表明，它始终是人类文化沟通、交流、融合的桥梁，是特定文化留存、发展、弘扬的要素，是一领域文明摆脱落后、与时俱进、更新换代的诱因。 翻译，曾经发挥延续文明的决定性作用 笔者在古埃及托勒密王国的首都亚历山大市，从当地人讲述已知世界历史上最古老而伟大图书馆的业绩中，了解到不仅埃及文明有过长时间的中断和遗失，而且当代西方文明引以自豪的古希腊文明也曾早早被湮灭。是亚历山大图书馆所藏相关希腊的经典与译作，那些被翻译成拉丁文字的公元前9世纪荷马的诗稿，欧几里得《几何原本》，公元前270年古希腊天文学家阿里斯塔克的关于日心说的理论著作，以及有西方医学奠基人之称的希波克拉底、哲学家亚里士多德、学者阿基米得、古希腊三大悲剧作家等种种名著，让欧洲、让西方找回了自己的历史之根。不知名大师们的往返翻译，不仅有文明传播功效，而且形成对一种文明的救赎，这就是史称毁于公元３世纪的古埃及亚历山大图书馆曾经拥有的译著，对当代西方思想文化体系的独特贡献。 从印度佛教圣地瓦那拉斯到经济中心城市孟买的8天访寻，遗憾地了解到：佛教人口在印度总人口中比重跌至2.7％以下；历史灭佛带来的无人信、无人懂状况，衍生出“社会灭佛”恶果——大量千余年前的石制精美佛像被毁，许多今日人工难以雕制的大小佛头散落民间，廉价地摆在旧货市场地上；对佛教经典的诠释者更是踪迹难觅。由此令人不禁回想以唐僧西天取经为代表的“佛学东渐”，它所导致佛教的别样光大——汉传佛教“禅宗文化”的辉煌，中国历史上首次“翻译高峰”：汉至宋中间800余年，来自印度的高僧与中国本土的大德精诚合作，大规模地进行佛经翻译，完成一场人类历史上罕见的系统化“经典转移”。它不但重塑了中国文明肌理，还赋予佛教于中国与世界的新生。这是一种由玄奘、鸠摩罗什等翻译家创造和续写的哲学文明。 翻译，让世界命运共同体内部互鉴互促 2011年《中国的和平发展》白皮书提出，要以“命运共同体”的新视角，寻求人类共同利益和共同价值新内涵；2012年十八大报告将其进一步提升为“人类命运共同体”理念；2013年以来中国领导人在重大外交场合频繁倡导“命运共同体”。命运共同体理念适应世界和平发展潮流的根本要求，既是各国历史上共存关系的事实，又揭示各民族同处一个地球、同在一个生存环境的深刻哲理，倡导相互依存的权力观、利益观、安全观。 中国历史鼎盛时期，屡现人类命运共同体相敬互鉴式的吉光。汉唐宋元明清各朝辉煌阶段，京师之地都有内外商贾云集、各国文化交往密切的记载。西亚、阿拉伯、印度、欧美的文化及其载体，在张骞、玄奘、马可·波罗、利马窦、汤
中国文化翻译练习30篇(讲义)
1、中国酒文化Chinese Wine Culture 中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 （1）中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。Chinese people began to make wine with grains seven thousand years ago. （2）总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。 Generally speaking, wine has a close connection with Chinese culture in both ancient and modern times. （3）长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。 Chinese wine culture has been play ing a quite important role in Chinese people’s life for a long time. （4）我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。 Our Chinese ancestors used to enjoy themselves by
drinking wine while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast. （5）作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc. 2、中国书法Chinese Calligraphy 中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品。作为传统的艺术瑰宝，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。 （1）中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression. （2）作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
语言与文化对翻译的影响
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中国文化翻译练习10篇2
一、对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 (1) 对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。Chinese Dragon totem worship in China has been around for over 8,000 years. (2) 中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) as a fetish that combine s animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. (3) 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. (4) 在中国人的心目中，龙具有开拓变化和团结凝聚的寓意。 To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.
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文化对翻译的影响
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汉英翻译中原文化
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文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响
文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响 文章探讨不同文化因素对商务英语翻译质量的影响。首先概述了商务英语翻译质量的重要性；其次，分析了我国商务英语翻译由于文化差异产生的问题；提出解决的对策：将民族思维模式运用到商务英语翻译之中；将译语与现实生活相联系；商务英语翻译的时候要注重语言环境。 标签：文化因素；商务英语；翻译 在经济全球一体化的时代背景下，商务英语的重要性日益凸显，它的适用范围和频率不断提高。商务英语涉及到商务活动的方方面面，它包括西方先进的企业管理理念和员工工作心理，甚至讲述和外国人的交往之道，如何与他们进行合作、工作，以及外国人的生活习惯等，从某种程度上说商务英语包含了诸多文化因素。因此，商务英语具有专业化、口语化、文化性以及较强的针对性等特性。我国在迅速发展国际贸易的时候，要注重商务英语翻译的同步发展。只有不断地提升商务英语的翻译质量，才能使我国文化被世界所了解，本文针对异国文化差异来探讨商务英语翻译之路，意在把握其翻译的特殊性和规律性。 一、商务英语翻译要注重其文化因素 国与国之间的经济交往离不开和有着不同文化背景的人们之间进行频繁的来往。由于英语自身的历史原因以及社会原因，它已经成为了国际交往最广泛的语言和国际商务的最佳媒体。作为全球商务的媒介，商务英语具有很强的多样性与易变性的特点，这就导致商务英语翻译必须要注重其文化因素。在文化差异伴随下的国际商务交际形成的信息源要经过编码、信息传递、解码这一动态传播环节，信息在一国的文化背景下进行编码，再在另一国的文化背景下进行解码，而译者就是通过语言翻译来传递各国文化意识的桥梁。语言的编码与译码不同于简单的机器译码，它是以译者对文化理解的主观印象为基础的，因此商务英语翻译是否能将文化意识进行正确的反馈，译者至关重要。 中西方语言在对事物的认识、颜色及数字代表的内涵等方面有些存在着显著的文化差异。在翻译时如果没有将文化因素考虑在内，则会导致译文与异国文化的不符，使读者难以理解和接收，进而影响到商务活动的开展。首先，对事物的认识方面。龙在我国是一种神圣的动物，中华儿女都称自己为龙的传人，它蕴含着尊严、吉祥、富贵等。所以我国的许多企业、产品在取名的时候喜欢用龙字。但是在西方，龙（dragon）的含义正与我国相反，它代表这不吉祥、邪恶的动物，是魔鬼撒旦的化身，因此，在中英文互译的时候就不能直接将龙于“dragon”互译。其次，颜色方面。蓝色，中西方所蕴含的意义也是大相近庭。在西方文化中蓝色代表着忧郁或是消极等不好的意义，例如blue Monday，蓝色星期一是指心情忧郁的星期一；blue sky是指没有价值、毫无意义，但是在我国文化中蓝色却代表着阳光、开朗等意义。又如红色（red）在中国文化中代表着吉祥、喜庆，中国红广泛被人们使用，但是在西方红色“red”则代表着残暴、血腥或是灾祸等不好的现象。再次，数字方面。在西方文化中“十三”这个数字代表不吉利，由于耶稣
十 中国特色文化与汉英翻译
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翻译中国文化和历史
翻译（一）、中国文化和历史 1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。 The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 2、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 ? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。 Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,
中西文化的差异及其对商务英语翻译的影响论文
中西方文化差异对翻译的影响的分析 摘要：翻译与文化有着密可不分的联系。文化的共性使翻译成为可能,但其语言文化的个性又给翻译活动设置了障碍。由于民族历史、社会制度、生活习惯等方面的差别,我国汉族文化与英、美等西方文化之间存在很大差异,这种差异造成思维方式不同,具体体现在汉、英两种语言上的表现包括词语理解与运用、词义内涵、联想意义及句式结构的不同等方面。为此,分析其理论原理,通过引用例句做进一步的探讨,并就某些方面提出相应的解决方法,是十分必要的。而且在当今全球化竞争日益激烈的形势下，如何把中英文翻译地更准确更贴近两种语言文化氛围，这是值得广大英语学习人士共同讨论一番的。 关键词：文化差异全球化翻译 正文：翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容、信息和风格忠实、流畅、艺术地再现出来的实践活动。美国翻译理论家奈特指出:“所谓翻译,就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。文化在人类社会扮演着一个非常重要的角色.文化是一个社会物质文明与精神文明的总和。而语言是文化的载体,语言是文化的一面镜子.语言甚至是文化的一部分,特定的文化背景产生特定的语言。换句话说语言的学习过程也就是了解一种文化的过程。翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程[1 ]。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。英语翻译不能脱离文化的教学。随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为重要。受其影响,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。。语词的翻译要求译者在广泛地、准确地了解他国文化中的观念、信仰、习俗、价值标准等方面的同时，忠实传达本国文化的价值与灵魂，才能真正做到不同文化间的交流。从事英语翻译要注意文化信息的传递，在实际工作中，文化信息有时很难传递到译入语中，结果对等的标准就不能完全做到。一般来说，文化差异对翻译的影响有如下几个方面： 一.传统文化的不同对翻译的影响：列如一外国游客在中国旅游，由于饮食和天气等缘故，导致身体不适，去医院看医生，医生给出的诊断结果是：由于吃多了辣制食物，出现上火。这时问题就出现了，到底怎样把“上火”这个词翻译成外国游人容易理解且易于接受的词语呢？一般如果对于中国人来说“上火”一词，是在熟悉不过了，然而对于一个初来乍到的外国人你仅仅说一个“hot”，他们该怎样去理解呢？所以当然在英文当中也有不少的此类的与文化有很大关联的词语，譬如，meet one’s w aterloo （一败涂地），对于学习英语的我们来说，如果你不懂语言出处的相关历史，我们很难翻译出它的真正意思，其实这句话