初中英语语法------句子的种类A英语中的句子按其使用目的,句子可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和感叹句。
Eg:
陈述句:This is a dog.
疑问句:Is this a dog?
祈使句:Open your eyes!
感叹句:What a beautiful building it is!
简单句:I am studying.
并列句:I was born in a small village and I lived there for nearly ten years.
复合句:As soon as I get there, I'll call you.
1 陈述句凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句,陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。陈述句句末用句号“.”,通常用降调。
Eg:We live in Beijing.
We don't live in Beijing.
(1) be 动词、一般动词(实义动词)、情态动词的否定句
I am not a student. I don't know him.
He can't speak English.
be 动词的否定句句型:主语+ be动词+ not + …
I wasn't good at English.
They weren't at home yesterday.
He isn't my cousin.
进行时和被动语态都有be 动词,它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。
Eg:They aren't cleaning the room.
The child was not looked after by anybody.
将来时(will,shall)、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词否定句型。
They will not be sent to the front.
They will be not sent to the front.×
情态动词的否定句
句型:主语+情态动词+ not + 动词原形
Eg:I can't do it myself.
You mustn't take the books out.
You must not go there alone.
一般动词的否定句.
句型:主语+ do/does/did + not + 动词原形
Eg:
They didn't live in Shanghai.
He doesn't do his homework every day.
They didn't have the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.
现在完成时的否定句
句型:主语+ have/has+ not + 动词的过去分词+……
I haven't finished reading the book yet.
He hasn't had his breakfast yet.
过去完成时的否定句
句型:主语+ had+ not + 动词的过去分词+……
He hadn't finished reading the book by the end of last month.
(2).否定结构应注意事项
使用not 的部分否定
含有not的句子,如果使用了very, always以及不定代词all, both, every 及every的复合词,则表示部分否定。
Eg:
I don't play football very well. It isn't always hot here in summer.
not的其他否定表示
1. not…at all 一点也不…
I'm not tired at all. I don't like it at all.
2. not…any more, not…any longer 再也不…I don't live here any longer. = I no long live here.
I can not eat any more. = I can eat no more.
使用not 以外的否定词表示否定1.用no表示:no+名词= not any…一点也不…
There is no wind. = There is not any wind. 2. never 绝不
I will never forget you. He has never been abroad.
3. few / little 几乎没有He has few friends.
Few people understand the difference. I have little money.
There is little water in the glass. 4. no one = nobody 无人
No one knows the answer.= Nobody knows the answer. 什么也没有
5.nothing = not anything
I have nothing to do today.
没有任何人;什么也没有6. none of …None of them can answer it.
I eat none of the food.
的句子含有否定副词seldom /hardly7.He can hardly write his name. . We seldom watch TV .) 的句型表示否定太…以至于不…( too…to…He is too old to work.
不定代词的肯定和否定形式
否定否定肯定肯定not any, no none, no some all
not anything, nothing no one something everyone, each
few nothing a few everything
little a little Each, both, either neither, not either
2 祈使句表示请求、命令。建议等。句子没有时态变化,谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语,句末用感叹号或者句号,用降调。
1.含有第二人称主语的祈使句
Be careful!Don't make such a noise.
肯定的祈使句型动词原形+ …+(省略主语)
Stand up.
Be quiet, please.
1.有时,为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do. Do sit down.
Do study hard.
2.用客气的语气表示祈使句时,可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果
在句尾加
please时,那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“,”。Go this way, please.
3.祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号“,”隔开,放在句首或句尾。Li Ming, come here.
Come here, Li Ming.
否定的祈使句句型Don't +动词原形+…
Don't swim in the river. Don't be late.
Please don't be noisy.
句型转换之祈使句和陈述句的改写
…= You must祈使句.
Come here. = You must come here.
t do that again. 'Don't do that again. = You mustn? …Please + 祈使句= Will you (please)Please help me. = Will you (please) me ? 2 含有第一、第三人称主语的祈使句s say goodbye here. Let't let him do that again.
Don' 肯定的祈使句
…(me, us)+动词原形+ 句型let+第一人称动词原形+…)或名词
let+第三人称代词(him/her/it/them+
let me try again. s go at once.
Let'Let Tom go there himself.
否定的祈使句+…'Lets + not + 动词原形+…'t let + 第三人称代
词的宾格或名词+动词原形Dons not say anything about it. Let't let them play with fire. 'Don 句型转换Use your head and you will find a way. If you use your head, you will find a way.
感叹句3
引导,一表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种:一种以what 引导。句尾用感叹号,通常用降调。种以howWhat a clever boy he is.
How clever the boy is. 引导的感叹句1 what
陈述句(主语+谓语)+名词(或形容词+名词)what + 句型
What a beautiful city it is!
What a fine day!
What an honest man he is!
What big apples these are! What a tall boy Tom is!
What fools they are! 2 how 引导的感叹句
句型How+形容词或副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)!
How hot it is today!
How high the kite is flying! How beautiful the girl is!
How fast he runs!
How I want to be a teacher!
How well she can skate! How busy you are!
感叹句:
How busy are you? 疑问句:引导的感叹句3 if only 引导的感叹句通常表示一种强烈的愿望,特别是表示对一些不能实现only 用if
的或没有实现的愿望的遗憾感。/were 一般过去时主语+ 句型if only +If only I knew her telephone number! If only he were here!
句型if only +主语+ could / would + have +过去分词
If only we could have gone to the party!
4 其他形式的感叹句感叹句除用what和how引导外,还有许多其他形式,如可用陈述句,疑问句,祈使句等,有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可构成感叹句。
The garden looks so lovely today!
Isn't it a lovely day! Fire!
Very good!
陈述句用作感叹句时,句中通常有so, such, really等加强语气的词语,疑问句用作感叹句时,句子多为否定疑问句。
B句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。复合句中包含宾语从